Name: experimental approaches to study mitochondrial localization and function of a nuclear cell cycle kinase, cdk1
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1 at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIH grants CA133402, CA152313 and Department of Energy Office of Science DE-SC0001271. We thank the University of California Davis Flow Cytometry Shared Resource Laboratory with funding from the NCI P30 CA0933730, and NIH NCRR C06-RR12088, S10 RR12964 and S10 RR 026825 grants and with technical assistance from Ms. Bridget McLaughlin and Mr. Jonathan Van Dyke for their help with the flow cytometry experiments.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

往其他亚细胞蛋白质一样，线粒体有针对性的蛋白质具有自己的原发性或继发性结构中的定位信号，即引导他们以精心的蛋白质易位和折叠机21,22的帮助下，细胞器。线粒体靶向从独占线粒体驻地蛋白质如COX8获得的序列（MTS）可以被添加到任何基因序列的N末端 ​​至特异性蛋白靶向进入线粒体11,23,24。这里，其CyclinB1和CDK1基因克隆到含有载体COX8 MTS和表达时，重组CyclinB1的和CDK1被...

在哺乳动物中，细胞周期进展取决于由细胞周期蛋白和周期蛋白依赖性激酶（的Cdks）1控制的高度有序的事件。通过其胞质，细胞核，和中心体定位，其CyclinB1 / CDK1能够在有丝分裂的不同的事件，如核膜破裂和中心体分离2同步。其CyclinB1 / CDK1保护有丝分裂细胞抗凋亡3，促进线粒体分裂，线粒体平均分配给新成立的子细胞4的关键一步。 在增殖哺乳动物细胞中，线粒体ATP经由氧化磷酸化（OXPHOS）机械（电子传递链），它是由5多亚基复合物生成;复杂的I - 复杂V（CI-CV）。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）:泛醌氧化还原酶或复合物I（CI）是理解的五个配合物5的最大和最小。在复杂的C的45亚基，其中14 onsists形成催化核心。一旦组装好，复杂的假定的L形结构有一个臂突出到基体和嵌入在内膜6,7-另一个臂。在CI亚基突变是多种线粒体紊乱8的原 ​​因。在OXPHOS一支高效CI不仅需要整体线粒体呼吸9，而且对成功的细胞周期进程10。 Unravelling在健康和疾病这种膜结合酶复合物的功能所依据的机制可以启用新的诊断程序和先进的治疗策略的开发。在最近的研究中，我们已经发现，中CyclinB1 / CDK1复杂易位到在（峡2），G2 /（有丝分裂）M期线粒体和磷酸CI亚基以提高线粒体的能量生产，潜在地抵消细胞中的细胞的增加的能源需求周期11。在这里，我们笑wcase实验程序，并且可以被用来研究否则核/质激酶的线粒体易位策略，其线粒体底物，以及使用其CyclinB1 / CDK1，例如他们的线粒体定位的功能的后果。 这一发现在需要的时候提示特定线粒体表达这种复杂​​的击倒的研究中CyclinB1 / CDK1复杂易位到线粒体。以实现蛋白质的特异性线粒体表达，人们可以在感兴趣的蛋白的N-末端添加一个线粒体靶向序列（MTS）。线粒体靶向序列使线粒体蛋白到他们正常居住12线粒体的排序。我们使用来自人的细胞色素C氧化酶亚基8A（COX8）的前体衍生的87碱基线粒体靶向序列，并克隆到绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）-tagged CyclinB1的或红色荧光蛋白（RFP）-tagged含质粒的帧CDK1。该方法使我们能够针对CyclinB1的和CDK1进入线粒体，具体地改变这些蛋白质的线粒体表达而不影响它们的核池。通过荧光标记这些蛋白质，我们能够监视他们的实时定位。同样，我们推出了MTS到含有RFP标记的显性负CDK1的质粒，使我们能够明确打掉CDK1的线粒体表达和功能。它具有双本地化一样CDK1激酶的线粒体和核函数来区分是必不可少的。工程MTS到这些双功能激酶的N端提供了一个很好的策略，很容易被采用和有效的。 因为CDK1是细胞周期激酶，它是基本的，以确定细胞周期进展时CDK1被本地化为线粒体。为了实现这一目标，我们已利用的新方法具d，来监测细胞中的DNA含量。传统的方法包括使用的BrdU（溴脱氧尿苷），一种合成的胸苷类似物，它在细胞周期的S期合并到新合成的DNA代替胸苷。然后正在积极复制它们的DNA的细胞可以使用抗BrdU抗体进行检测。这种方法的一个缺点是，它需要的DNA变性通过苛刻的方法，如酸或热处理，这可能导致在结果中13,14之间的不一致性，以提供所述的BrdU抗体的访问。另外，我们采用了类似的方法，以监测不同的胸苷类似物，埃杜的积极分裂的细胞。检测的EdU不需要苛刻的DNA变性，中性清洁剂处理使检测试剂来访问这些EDU在新合成的DNA。所述的EdU方法已被证明是更可靠的，一致的，并与高通量分析15的潜力。 最后，T○确定CDK1的线粒体基质中，我们使用了一种名为2D-DIGE蛋白质组学的工具，这是经典的双向电泳的高级版本。二维电泳根据在第二第一维和分子量等电点分离蛋白。由于翻译后修饰，如磷酸化影响的蛋白质的等电点和分子量，2D凝胶可检测不同样品中的蛋白质的磷酸化状态之间的差异。蛋白质的大小（面积和强度）掩护变化与蛋白质的表达水平，允许多个样品间的定量比较。使用这种方法，我们能够区分磷酸化蛋白质在野生型与突变线粒体靶向CDK1表达细胞。特定蛋白质斑点，在野生型显示，但在线粒体靶向突变CDK1制备失踪分离并通过质谱法鉴定。 在传统的2D凝胶，三苯甲烷染料被用来可视化凝胶上的蛋白质。 2D-DIGE使用荧光蛋白标签与蛋白质的电泳迁移率的影响最小。不同的蛋白质样品可以用不同的荧光染料，混合在一起，并通过相同的凝胶上分离，从而允许在单一凝胶16多个样品的共电泳进行标记。这最大限度地减少了凝胶到凝胶变体，它是在基于凝胶的蛋白质组学研究的一个关键问题。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;P ATP&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>BLU002001MC&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-mouse secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A-11003</td><td>Alexa-546 conjugated</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-rabbit secondary antibody</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A11029</td><td>Alexa-488 conjugated</td></tr><tr><td>ATP</td><td>Research Organics</td><td>1166A</td><td>For in vitro kinase assay</td></tr><tr><td>Cdk1 antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>9112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cdk1 kinase buffer</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>P6020S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 488 Imaging Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C10337</td><td>For cell cycle analysis with EdU labeling</td></tr><tr><td>COX IV antibody</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>4844S</td><td>For mitochondrial immunostaining</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclin B1 antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td><td>sc-752</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CyclinB1/Cdk1 enzyme complex</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>P6020S</td><td>Avoid freeze/thaw</td></tr><tr><td>CyDye DIGE Fluor Labeling Kit</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>25-8009-83</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIGE Gel and DIGE Buffer Kit</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>28-9480-26 AA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylformamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>319937</td><td>DMF</td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0611</td><td>DTT</td></tr><tr><td>dNTP</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>71004</td><td>For site-directed mutagenesis</td></tr><tr><td>Dpn I enzyme</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>200519-53</td><td>For site-directed mutagenesis</td></tr><tr><td>Dry Strip cover fluid</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>17-1335-01</td><td>Used as mineral oil</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>4040-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>409910250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf Vacufuge Concentrator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>07-748-13</td><td>Used as vacuum centrifuge concentrator</td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromount G</td><td>Southern Biotech</td><td>0100-01</td><td>Anti-fade mounting solution</td></tr><tr><td>Fortessa Flow Cytometer</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>649908</td><td>For cell cycle analysis with EdU labeling</td></tr><tr><td>Histone H1</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>382150</td><td>For in vitro kinase assay</td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28704</td><td>For purifying DNA fragments from agarose gels</td></tr><tr><td>Immobiline DryStrip Gels</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>18-1016-61</td><td>IEF (isoelectric focusing) strips</td></tr><tr><td>Immobilized Glutathione</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>15160</td><td>Glutathione-agarose beads</td></tr><tr><td>Iodoacetamide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I1149</td><td>IAA</td></tr><tr><td>IPGphor 3 Isoelectric Focusing Unit</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>11-0033-64</td><td>IPGphor strip holders</td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl-b-D-thio-galactopyranoside&amp;nbsp;</td><td>RPI Corp</td><td>156000-5.0</td><td>IPTG</td></tr><tr><td>Leupeptin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L9783</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11668027</td><td>Transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Lysine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L5501</td><td>For CyDye labeling</td></tr><tr><td>Lysozyme</td><td>EMD Chemicals</td><td>5960</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mitoctracker Red/Green</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>M7512/M7514</td><td>Mitochondrial fluorescent dyes</td></tr><tr><td>MOPS</td><td>EMD Chemicals</td><td>6310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pEGFP-N1</td><td>Clonetech</td><td>6085-1</td><td>GFP-expressing vector</td></tr><tr><td>Pfu</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>600-255-52</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pGEX-5X-1&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>28-9545-53</td><td>GST-expressing vector</td></tr><tr><td>Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride</td><td>Shelton Scientific</td><td>IB01090</td><td>PMSF</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14040</td><td>PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Spectra/Por 4 dialysis tubing</td><td>Spectrum Labs</td><td>132700</td><td>as porous membrane tubing for dialysis</td></tr><tr><td>Pro-Q Diamond Phosphoprotein Gel Stain</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P-33300</td><td>For staining phosphoproteins on 2D gels</td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase inhibitor cocktail</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>539134</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>200519-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>27104</td><td>MiniPrep Plasmid Isolation Kit</td></tr><tr><td>RO-3306</td><td>Alexis Biochemicals</td><td>270-463-M001</td><td>Cdk1 inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>Rotenone</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>150154</td><td>Complex I inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S93359</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>EMD Chemicals</td><td>SX0420-5</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium orthovanadate</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>159664</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>33385</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium &amp;beta;-glycerophosphate</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>L03425</td><td>For cell lysis buffer</td></tr><tr><td>SpectraMax M2e&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>M2E</td><td>Microplate reader</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>57-50-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Grinder pestle</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>885301-0007</td><td>For mitochondria isolation</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Grinder tube</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>885303-0007</td><td>For mitochondria isolation</td></tr><tr><td>Trichloroacetic acid solution</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T0699</td><td>TCA</td></tr><tr><td>Tris</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>103133</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton-x-100</td><td>Teknova</td><td>T1105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>650211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Typhoon Imager</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td><td>28-9558-09</td><td>Laser gel scanner fro 2D-DIGE</td></tr><tr><td>Ubiquinone</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C7956</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental approaches to study mitochondrial localization and function of a nuclear cell cycle kinase, cdk1

Although mitochondria possess their own transcriptional machinery, merely 1% of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized inside the organelle. The nuclear-encoded proteins are transported into mitochondria guided by their mitochondria targeting sequences (MTS); however, a majority of mitochondrial localized proteins lack an identifiable MTS. Nevertheless, the fact that MTS can instruct proteins to go into the mitochondria provides a valuable tool for studying mitochondrial functions of normally nuclear and/or cytoplasmic proteins. We have recently identified the cell cycle kinase CyclinB1/Cdk1 complex in the mitochondria. To specifically study the mitochondrial functions of this complex, mitochondrial overexpression and knock-down of this complex without interfering with its nuclear or cytoplasmic functions were essential. By tagging CyclinB1/Cdk1 with MTS, we were able to achieve mitochondrial overexpression of this complex to study its mitochondrial targets as well as functions. Via tagging dominant-negative Cdk1 with MTS, inhibition of Cdk1 activity was accomplished particularly in the mitochondria. Potential mitochondrial targets of CyclinB1/Cdk1 complex were identified using a gel-based proteomics approach. Unlike traditional 2D gel analysis, we employed 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) technology followed by phosphoprotein staining to fluorescently label differentially phosphorylated proteins in mitochondrial Cdk1 expressing cells. Identification of phosphoprotein spots that were altered in wild type versus dominant negative Cdk1 bearing mitochondria revealed the identity of mitochondrial targets of Cdk1. Finally, to determine the effect of CyclinB1/Cdk1 mitochondrial localization in cell cycle progression, a cell proliferation assay using a synthetic thymidine analogue EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine) was used to monitor the cells as they go through the cell cycle and replicate their DNA. Altogether, we demonstrated a variety of approaches available to study mitochondrial localization and activity of a cell cycle kinase. These are advanced, yet easy to follow methods that will be beneficial to many cell biology researchers.

中CyclinB1和CDK1的亚线粒体定位 碳酸钠提取用于确定一种蛋白质是否位于线粒体内或外表面，即外膜上。一旦蛋白被示出为在线粒体内本地化，亚线粒体定位的进一步确定可以通过用蛋白酶消化mitoplasting组合制成。来指定其CyclinB1或CDK1的副线粒体定位，mitoplasts通过稀释在低渗缓冲液线粒体与200毫渗透蔗糖浓度降低?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1 at JoVE.com

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Here, we outline how to study mitochondrial localization of a (cell cycle) kinase, and how to determine its sub-mitochondrial location as well as potential mitochondrial substrates/targets. Forced expression of proteins into the mitochondria provides a useful tool for studying the functional consequences of mitochondrial localization of a protein of interest.

实验方法来研究线粒体定位和核细胞周期激酶CDK1功能

Although mitochondria possess their own transcriptional machinery, merely 1% of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized inside the organelle. The ...

experimental-approaches-to-study-mitochondrial-localization-function

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Cell Biology

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Unit 2

Unit 1

Cell Proliferation

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11.8K 次观看.  University of California, Davis. Here, we outline how to study mitochondrial localization of a (cell cycle) kinase, and how to determine its sub-mitochondrial location as well as potential mitochondrial substrates/targets. Forced expression of proteins into the mitochondria provides a useful tool for studying the functional consequences of mitochondrial localization of a protein of interest. 

视频: Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Ca2+ handling by mitochondria is a critical function regulating both physiological and pathophysiological processes in a broad spectrum of cells. The ability to accurately measure the influx and efflux of Ca2+ from mitochondria is important for determining the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in these processes. In this report, we present two methods for the measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in both isolated mitochondria and cultured cells. We first detail a plate reader-based platform for measuring mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake using the Ca2+ sensitive dye calcium green-5N. The plate reader-based format circumvents the need for specialized equipment, and the calcium green-5N dye is ideally suited for measuring Ca2+ from isolated tissue mitochondria. For our application, we describe the measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in mitochondria isolated from mouse heart tissue; however, this procedure can be applied to measure mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in mitochondria isolated from other tissues such as liver, skeletal muscle, and brain. Secondly, we describe a confocal microscopy-based assay for measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ in permeabilized cells using the Ca2+ sensitive dye Rhod-2/AM and imaging using 2-dimensional laser-scanning microscopy. This permeabilization protocol eliminates cytosolic dye contamination, allowing for specific recording of changes in mitochondrial Ca2+. Moreover, laser-scanning microscopy allows for high frame rates to capture rapid changes in mitochondrial Ca2+ in response to various drugs or reagents applied in the external solution. This protocol can be applied to measure mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in many cell types including primary cells such as cardiac myocytes and neurons, and immortalized cell lines.

Here, we present two protocols for the measurement of mitochondrial Ca2+ influx in isolated mitochondria and cultured cells. For isolated mitochondria, we detail a plate reader-based Ca2+ import assay using the Ca2+ sensitive dye calcium green-5N. For cultured cells, we describe a confocal microscopy method using the Ca2+ dye Rhod-2/AM.

线粒体钙在分离线粒体和培养细胞中的流入分析

Ca2+ handling by mitochondria is a critical function regulating both physiological and pathophysiological processes in a broad spectrum of cells. The ...

科研

生物化学

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; however, the number of identified targets for Cdk1, particularly in human cells is still low. The identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites is important, as they provide mechanistic insights into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Cell cycle regulation is critical for faithful chromosome segregation, and defects in this complicated process lead to chromosomal aberrations and cancer.
Here, we describe an in vitro kinase assay that is used to identify Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites. In this assay, a purified protein is phosphorylated in vitro by commercially available human Cdk1/cyclin B. Successful phosphorylation is confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and phosphorylation sites are subsequently identified by mass spectrometry. We also describe purification protocols that yield highly pure and homogeneous protein preparations suitable for the kinase assay, and a binding assay for the functional verification of the identified phosphorylation sites, which probes the interaction between a classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS) and its nuclear transport receptor karyopherin &#945;. To aid with experimental design, we review approaches for the prediction of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites from protein sequences. Together these protocols present a very powerful approach that yields Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites and enables mechanistic studies into how Cdk1 controls the cell cycle. Since this method relies on purified proteins, it can be applied to any model organism and yields reliable results, especially when combined with cell functional studies.

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is activated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and regulates many cellular pathways. Here, we present a protocol for an in vitro kinase assay with Cdk1, which allows the identification of Cdk1-specific phosphorylation sites for establishing cellular targets of this important kinase.

用体外激酶法鉴定细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1特异磷酸化部位

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is a master controller for the cell cycle in all eukaryotes and phosphorylates an estimated 8 - 13% of the proteome; ...

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Kinase activity is crucial for a plethora of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. During early embryonic development, kinase activity is highly dynamic and widespread across the embryo. Pharmacological and genetic approaches are commonly used to probe kinase activities. Unfortunately, it is challenging to achieve superior spatial and temporal resolution using these strategies. Furthermore, it is not feasible to control the kinase activity in a reversible fashion in live cells and multicellular organisms. Such a limitation remains a bottleneck for achieving a quantitative understanding of kinase activity during development and differentiation. This work presents an optogenetic strategy that takes advantage of a bicistronic system containing photoactivatable proteins Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) and the N-terminal domain of cryptochrome-interacting basic-helix-loop-helix (CIBN). Reversible activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is achieved through light-mediated protein translocation in live cells. This approach can be applied to mammalian cell cultures and live vertebrate embryos. This bicistronic system can be generalized to control the activity of other kinases with similar activation mechanisms and can be applied to other model systems.

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

This protocol describes an optogenetic strategy to modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity during cell differentiation and Xenopus embryonic development. This method allows for the reversible activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in mammalian cell culture and in multicellular live organisms, like Xenopus embryos, with high spatial and temporal resolution.

在细胞分化过程中光介导的可逆调节丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径<em&gt;爪蟾</em&gt;胚胎发育

Kinase activity is crucial for a plethora of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. During early ...

发育生物学

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Deficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes that carry out oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the biochemical marker of human mitochondrial disorders. From a genetic point of view, the OXPHOS represents a unique example because it results from the complementation of two distinct genetic systems: nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Therefore, OXPHOS defects can be due to mutations affecting nuclear and mitochondrial encoded genes.
The groundbreaking work by King and Attardi, published in 1989, showed that human cell lines depleted of mtDNA (named rho0) could be repopulated by exogenous mitochondria to obtain the so-called &#34;transmitochondrial cybrids.&#34; Thanks to these cybrids containing mitochondria derived from patients with mitochondrial disorders (MDs) and nuclei from rho0 cells, it is possible to verify whether a defect is mtDNA- or nDNA-related. These cybrids are also a powerful tool to validate the pathogenicity of a mutation and study its impact at a biochemical level. This paper presents a detailed protocol describing cybrid generation, selection, and characterization.

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Transmitochondrial cybrids are hybrid cells obtained by fusing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-depleted cells (rho0 cells) with cytoplasts (enucleated cells) derived from patients affected by mitochondrial disorders. They allow the determination of the nuclear or mitochondrial origin of the disease, evaluation of biochemical activity, and confirmation of the pathogenetic role of mtDNA-related variants.

研究线粒体功能障碍的 体外 方法:一种Cybrid模型

Deficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes that carry out oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the biochemical marker of human ...

遗传学

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells capable of aerobic respiration. They contain circular genome and gene expression apparatus. A mitochondrial genome of baker&#8217;s yeast encodes eight proteins: three subunits of the cytochrome c oxidase (Cox1p, Cox2p, and Cox3p), three subunits of the ATP synthase (Atp6p, Atp8p, and Atp9p), a subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase enzyme, cytochrome b (Cytb), and mitochondrial ribosomal protein Var1p. The purpose of the method described here is to specifically label these proteins with 35S methionine, separate them by electrophoresis and visualize the signals as discrete bands on the screen. The procedure involves several steps. First, yeast cells are cultured in a galactose-containing medium until they reach the late logarithmic growth stage. Next, cycloheximide treatment blocks cytoplasmic translation and allows 35S methionine incorporation only in mitochondrial translation products. Then, all proteins are extracted from yeast cells and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the gel is dried and incubated with the storage phosphor screen. The screen is scanned on a phosphorimager revealing the bands. The method can be applied to compare the biosynthesis rate of a single polypeptide in the mitochondria of a mutant yeast strain versus the wild type, which is useful for studying mitochondrial gene expression defects. This protocol gives valuable information about the translation rate of all yeast mitochondrial mRNAs. However, it requires several controls and additional experiments to make proper conclusions.

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker&#8217;s yeast mitochondrial genome encodes eight polypeptides. The goal of the current protocol is to label all of them and subsequently visualize them as separate bands.

贝克酵母糖精中线粒体基因组表达产品的标记和可视化

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells capable of aerobic respiration. They contain circular genome and gene expression apparatus. A ...

Studying Proteolysis of Cyclin B at the Single Cell Level in Whole Cell Populations

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies during chromosome separation are a hallmark of malignancy and associated with progressive disease 2-4. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mitotic surveillance mechanism that holds back cells at metaphase until every single chromosome has established a stable bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle1. The SAC exerts its function by interference with the activating APC/C subunit Cdc20 to block proteolysis of securin and cyclin B and thus chromosome separation and mitotic exit. Improper attachment of chromosomes prevents silencing of SAC signaling and causes continued inhibition of APC/CCdc20 until the problem is solved to avoid chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy and malignant growths1.
Most studies that addressed the influence of improper chromosomal attachment on APC/C-dependent proteolysis took advantage of spindle disruption using depolymerizing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs to interfere with chromosomal attachment to microtubules. Since interference with microtubule kinetics can affect the transport and localization of critical regulators, these procedures bear a risk of inducing artificial effects 5.
To study how the SAC interferes with APC/C-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B during mitosis in unperturbed cell populations, we established a histone H2-GFP-based system which allowed the simultaneous monitoring of metaphase alignment of mitotic chromosomes and proteolysis of cyclin B 6.
To depict proteolytic profiles, we generated a chimeric cyclin B reporter molecule with a C-terminal SNAP moiety 6 (Figure 1). In a self-labeling reaction, the SNAP-moiety is able to form covalent bonds with alkylguanine-carriers (SNAP substrate) 7,8 (Figure 1). SNAP substrate molecules are readily available and carry a broad spectrum of different fluorochromes. Chimeric cyclin B-SNAP molecules become labeled upon addition of the membrane-permeable SNAP substrate to the growth medium 7 (Figure 1). Following the labeling reaction, the cyclin B-SNAP fluorescence intensity drops in a pulse-chase reaction-like manner and fluorescence intensities reflect levels of cyclin B degradation 6 (Figure 1). Our system facilitates the monitoring of mitotic APC/C-dependent proteolysis in large numbers of cells (or several cell populations) in parallel. Thereby, the system may be a valuable tool to identify agents/small molecules that are able to interfere with proteolytic activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Moreover, as synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis has recently been suggested as an important mechanism in fostering a mitotic block in mice and humans by keeping cyclin B expression levels stable 9,10, this system enabled us to analyze cyclin B proteolysis as one element of a balanced equilibrium 6.

Metaphase to anaphase transition is triggered through anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of cyclin B. Here, we established a system which, following pulse-chase labeling, allows monitoring cyclin B proteolysis in entire cell populations and facilitates the detection of interference by the mitotic checkpoint.

在整个细胞群在单细胞水平上研究细胞周期蛋白B的蛋白水解

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies ...

生物学

Assessment of Mitochondrial Functions and Cell Viability in Renal Cells Overexpressing Protein Kinase C Isozymes

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our recent data demonstrate that PKC regulates mitochondrial function and cellular energy status. Numerous reports demonstrated that the activation of PKC-a and PKC-&epsilon; improves mitochondrial function in the ischemic heart and mediates cardioprotection. In contrast, we have demonstrated that PKC-&alpha; and PKC-&epsilon; are involved in nephrotoxicant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in kidney cells. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop an in vitro model of renal cells maintaining active mitochondrial functions in which PKC isozymes could be selectively activated or inhibited to determine their role in regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and cell survival. Primary cultures of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) were cultured in improved conditions resulting in mitochondrial respiration and activity of mitochondrial enzymes similar to those in RPTC in vivo. Because traditional transfection techniques (Lipofectamine, electroporation) are inefficient in primary cultures and have adverse effects on mitochondrial function, PKC-&epsilon; mutant cDNAs were delivered to RPTC through adenoviral vectors. This approach results in transfection of over 90% cultured RPTC.
Here, we present methods for assessing the role of PKC-&epsilon; in: 1. regulation of mitochondrial morphology and functions associated with ATP synthesis, and 2. survival of RPTC in primary culture. PKC-&epsilon; is activated by overexpressing the constitutively active PKC-&epsilon; mutant. PKC-&epsilon; is inhibited by overexpressing the inactive mutant of PKC-&epsilon;. Mitochondrial function is assessed by examining respiration, integrity of the respiratory chain, activities of respiratory complexes and F0F1-ATPase, ATP production rate, and ATP content. Respiration is assessed in digitonin-permeabilized RPTC as state 3 (maximum respiration in the presence of excess substrates and ADP) and uncoupled respirations. Integrity of the respiratory chain is assessed by measuring activities of all four complexes of the respiratory chain in isolated mitochondria. Capacity of oxidative phosphorylation is evaluated by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production rate, and activity of F0F1-ATPase. Energy status of RPTC is assessed by determining the intracellular ATP content. Mitochondrial morphology in live cells is visualized using MitoTracker Red 580, a fluorescent dye that specifically accumulates in mitochondria, and live monolayers are examined under a fluorescent microscope. RPTC viability is assessed using annexin V/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry to determine apoptosis and oncosis.
These methods allow for a selective activation/inhibition of individual PKC isozymes to assess their role in cellular functions in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions that can be reproduced in in vitro.

The effects of activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes on mitochondrial functions associated with respiration and oxidative phosphorylation and on cell viability are described. The approach adapts adenoviral technique to selectively overexpress PKC isozymes in primary cell culture and a variety of assays to determine mitochondrial functions and energy status of the cell.

评估肾细胞​​蛋白激酶C同工酶，线粒体功能及细胞活力的

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes is involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Our recent data demonstrate that PKC ...

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial functionality. Fluorescence microscopy is an indispensable tool for the direct assessment of mitochondrial structure and function in live cells and for studying the mitochondrial structure-function relationship, which is primarily modulated by the molecules governing fission and fusion events between mitochondria. This paper describes and demonstrates specific methods for studying mitochondrial structure and function in live as well as in fixed tissue in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The tissue of choice here is the Drosophila ovary, which can be isolated and made amenable for ex vivo live confocal microscopy. Furthermore, the paper describes how to genetically manipulate the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1, in Drosophila ovaries to study the involvement of Drp1-driven mitochondrial fission in modulating the mitochondrial structure-function relationship. The broad use of such methods is demonstrated in already-published as well as in novel data. The described methods can be further extended towards understanding the direct impact of nutrients and/or growth factors on the mitochondrial properties ex vivo. Given that mitochondrial dysregulation underlies the etiology of various diseases, the described innovative methods developed in a genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila, are anticipated to contribute significantly to the understanding of the mechanistic details of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship and to the development of mitochondria-directed therapeutic strategies.

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial functionality. Specific methods for studying mitochondrial structure and function in live and fixed Drosophila ovaries are described and demonstrated in this paper.

研究线粒体结构与功能<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;卵巢

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial ...

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Study of the various regulatory events of the cell cycle in a phase-dependent manner provides a clear understanding about cell growth and division. The synchronization of cell populations at specific stages of the cell cycle has been found to be very useful in such experimental endeavors. Synchronization of cells by treatment with chemicals that are relatively less toxic can be advantageous over the use of pharmacological inhibitory drugs for the study of consequent cell cycle events and to obtain specific enrichment of selected mitotic stages. Here, we describe the protocol for synchronizing human cells at different stages of the cell cycle, including both in S phase and M phase with a double thymidine block and release procedure for studying the functionality of mitotic proteins in chromosome alignment and segregation. This protocol has been extremely useful for studying the mitotic roles of multifunctional proteins which possess established interphase functions. In our case, the mitotic role of Cdt1, a protein critical for replication origin licensing in G1 phase, can be studied effectively only when G2/M-specific Cdt1 can be depleted. We describe the detailed protocol for depletion of G2/M-specific Cdt1 using double thymidine synchronization. We also explain the protocol of cell fixation, and live cell imaging using high resolution confocal microscopy after thymidine release. The method is also useful for analyzing the function of mitotic proteins under both physiological and perturbed conditions such as for Hec1, a component of the Ndc80 complex, as it enables one to obtain large sample sizes of mitotic cells for fixed and live cell analysis as we show here.&#160;&#160;

We present a protocol for double thymidine synchronization of HeLa cells followed by analysis using high resolution confocal microscopy. This method is key to obtaining large number of cells that proceed synchronously from S phase to mitosis, enabling studies on mitotic roles of multifunctional proteins which also possess interphase functions.

有丝分裂细胞同步与高分辨共聚焦显微镜联合应用研究细胞周期蛋白在有丝分裂过程中的作用

Study of the various regulatory events of the cell cycle in a phase-dependent manner provides a clear understanding about cell growth and division. The ...

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

Live cell time-lapse imaging is an important tool in cell biology that provides insight into cellular processes that might otherwise be overlooked, misunderstood, or misinterpreted by the fixed-cell analysis. While the fixed cell imaging and analysis is robust and sufficient to observe cellular steady-state, it can be limited in defining a temporal order of events at the cellular level and is ill-equipped to assess the transient nature of dynamic processes including mitotic progression. In contrast, live cell imaging is an eloquent tool that can be used to observe cellular processes at the single-cell level over time and has the capacity to capture the dynamics of processes that would otherwise be poorly represented in fixed cell imaging. Here we describe an approach to generate cells carrying fluorescently labeled markers of chromatin and microtubules and their use in live cell imaging approaches to monitor metaphase chromosome alignment and mitotic exit. We describe imaging-based techniques to assess the dynamics of spindle formation and mitotic progression, including the identification of cells at various stages in mitosis, identification&#160;and tracking of mitotic defects, and analysis of spindle dynamics and mitotic cell fate following the treatment with mitotic inhibitors.

Here we present a protocol to assess the dynamics of spindle formation and mitotic progression. Our application of time-lapse imaging enables the user to identify cells at various stages of mitosis, track and identify mitotic defects, and analyze spindle dynamics and mitotic cell fate upon exposure to anti-mitotic drugs.

活细胞成像，以评估在斜接主轴扰动后元相定时和细胞命运的动态

Live cell time-lapse imaging is an important tool in cell biology that provides insight into cellular processes that might otherwise be overlooked, ...

实验方法来研究线粒体定位和核细胞周期激酶CDK1功能

摘要

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此视频中的章节

线粒体钙在分离线粒体和培养细胞中的流入分析

用体外激酶法鉴定细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1特异磷酸化部位

在细胞分化过程中光介导的可逆调节丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径

研究线粒体功能障碍的体外方法:一种Cybrid模型

贝克酵母糖精中线粒体基因组表达产品的标记和可视化

在整个细胞群在单细胞水平上研究细胞周期蛋白B的蛋白水解

评估肾细胞蛋白激酶C同工酶，线粒体功能及细胞活力的

研究线粒体结构与功能

有丝分裂细胞同步与高分辨共聚焦显微镜联合应用研究细胞周期蛋白在有丝分裂过程中的作用

活细胞成像，以评估在斜接主轴扰动后元相定时和细胞命运的动态

实验方法来研究线粒体定位和核细胞周期激酶CDK1功能

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

线粒体钙在分离线粒体和培养细胞中的流入分析

用体外激酶法鉴定细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1特异磷酸化部位

在细胞分化过程中光介导的可逆调节丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径

研究线粒体功能障碍的 体外 方法:一种Cybrid模型

贝克酵母糖精中线粒体基因组表达产品的标记和可视化

在整个细胞群在单细胞水平上研究细胞周期蛋白B的蛋白水解

评估肾细胞​​蛋白激酶C同工酶，线粒体功能及细胞活力的

研究线粒体结构与功能

有丝分裂细胞同步与高分辨共聚焦显微镜联合应用研究细胞周期蛋白在有丝分裂过程中的作用

活细胞成像，以评估在斜接主轴扰动后元相定时和细胞命运的动态

研究线粒体功能障碍的体外方法:一种Cybrid模型

评估肾细胞蛋白激酶C同工酶，线粒体功能及细胞活力的