We would like to thank Jakob Binder for his help in subject acquisition and organization of the examinations, Mrs. Hella Thun for designing Figure 1 and 2 and finally Mr. Dipl.-Ing. (FH), M.Sc. M. Saller for his statistical support.

伦理学声明:这项研究是由德国慕尼黑大学（＃007-14）的当地伦理委员会的批准。 注意:检查床上双方可以自由进出，对于一些非承重测试脚端。在垂直的墙壁上的接地的线路（磁带，约2米），是需要负重测试。与2°增量和20厘米长的标准测角仪使用。我们建议使用含有ADF测量膝关节延长，弯曲分开每条腿一个标准化的四格表记录结果。 1.参与者准备<ol><li>让主体脱下自己的裤子脱掉鞋袜。 </li><li>通过绘制连接远侧腓骨5厘米，15厘米腓骨的前端上面的中心的线标记腓骨的轴线。 </li></ol> 2.非承重测量（图2A） <ol><li>有两名调查员进行measuremen吨，一进行测试，其它测量踝关节背屈程度。 </li><li>在广场上检查床上取仰卧位的主题。检查榻必须在两侧和脚端都可以自由进出。 </li><li>有研究者第一次发生，一方面在距下关节的水平，以确保后脚的中性旋前，旋后位，并将另一方面周围的足弓。从而一方面稳定距舟关节，而另一只手上的前掌跖方面施加力以达到最大的踝关节背屈。 </li><li>有研究者首先确保膝关节完全伸直。 </li><li>有研究者第二次执行使用测角仪的踝关节背屈的测量。放置连接腓骨的先前标记轴的起点和终点的测角器的一个臂。对准另一个臂与脚的足底方面。 </li><li>注意在documentati结果上表。 </li><li>有研究者首先保证90度屈膝通过将一只手放在大腿远端背侧，而另一只手放在前脚掌的足底方面施加力，以实现最大踝关节背屈。 </li><li>有研究者第一次发生，一方面在距下关节的水平，以确保后脚的中性旋前，旋后位，并将另一方面周围的足弓。从而一方面稳定距舟关节和另一方面在前脚的足底方面施加力以达到最大的踝关节背屈。 </li><li>有研究者第二次执行使用测角仪的踝关节背屈的测量。放置连接腓骨的先前标记轴的起点和终点的测角器的一个臂。对准另一个臂与脚的足底方面。 </li><li>注意在文件表的结果。 </li><li>为对照重复步骤2.1至2.10alateral一面。 </li></ol> 3.负重测量（图2B） <ol><li>有一个调查员进行测试。 </li><li>将标的站在墙对面。 </li><li>让主体进入与腿弓步姿势来衡量是后排腿部。 </li><li>有研究者帮助主题把他/她后脚集中在先前标记线。确保脚后跟和后腿的第二个脚趾上线居中。 </li><li>让主体守住墙，以稳定他们的立场。 </li><li>有主题充分扩大其后排腿部。有研究者保证膝盖完全伸展。要知道，即使是轻微的膝关节屈曲显著影响踝关节背屈。 </li><li>让主体朝墙将他们的臀部，直到刚刚才脚跟抬离后腿。根据需要前腿可弯曲/舒适。 </li><li>有研究者将一只手放在背距下关节的方面，以确保后脚的中性旋前，旋后位。 </li><li>有研究者用另一只手进行踝关节背屈的测量。对准连接腓骨的先前标记轴的起点和终点的测角器的一个臂。放置在地板上的另一只手臂。 </li><li>注意在文件表的结果。 </li><li>让主体进入与腿弓步姿势来衡量是后排腿部。因此有朝墙患者移动，直到一个舒适的位置已经到达。 </li><li>有研究者帮助主题把他/她后脚集中在先前标记线。确保脚后跟和后腿的第二个脚趾上线居中。 </li><li>让主体守住墙，以稳定他们的立场。 </li><li>有弯曲的小腿后部的主题舒适和朝墙将他们的臀部，直到刚刚才脚跟取下后腿。根据需要前腿可弯曲/舒适。 </li><li>已经研究者保证后膝关节弯曲至少20度。在有疑问的情况下，使用测角仪，确保膝关节屈曲超过19度。 </li><li>对距下关节的背侧研究者地方一方面要保证后脚的中性旋前，旋后位。 </li><li>用另一只手进行踝关节背屈的测量。对准连接腓骨的先前标记轴的起点和终点的测角器的一个臂。放置在地板上的另一只手臂。 </li><li>注意在文件表的结果。 </li><li>为对侧重复步骤3.1至3.18。 </li></ol> 4.数据分析与解读<ol><li>向受试者识别对症侧。 </li><li>查看的文档表中ADF数据。 <ol><li>首先确定是否ADF与KNee值扩展是在症状侧小于10°。如果是这样，考虑MGT是一个可能的原因。然后，比较的ADF用膝盖延伸并弯曲。如果在ADF的显著增加膝关节屈曲的结果，MGT存在。 </li><li>如果ADF大于10°，用膝盖延长双腿之间比较ADF。如果ADF上的症状相比减少非对症侧考虑MGT是一个可能的原因。如果在ADF的显著增加对症侧面结果膝关节屈曲，MGT存在。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose. 
A biometric version of this study has been published 17. The herein presented paper focuses on the actual conduct of the clinical examinations for isolated MGT. The findings of the biometric paper 17 on the influence of the degree of knee flexion are implanted in this paper.

20健康人检查发现，这20度屈膝已经消除了M的影响腓肠肌上ADF。另外膝关节屈曲造成了不显著ADF增加。对于MGT标准化非负重和负重检查的此呈现视频说明构建未来研究建立生理正常值的前提。 这项研究有局限性。第一，没有定制测量装置被用来评估ADF，这可能有助于测量误差。这是为研究者依靠在非负重检测，使用测角仪和相邻关节运动的施加力。此外，本文?...

有限公司踝关节背屈（ADF）改变步态运动学，并负责常见的足部病变，包括跟腱炎，应力性骨折，跖骨和足底足跟痛1-5。有限ADF的最常见的原因是孤立的家鼠腓肠肌密封性（MGT）3,6。 脚踝的关节运动由屈膝作为分枝的影响腓肠肌桥梁双侧颞下颌关节。肌肉是在张力下时膝盖完全伸展，作为肌肉的起源然后最远近端。这M.腓肠肌然后抑制ADF。屈膝近似于肌肉的原点，从而降低了分枝腓肠肌的张力，并因此增加了ADF中。踝关节背屈然后通过踝关节的其他解剖结构的限制， 图1示出了这一原理。在MGT的情况下，ADF是有限的膝盖完全离倾向于而是由膝关节4的屈曲大大增加。 对于MGT临床检查取上述原则的优势，首先是由Silfverskiöld，瑞典骨科医生7于1923年发表。从那时起，许多检查技术已被描述的，所有这些比较在ADF用膝盖延伸并弯曲。发表的临床试验可分为非负重5,8，负重9,10和仪表11,12。如今，非负重检查是最常见的进行13。病人被置于仰卧在检查床上和ADF进行评估与膝盖完全伸展并一般为90°弯曲（ 图2A）。与此相反，负重ADF测量与弓步姿态直立受试者进行。后排膝盖伸展或弯曲，询问受试者只是脚跟发射前向前倾（ 图2B）。对于这两种测试MGT诊断，如果用膝盖延长了ADF自动进稿器中的一个显著上升受损和膝关节屈曲结果。 虽然非负重测试频繁地进行，负重测试有几个优点。首先，需要一种用于负重检查只有一个调查，而两位考官需要实现可靠的非负重测量。二，负重检查更加紧密地反映步态期间的负荷。第三，施加到踝的力独立于检查者。四，负重检查具有更高的内部和跨信度9,10,13-15。 为MGT所有测试的主要限制是，膝屈曲的最小程度需要消除分枝的抑制作用在ADF 腓肠肌不明8,15。而90°膝关节屈曲通常应用在非负重检测5,8,16撒谎，这是不适合的负重检查可行的。广大人民不能没有抬起脚跟离地执行与膝关节屈曲90°弓步。因此，大多数的研究进行负重考试没有控制膝关节屈曲8,15。为了进行可靠的负重检查它必须查明最小程度所需的膝盖屈曲消除M的抑制作用腓肠肌上ADF。 总体而言，文学主张负重测试MGT的诊断。为了提供有效的负重检查过程，膝屈曲，以消除M的ADF抑制效果所需的最低限度腓肠肌必须已知。本研究的目的是调查屈膝ADF的非负重的影响和负重检测，并提供一个步骤bŸ一步的指导，进行​​非负重和负重考试MGT。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Examination couch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard goniometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MDF Instruments USA, Inc. Malibu, CA, USA</td><td></td><td>2&amp;deg; increments</td></tr></tbody></table>

diagnosis of musculus gastrocnemius tightness - key factors for the clinical examination

常见的脚和踝关节病症已与孤立家鼠腓肠肌密封性（MGT）。各种检查技术已经描述评估MGT。尽管如此，标准化的审批程序缺失。文学主张负重检查，但需要膝关节屈曲度，以消除M的制约作用对踝关节背屈（ADF） 腓肠肌是未知的。该原稿调查屈膝上踝关节背屈的影响，并提供了标准化检查协议的详细描述。关于20名健康个体检查发现，即20°屈膝足以充分消除M的影响腓肠肌上ADF。这建立了一个标准化考试MGT的前提。 ADF的非负重和负重检查具有进行与膝盖完全伸展和至少20°弯曲。两名调查员应在仰卧位进行主题非负重测试。为了获得可靠的结果，腓骨的轴线应标明。一个考官可以在弓步立场主题进行负重检查。如果ADF与膝盖在显著上升ADF完全伸展和屈膝结果受损的隔离MGT存在。本文中所提出的统一考试是为今后的研究旨在建立正常值的前提。

20名健康个体的两个脚踝（平均27.1±3.9岁），50％为女性，进行了检查。在六个不同程度的膝盖屈曲非负重和负重试验（完全伸展，20°，30°，45°，60°，75°）和伦哥测试（不受控制的膝关节屈曲）进行的。一个功能括号是用来控制膝关节屈曲。测量被蒙蔽对方的结果两名调查员进行。每个个体之间，调查的顺序和膝关节屈曲的顺序改变。该达戈斯蒂诺和Pearson检验显示没?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination at JoVE.com

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

隔离家鼠腓肠肌密封性是足踝部病变的常见原因。目前国内还没有规范的检测程序存在。这份手稿表明，20度屈膝消除了M的制约作用对踝关节背屈和腓肠肌提出了统一考试协议的视频描述。

诊断<em&gt;家鼠腓肠肌</em&gt;密封性 - 关键因素临床考试

Common foot and ankle pathologies have been linked to isolated Musculus gastrocnemius tightness (MGT). Various examination techniques have been described ...

diagnosis-musculus-gastrocnemius-tightness-key-factors-for-clinical

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

14.1K 次观看.  Munich University Hospital. 隔离家鼠腓肠肌密封性是足踝部病变的常见原因。目前国内还没有规范的检测程序存在。这份手稿表明，20度屈膝消除了M的制约作用对踝关节背屈和腓肠肌提出了统一考试协议的视频描述。 

视频: Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients 

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

危重病人中的应用手册肌力测试：下肢肌力测量方法

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

科研

医学

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, spinal and peripheral levels). The present protocol describes how this method can be used to stimulate the posterior tibial nerve that activates plantar flexor muscles. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation consists of inducing an electrical stimulus to a motor nerve to evoke a muscular response. Direct (M-wave) and/or indirect (H-reflex) electrophysiological responses can be recorded at rest using surface electromyography. Mechanical (twitch torque) responses can be quantified with a force/torque ergometer. M-wave and twitch torque reflect neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling, whereas H-reflex provides an index of spinal excitability. EMG activity and mechanical (superimposed twitch) responses can also be recorded during maximal voluntary contractions to evaluate voluntary activation level. Percutaneous nerve stimulation provides an assessment of neuromuscular function in humans, and is highly beneficial especially for studies evaluating neuromuscular plasticity following acute (fatigue) or chronic (training/detraining) exercise.

We present a protocol to assess changes in neuromuscular function. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method that evokes muscular responses. Electrophysiological and mechanical properties of these responses permit the evaluation of neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, spinal and peripheral levels).

神经肌肉功能的应用经皮神经电刺激评估

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, ...

神经科学

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the &#34;functional ratio&#34; as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that are sometimes problematic for athletes, resulting in soft tissue injury in the lower limbs. To prevent such injuries, functional training of the hamstrings requires intensive eccentric contractions. Additionally, hamstring function should be tested in relation to quadricep function at different contraction speeds.

肌肉失衡: 运动人群功能性偏心肌筋强度的检测与训练

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite ...

Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice

Body movements are mainly provided by mechanical function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is composed of numerous bundles of myofibers that are sheathed by intramuscular connective tissues. Each myofiber contains many myofibrils that run longitudinally along the length of the myofiber. Myofibrils are the contractile apparatus of muscle and they are composed of repeated contractile units known as sarcomeres. A sarcomere unit contains actin and myosin filaments that are spaced by the Z discs and titin protein. Mechanical function of skeletal muscle is defined by the contractile and passive properties of muscle. The contractile properties are used to characterize the amount of force generated during muscle contraction, time of force generation and time of muscle relaxation. Any factor that affects muscle contraction (such as interaction between actin and myosin filaments, homeostasis of calcium, ATP/ADP ratio, etc.) influences the contractile properties. The passive properties refer to the elastic and viscous properties (stiffness and viscosity) of the muscle in the absence of contraction. These properties are determined by the extracellular and the intracellular structural components (such as titin) and connective tissues (mainly collagen) 1-2. The contractile and passive properties are two inseparable aspects of muscle function. For example, elbow flexion is accomplished by contraction of muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm and passive stretch of muscles in the posterior compartment of the upper arm. To truly understand muscle function, both contractile and passive properties should be studied.
The contractile and/or passive mechanical properties of muscle are often compromised in muscle diseases. A good example is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a severe muscle wasting disease caused by dystrophin deficiency 3. Dystrophin is a cytoskeletal protein that stabilizes the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma) during muscle contraction 4. In the absence of dystrophin, the sarcolemma is damaged by the shearing force generated during force transmission. This membrane tearing initiates a chain reaction which leads to muscle cell death and loss of contractile machinery. As a consequence, muscle force is reduced and dead myofibers are replaced by fibrotic tissues 5. This later change increases muscle stiffness 6. Accurate measurement of these changes provides important guide to evaluate disease progression and to determine therapeutic efficacy of novel gene/cell/pharmacological interventions. Here, we present two methods to evaluate both contractile and passive mechanical properties of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and the contractile properties of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle.

Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice

Changes in limb muscle contractile and passive mechanical properties are important biomarkers for muscle diseases. This manuscript describes physiological assays to measure these properties in the murine extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscles.

伸趾长肌的肌肉功能评价<em&gt;体外</em和胫骨前肌<em在原位</em在小鼠

Body  movements are mainly provided by mechanical function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal  muscle is composed of numerous bundles of myofibers that are ...

生物学

跟腱形态的超声评估

Measurement of Healthy and Injured Triceps Surae Morphology

Achilles tendon injuries occur throughout the lifespan and can negatively affect quality of life and overall health. Achilles tendinopathy is generally classified as an overuse injury associated with fusiform tendon thickening, neovascularization, and interstitial tendon degeneration. Current literature suggests these structural changes are associated with&#160;symptoms and lower physical activity levels, as well as&#160;symptoms and lower extremity function in the long term. Surgically and non-surgically managed Achilles tendon ruptures result in increased tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and a lengthened Achilles tendon. Both structural outcomes have clinical implications, as larger CSA positively predicts function, whereas increased tendon lengthening predicts reduced function after Achilles tendon rupture. Given the relationship between structural changes associated with Achilles tendon injuries for both injury severity and injury recovery, it is critical to be able to quantify Achilles tendon structure reliably and accurately. Silbernagel&#39;s group has established a valid and reliable method for efficiently evaluating triceps surae muscle and tendon structure. In this protocol, B-mode musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is used to measure triceps surae structure, including Achilles tendon thickness and CSA, soleus thickness, and the presence of additional findings (calcifications and bursitis). B-mode extended field-of-view is used to measure Achilles tendon length and gastrocnemius anatomical CSA. Finally, power Doppler is used to identify intratendinous neovascularization. Quantification of triceps surae structure allows for comparison between limbs as well as longitudinal changes in response to exercise and treatment for healthy individuals and those with Achilles tendon injuries. This protocol has been used in many research studies to date and proves valuable in understanding the relationship between tendon structure and injury development, severity, and recovery. As ultrasound devices are becoming more affordable and portable, this protocol proves promising as a clinical tool, given its quick and efficient methods.

作者聚焦:探索跟腱损伤的复杂性 — 研究和未来方向

Ultrasound imaging is becoming more accessible in clinical and research settings, and a consistent protocol will be beneficial for comparison between studies and for clinical interpretations. This protocol for ultrasound evaluation is a valid and reliable method to evaluate Achilles tendon morphology in healthy, tendinopathic, and ruptured tendons.

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

Achilles tendon injuries occur throughout the lifespan and can negatively affect quality of life and overall health. Achilles tendinopathy is generally ...

Collection of Skeletal Muscle Biopsies from the Superior Compartment of Human Musculus Tibialis Anterior for Mechanical Evaluation

The mechanical properties of contracting skeletal fibers are crucial indicators of overall muscle health, function, and performance. Human skeletal muscle biopsies are often collected for these endeavors. However, relatively few technical descriptions of biopsy procedures, outside of the commonly used musculus vastus lateralis, are available. Although the biopsy techniques are often adjusted to accommodate the characteristics of each muscle under study, few technical reports share these changes to the greater community. Thus, muscle tissue from human participants is often wasted as the operator reinvents the wheel. Expanding the available material on biopsies from a variety of muscles can reduce the incident of failed biopsies. This technical report describes a variation of the modified Bergstr&#246;m technique on the musculus tibialis anterior that limits fiber damage and provides fiber lengths adequate for mechanical evaluation. The surgery is an outpatient procedure that can be completed in an hour. The recovery period for this procedure is immediate for light activity (i.e., walking), up to three days for the resumption of normal physical activity, and about one week for wound care. The extracted tissue can be used for mechanical force experiments and here we present representative activation data. This protocol is appropriate for most collection purposes, potentially adaptable to other skeletal muscles, and may be improved by modifications to the collection needle.

This technical report describes a variation of the modified Bergstr&#246;m technique for the biopsy of the musculus tibialis anterior that limits fiber damage.

从人类肌肉提比利斯前部高级隔间收集骨骼肌肉活检，用于机械评估

The mechanical properties of contracting skeletal fibers are crucial indicators of overall muscle health, function, and performance. Human skeletal muscle ...

Motor Exam I

Source:Tracey A. Milligan, MD; Tamara B. Kaplan, MD; Neurology, Brigham and Women&#39;s/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Abnormalities in the motor function are associated with a wide range of diseases, from movement disorders and myopathies to strokes. The motor assessment starts with observation of the patient. When the patient enters the examination area, the clinician observes the patient&#39;s ability to walk unassisted and the speed and coordination while moving. Taking the patient&#39;s history provides an additional opportunity to observe for evidence of tremors or other abnormal movements, such as chorea or tardive dyskinesia. Such simple but important observations can yield valuable clues to the diagnosis and help to focus the rest of the examination. The motor assessment continues in a systematic fashion, including inspection for muscle atrophy and abnormal movements, assessment of muscle tone, muscle strength testing, and finally the examination of the muscle reflexes and coordination. The careful systematic testing of the motor system and the integration of all the findings provide insight to the level at which the motor pathway is affected, and also help the clinician to formulate the differential diagnosis and determine the course of the subsequent evaluation and treatment.

Motor Exam I: Evaluation of Muscle Tone and Strength

摩托车考试我

Source:Tracey A. Milligan, MD; Tamara B. Kaplan, MD; Neurology, Brigham and Women&#39;s/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
...

教育

JoVE Science Education

临床技能

体格检查 III

Hip Exam

Source: <a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Robert+E._Sallis">Robert E. Sallis</a>, MD. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA
The hip is a ball-and-socket joint that consists of the femoral head articulating with the acetabulum. When combined with the hip ligaments, the hip makes for a very strong and stable joint. But, despite this stability, the hip has considerable motion and is prone to degeneration with wear and tear over time and after injury. Hip pain can affect patients of all ages and can be associated with various intra- and extra-articular pathologies. Anatomic location of pain in the hip region can often provide initial diagnostic clues. Essential aspects of the hip exam include an inspection for asymmetry, swelling, and gait abnormalities; palpation for areas of tenderness; range of motion and strength testing; a neurological (sensory) exam; and additional special diagnostic maneuvers to narrow down the differential diagnosis.

诊断

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此视频中的章节

危重病人中的应用手册肌力测试：下肢肌力测量方法

神经肌肉功能的应用经皮神经电刺激评估

肌肉失衡: 运动人群功能性偏心肌筋强度的检测与训练

伸趾长肌的肌肉功能评价

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

从人类肌肉提比利斯前部高级隔间收集骨骼肌肉活检，用于机械评估

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髋关节的考试