We would like to thank Jakob Binder for his help in subject acquisition and organization of the examinations, Mrs. Hella Thun for designing Figure 1 and 2 and finally Mr. Dipl.-Ing. (FH), M.Sc. M. Saller for his statistical support.

倫理の声明：本研究​​は、ミュンヘン大学（＃007から14）の地元の倫理委員会による承認しました。 注：検査カウチ自由に両側にアクセス可能と足側端部が非weightbearingのテストのために必要とされます。壁垂直地面に線（テープ、約2メートル）がテストをweightbearingために必要とされます。 2°刻みで20センチの長さの標準ゴニオメーターを用いています。私たちは、膝が拡張され、個別に各脚のために屈曲さのためにADFの測定を含む標準化された四重テーブルを使用して結果を文書化することをお勧めします。 1.参加者の準備<ol><li>被験者が自分のズボンを脱いで、彼らの靴を削除する必要があります。 </li><li>遠位腓骨5cmで腓骨の先端上記15センチメートルの中心を結ぶ線を描くことにより、腓骨の軸をマークします。 </li></ol> 2.非weightbearing測定（図2A） <ol><li> 2研究者はmeasuremenを実行する必要がありトン、試験を行う1、足首の背屈の度合いを測定する他の。 </li><li>検査のソファの上に仰臥位で、被写体を配置します。検査のソファは、側面と足側端部の両方に自由にアクセスできる必要があります。 </li><li>リア足の中立回内 - 回外位置を確保し、中足部の周りにもう一方の手を配置するために距骨下関節のレベルで最初の研究者の場所片手を持っています。一方、最大足首背屈を達成するために前足部の足底側面に力を加えるつつ、一方では、距舟関節を安定化させます。 </li><li>最初の研究者は、膝が完全に拡張されていることを確認してもらいます。 </li><li>第二の研究者は、ゴニオメータを使用して足首背屈の測定を行う必要があります。腓骨の以前にマークされた軸の始点と終点を結ぶゴニオメータの一方のアームを配置します。足の足底の側面に他方のアームの位置を合わせます。 </li><li> documentatiの結果に注意してください。シート上。 </li><li>一方、最大足首背屈を達成するために前足部の足底の側面に力を適用しながら、最初の研究者が、大腿部の遠位背側面に片手を置くことによって、膝の屈曲の90°を確保しています。 </li><li>リア足の中立回内 - 回外位置を確保し、中足部の周りにもう一方の手を配置するために距骨下関節のレベルで最初の研究者の場所片手を持っています。これにより、片方の手は距舟関節を安定化し、他方は最大足首背屈を達成するために前足部の足底側面に力を加えます。 </li><li>第二の研究者は、ゴニオメータを使用して足首背屈の測定を行う必要があります。腓骨の以前にマークされた軸の始点と終点を結ぶゴニオメータの一方のアームを配置します。足の足底の側面に他方のアームの位置を合わせます。 </li><li>ドキュメントシートに結果を注意してください。 </li><li>繰り返しますCONTRのために2.10を介して2.1ステップalateral側。 </li></ol> 3. Weightbearing測定（図2B） <ol><li> 1研究者がテストを実行してもらいます。 </li><li>壁の反対側に立って、被写体を配置します。 </li><li>被験者は後脚であることを測定するために、脚と突進の位置に入る必要があります。 </li><li>研究者は、以前にマークされた行を中心に、彼/彼女の後足を配置する対象を助ける持っています。かかとと後脚の第2趾がライン上に集中していることを確認してください。 </li><li>彼らの姿勢を安定させるために壁に対象のホールドを持っています。 </li><li>被験者は完全に彼らの後脚を伸ばす必要があります。研究者は、膝が完全に拡張されていることを確認してもらいます。少しでも膝の屈曲が大きく足首背屈に影響を与えることに注意してください。 </li><li>被験者はちょうど後脚のオフヒールリフト前まで壁に向かって自分の腰を動かしています。快適な/必要に応じて前脚を曲げることができます。 </li><li>研究者は、片手を置く持っていますリア足の中立回内 - 回外位置を確保するために、距骨下関節の側面を背側。 </li><li>捜査官は、他方の手で足首背屈の測定を行う必要があります。腓骨の以前にマークされた軸の始点と終点を結ぶゴニオメータの一方のアームの位置を合わせます。床の上にもう一方の腕を置きます。 </li><li>ドキュメントシートに結果を注意してください。 </li><li>被験者は後脚であることを測定するために、脚と突進の位置に入る必要があります。快適な位置に到達するまでそのため、壁に向かって患者の動きを持っています。 </li><li>研究者は、以前にマークされた行を中心に、彼/彼女の後足を配置する対象を助ける持っています。かかとと後脚の第2趾がライン上に集中していることを確認してください。 </li><li>彼らの姿勢を安定させるために壁に対象のホールドを持っています。 </li><li>快適な後脚フレックス主題を持っているだけでかかと前まで壁に向かって自分の腰を動かします後脚のオフに持ち上げます。快適な/必要に応じて前脚を曲げることができます。 </li><li>研究者は後部膝は少なくとも20度に曲げられていることを確認しています。疑わしい場合には19度よりも大きい膝の屈曲を確保するために、ゴニオメータを使用しています。 </li><li>リア足の中立回内 - 回外位置を確保するために、距骨下関節の背側面上の調査官場所片手を持っています。 </li><li>もう一方の手で足首背屈の測定を行います。腓骨の以前にマークされた軸の始点と終点を結ぶゴニオメータの一方のアームの位置を合わせます。床の上にもう一方の腕を置きます。 </li><li>ドキュメントシートに結果を注意してください。 </li><li>繰り返しは、反対側のために3.18を介して3.1を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 4.データ解析と解釈<ol><li>症候性側を識別するために、被写体を確認して下さい。 </li><li>ドキュメントシート上のADFデータを確認します。 <ol><li>まずKNでADFかどうかを識別するEE拡張が症候側の10°未満です。もしそうであれば、MGTが原因であると考えています。膝が拡張され、屈曲して次に、ADFを比較します。 ADFの大幅な増加で膝屈曲の結果は、MGTが存在する場合。 </li><li>ケースでは、ADFが10°以上である、両足の間に延長膝とADFを比較します。 ADFは非症候性側に比べ、症候性に減少するとMGTが原因であると考えています。 ADFの大幅な増加で症候性側結果に膝屈曲した場合、MGTが存在します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose. 
A biometric version of this study has been published 17. The herein presented paper focuses on the actual conduct of the clinical examinations for isolated MGT. The findings of the biometric paper 17 on the influence of the degree of knee flexion are implanted in this paper.

20健康な個体での検査は、膝屈曲の20度はすでにMの影響を排除することを、明らかにしましたADF上の腓腹筋 。さらに膝屈曲は有意なADFに増加しました。 MGTのための標準化された非weightbearingとweightbearing検査の本明細書に提示されるビデオの説明は、生理的ノルム値を確立する将来の研究のための前提条件を構築します。 調査には限界があります。まず、何?...

限定足首の背屈（ADF）は、歩行運動を変化させ、アキレスの腱障害、疲労骨折、中足骨痛症と足底かかとの痛み1-5を含む一般的な足の病理を担当保持されています。限られたADFのための最も一般的な原因は、単離された筋腓腹筋の圧迫感（MGT）3,6です。 足首の関節運動学はMと膝の屈曲の影響を受けています腓腹筋は、両方の関節を橋渡しします。筋肉の起源は、近位遠いその後であるとして膝が完全に拡張されたときに筋肉が緊張下にあります。 M.腓腹筋はその後ADFを拘束します。膝の屈曲によりM.腓腹筋の緊張を減らす、筋肉の原点を近似し、その結果、ADFを増加させます。足首背屈は、次に足首関節の他の解剖学的構造によって制限される。 図1はこの原理を示します。 MGTの場合は、ADFは膝完全に元と限定されています傾向にあったが、実質的に膝4の屈曲によって増加します。 MGTのための臨床試験は、原則的に概説し、上記の利点を取り、最初のSilfverskiöld、スウェーデンの整形外科医7によって1923年に出版されました。それ以来、多数の検査技術は、膝が伸長及び屈曲とADFの比較の全てが、記載されています。公開された臨床試験は、非weightbearing 5,8、weightbearing 9,10に分類し、11,12をインストルメントすることができます。今日では、非weightbearing検査は、最も一般的に13で行われます。患者は、検査のソファの上に仰向けに置かれ、ADFは、膝で評価され、完全に拡張され、典型的には90°が（ 図2A）を屈曲さ。逆に、weightbearing ADF測定が突進スタンスで直立対象に行われています。リア膝は、拡張または屈曲され、被験者はちょうどかかとの打ち上げ前に前傾するように求められます（ 図2B）。拡張膝とADFは、ADFの有意な増加が損なわと膝の屈曲の結果されている場合は両方のテストのためにMGTは、診断されます。 非weightbearingテストが頻繁に行われるが、weightbearing試験はいくつかの利点を有します。 2審査官は、信頼できる非weightbearing測定を達成するために必要とされるのに対し、まず、唯一の研究者は、weightbearing検査のために必要とされます。第二に、weightbearing検査は、より密接に歩行時の負荷を反映しています。第三に、足首に加えられる力は、審査官とは無関係です。第四に、weightbearing検査では、より高い内および相互評価者の信頼性9,10,13-15を備えています。 MGTのためのすべてのテストの主な制限は、膝屈曲の最小限度はM.の抑制効果を排除するために必要なことですADF上の腓腹筋は 8,15不明です。膝屈曲の90°は、典型的には、アプリであるのに対し非weightbearing 5,8,16のテストに嘘をついた、これはweightbearingの検査のために現実的ではありません。幅広い人口は地面からかかとを持ち上げることなく、膝の屈曲の90°とランジを実​​行することができません。その結果、weightbearing検査を行うほとんどの研究は、膝の屈曲8,15を制御しませんでした。信頼weightbearing検査を実行するためには、Mの抑制効果を排除するために必要な膝の屈曲の最小限度を識別することが不可欠ですADF上の腓腹筋 。 全体的に、文学は、MGTの診断のためのテストをweightbearingために主張しています。有効weightbearing検査手順を提供するために、膝の屈曲の最小限度は、MのADF抑制効果を排除するために必要腓腹筋は知られていなければなりません。本研究の目的は、非weightbearingとweightbearing試験においてADFに膝の屈曲の影響を調査し、ステップBを提供することでしたMGTのための非weightbearingとweightbearing検査を実施するのyステップガイド。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Examination couch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard goniometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MDF Instruments USA, Inc. Malibu, CA, USA</td><td></td><td>2&amp;deg; increments</td></tr></tbody></table>

diagnosis of musculus gastrocnemius tightness - key factors for the clinical examination

一般的な足と足首の病状は、単離された筋腓腹筋の圧迫感（MGT）にリンクされています。様々な検査技術は、MGTを評価するために記載されています。それでも、標準化された検査手順が欠落しています。文献はweightbearing検査のために主張するが、膝の屈曲の程度は、Mの抑制効果を排除するために必要足首の背屈（ADF）上の腓腹筋は不明です。この原稿は、足首の背屈に膝屈曲の影響を調査し、標準化された検査プロトコルの詳細な説明を提供します。 20健康な個体の調査は、膝屈曲20度を十分にMの影響を排除するのに十分であることを、明らかにしましたADF上の腓腹筋 。これは、MGTのための標準化された検査のための前提条件を構築します。 ADFの非weightbearingとweightbearing検査が完全に拡張し、少なくとも20°の屈曲し、膝で行われなければなりません。二つの研究者がすべき仰臥位で対象と非weightbearingテストを実施。信頼できる結果を得るために、腓骨の軸がマークされるべきです。一つの審査官は、突進のスタンスで対象とweightbearingの検査を行うことができます。 ADFは、膝が完全に重要なADF増加で拡張し、膝の屈曲の結果で損なわれている場合、単離されMGTが存在しています。本明細書に提示する標準化された検査では、ノルム値の確立を目指して今後の研究のための前提条件です。

20健康な個体（27.1±3.9年の平均年齢）、50％の女性、両方の足首を調べました。非weightbearingとweightbearing膝屈曲の6異なる程度でのテスト（フルエクステンション、20°、30°、45°、60°、75°）とランジテスト（制御されていない膝の屈曲）が行われました。機能ブレースは、膝の屈曲を制御するために使用されました。測定は、互いの結果を知らされていない2研究者に?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination at JoVE.com

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

孤立した筋腓腹筋の気密性 ​​は、足と足首の病状のための一般的な原因です。現在のところ、標準化された検査手順が存在しません。この原稿は、膝屈曲の20度はM.の抑制効果を排除することを実証しています足首背屈上の腓腹筋および標準化された検査プロトコルのビデオの説明を提示します。

の診断<em&gt;腓腹筋</em&gt;気密性 - 臨床検査のための主要因

Common foot and ankle pathologies have been linked to isolated Musculus gastrocnemius tightness (MGT). Various examination techniques have been described ...

diagnosis-musculus-gastrocnemius-tightness-key-factors-for-clinical

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

14.1K ビュー.  Munich University Hospital. 孤立した筋腓腹筋の気密性 ​​は、足と足首の病状のための一般的な原因です。現在のところ、標準化された検査手順が存在しません。この原稿は、膝屈曲の20度はM.の抑制効果を排除することを実証しています足首背屈上の腓腹筋および標準化された検査プロトコルのビデオの説明を提示します。 

ビデオ: Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients 

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

徒手筋力テスト：四肢筋力の測定方法は、危篤状態の患者に適用

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

医学

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, spinal and peripheral levels). The present protocol describes how this method can be used to stimulate the posterior tibial nerve that activates plantar flexor muscles. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation consists of inducing an electrical stimulus to a motor nerve to evoke a muscular response. Direct (M-wave) and/or indirect (H-reflex) electrophysiological responses can be recorded at rest using surface electromyography. Mechanical (twitch torque) responses can be quantified with a force/torque ergometer. M-wave and twitch torque reflect neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling, whereas H-reflex provides an index of spinal excitability. EMG activity and mechanical (superimposed twitch) responses can also be recorded during maximal voluntary contractions to evaluate voluntary activation level. Percutaneous nerve stimulation provides an assessment of neuromuscular function in humans, and is highly beneficial especially for studies evaluating neuromuscular plasticity following acute (fatigue) or chronic (training/detraining) exercise.

We present a protocol to assess changes in neuromuscular function. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method that evokes muscular responses. Electrophysiological and mechanical properties of these responses permit the evaluation of neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, spinal and peripheral levels).

経皮的電気神経刺激を使用した神経筋機能の評価

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, ...

神経科学

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the &#34;functional ratio&#34; as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that are sometimes problematic for athletes, resulting in soft tissue injury in the lower limbs. To prevent such injuries, functional training of the hamstrings requires intensive eccentric contractions. Additionally, hamstring function should be tested in relation to quadricep function at different contraction speeds.

筋肉の不均衡: テストと競技人口の機能的な偏心ハムスト リングの筋力トレーニング

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite ...

Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice

Body movements are mainly provided by mechanical function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is composed of numerous bundles of myofibers that are sheathed by intramuscular connective tissues. Each myofiber contains many myofibrils that run longitudinally along the length of the myofiber. Myofibrils are the contractile apparatus of muscle and they are composed of repeated contractile units known as sarcomeres. A sarcomere unit contains actin and myosin filaments that are spaced by the Z discs and titin protein. Mechanical function of skeletal muscle is defined by the contractile and passive properties of muscle. The contractile properties are used to characterize the amount of force generated during muscle contraction, time of force generation and time of muscle relaxation. Any factor that affects muscle contraction (such as interaction between actin and myosin filaments, homeostasis of calcium, ATP/ADP ratio, etc.) influences the contractile properties. The passive properties refer to the elastic and viscous properties (stiffness and viscosity) of the muscle in the absence of contraction. These properties are determined by the extracellular and the intracellular structural components (such as titin) and connective tissues (mainly collagen) 1-2. The contractile and passive properties are two inseparable aspects of muscle function. For example, elbow flexion is accomplished by contraction of muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm and passive stretch of muscles in the posterior compartment of the upper arm. To truly understand muscle function, both contractile and passive properties should be studied.
The contractile and/or passive mechanical properties of muscle are often compromised in muscle diseases. A good example is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a severe muscle wasting disease caused by dystrophin deficiency 3. Dystrophin is a cytoskeletal protein that stabilizes the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma) during muscle contraction 4. In the absence of dystrophin, the sarcolemma is damaged by the shearing force generated during force transmission. This membrane tearing initiates a chain reaction which leads to muscle cell death and loss of contractile machinery. As a consequence, muscle force is reduced and dead myofibers are replaced by fibrotic tissues 5. This later change increases muscle stiffness 6. Accurate measurement of these changes provides important guide to evaluate disease progression and to determine therapeutic efficacy of novel gene/cell/pharmacological interventions. Here, we present two methods to evaluate both contractile and passive mechanical properties of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and the contractile properties of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle.

Evaluation of Muscle Function of the Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Ex vivo and Tibialis Anterior Muscle In situ in Mice

Changes in limb muscle contractile and passive mechanical properties are important biomarkers for muscle diseases. This manuscript describes physiological assays to measure these properties in the murine extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscles.

長指伸筋の筋機能の評価<em&gt;エクスビボ</em&gt;と前脛骨筋<em&gt;その場</em&gt;マウスの

Body  movements are mainly provided by mechanical function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal  muscle is composed of numerous bundles of myofibers that are ...

生物学

アキレス腱の形態の超音波評価

Measurement of Healthy and Injured Triceps Surae Morphology

Achilles tendon injuries occur throughout the lifespan and can negatively affect quality of life and overall health. Achilles tendinopathy is generally classified as an overuse injury associated with fusiform tendon thickening, neovascularization, and interstitial tendon degeneration. Current literature suggests these structural changes are associated with&#160;symptoms and lower physical activity levels, as well as&#160;symptoms and lower extremity function in the long term. Surgically and non-surgically managed Achilles tendon ruptures result in increased tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and a lengthened Achilles tendon. Both structural outcomes have clinical implications, as larger CSA positively predicts function, whereas increased tendon lengthening predicts reduced function after Achilles tendon rupture. Given the relationship between structural changes associated with Achilles tendon injuries for both injury severity and injury recovery, it is critical to be able to quantify Achilles tendon structure reliably and accurately. Silbernagel&#39;s group has established a valid and reliable method for efficiently evaluating triceps surae muscle and tendon structure. In this protocol, B-mode musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is used to measure triceps surae structure, including Achilles tendon thickness and CSA, soleus thickness, and the presence of additional findings (calcifications and bursitis). B-mode extended field-of-view is used to measure Achilles tendon length and gastrocnemius anatomical CSA. Finally, power Doppler is used to identify intratendinous neovascularization. Quantification of triceps surae structure allows for comparison between limbs as well as longitudinal changes in response to exercise and treatment for healthy individuals and those with Achilles tendon injuries. This protocol has been used in many research studies to date and proves valuable in understanding the relationship between tendon structure and injury development, severity, and recovery. As ultrasound devices are becoming more affordable and portable, this protocol proves promising as a clinical tool, given its quick and efficient methods.

著者スポットライト:アキレス腱損傷の複雑さを探る—研究と将来の方向性

Ultrasound imaging is becoming more accessible in clinical and research settings, and a consistent protocol will be beneficial for comparison between studies and for clinical interpretations. This protocol for ultrasound evaluation is a valid and reliable method to evaluate Achilles tendon morphology in healthy, tendinopathic, and ruptured tendons.

健常者と負傷した上腕三頭筋の形態の測定

Achilles tendon injuries occur throughout the lifespan and can negatively affect quality of life and overall health. Achilles tendinopathy is generally ...

Collection of Skeletal Muscle Biopsies from the Superior Compartment of Human Musculus Tibialis Anterior for Mechanical Evaluation

The mechanical properties of contracting skeletal fibers are crucial indicators of overall muscle health, function, and performance. Human skeletal muscle biopsies are often collected for these endeavors. However, relatively few technical descriptions of biopsy procedures, outside of the commonly used musculus vastus lateralis, are available. Although the biopsy techniques are often adjusted to accommodate the characteristics of each muscle under study, few technical reports share these changes to the greater community. Thus, muscle tissue from human participants is often wasted as the operator reinvents the wheel. Expanding the available material on biopsies from a variety of muscles can reduce the incident of failed biopsies. This technical report describes a variation of the modified Bergstr&#246;m technique on the musculus tibialis anterior that limits fiber damage and provides fiber lengths adequate for mechanical evaluation. The surgery is an outpatient procedure that can be completed in an hour. The recovery period for this procedure is immediate for light activity (i.e., walking), up to three days for the resumption of normal physical activity, and about one week for wound care. The extracted tissue can be used for mechanical force experiments and here we present representative activation data. This protocol is appropriate for most collection purposes, potentially adaptable to other skeletal muscles, and may be improved by modifications to the collection needle.

This technical report describes a variation of the modified Bergstr&#246;m technique for the biopsy of the musculus tibialis anterior that limits fiber damage.

機械評価のためのヒト筋学の上室から骨格筋生検の収集

The mechanical properties of contracting skeletal fibers are crucial indicators of overall muscle health, function, and performance. Human skeletal muscle ...

Motor Exam I

Source:Tracey A. Milligan, MD; Tamara B. Kaplan, MD; Neurology, Brigham and Women&#39;s/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Abnormalities in the motor function are associated with a wide range of diseases, from movement disorders and myopathies to strokes. The motor assessment starts with observation of the patient. When the patient enters the examination area, the clinician observes the patient&#39;s ability to walk unassisted and the speed and coordination while moving. Taking the patient&#39;s history provides an additional opportunity to observe for evidence of tremors or other abnormal movements, such as chorea or tardive dyskinesia. Such simple but important observations can yield valuable clues to the diagnosis and help to focus the rest of the examination. The motor assessment continues in a systematic fashion, including inspection for muscle atrophy and abnormal movements, assessment of muscle tone, muscle strength testing, and finally the examination of the muscle reflexes and coordination. The careful systematic testing of the motor system and the integration of all the findings provide insight to the level at which the motor pathway is affected, and also help the clinician to formulate the differential diagnosis and determine the course of the subsequent evaluation and treatment.

Motor Exam I: Evaluation of Muscle Tone and Strength

モーター試験私

Source:Tracey A. Milligan, MD; Tamara B. Kaplan, MD; Neurology, Brigham and Women&#39;s/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
...

Education

JoVE Science Education

臨床技術科学

身体検査Ⅲ

Hip Exam

Source: <a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Robert+E._Sallis">Robert E. Sallis</a>, MD. Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA
The hip is a ball-and-socket joint that consists of the femoral head articulating with the acetabulum. When combined with the hip ligaments, the hip makes for a very strong and stable joint. But, despite this stability, the hip has considerable motion and is prone to degeneration with wear and tear over time and after injury. Hip pain can affect patients of all ages and can be associated with various intra- and extra-articular pathologies. Anatomic location of pain in the hip region can often provide initial diagnostic clues. Essential aspects of the hip exam include an inspection for asymmetry, swelling, and gait abnormalities; palpation for areas of tenderness; range of motion and strength testing; a neurological (sensory) exam; and additional special diagnostic maneuvers to narrow down the differential diagnosis.

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徒手筋力テスト：四肢筋力の測定方法は、危篤状態の患者に適用

経皮的電気神経刺激を使用した神経筋機能の評価

筋肉の不均衡: テストと競技人口の機能的な偏心ハムストリングの筋力トレーニング

長指伸筋の筋機能の評価

健常者と負傷した上腕三頭筋の形態の測定

健常者と負傷した上腕三頭筋の形態の測定

健常者と負傷した上腕三頭筋の形態の測定

機械評価のためのヒト筋学の上室から骨格筋生検の収集

モーター試験私

股関節検査

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要約

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この動画の章

徒手筋力テスト：四肢筋力の測定方法は、危篤状態の患者に適用

経皮的電気神経刺激を使用した神経筋機能の評価

筋肉の不均衡: テストと競技人口の機能的な偏心ハムスト リングの筋力トレーニング

長指伸筋の筋機能の評価

健常者と負傷した上腕三頭筋の形態の測定

健常者と負傷した上腕三頭筋の形態の測定

健常者と負傷した上腕三頭筋の形態の測定

機械評価のためのヒト筋学の上室から骨格筋生検の収集

モーター試験私

股関節検査

筋肉の不均衡: テストと競技人口の機能的な偏心ハムストリングの筋力トレーニング