笔者想感谢詹姆斯·福雷斯特在这种技术最初的想法帮助。26这项工作是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学的资金支持，由美国国家科学基金会的MRSEC计划下奖项是部分支持没有。 DMR-11- 20901在宾夕法尼亚大学。

1.膜的制备<ol><li>称量0.04克聚苯乙烯，并放入30ml的小瓶中。 </li><li>称取2克甲苯到小瓶。通过聚苯乙烯的甲苯溶液重量2％得到的约100nm的膜。 </li><li>让解决方案静坐O / N充分溶解聚苯乙烯，让解决方案的解决。 </li><li>放置1厘米×1厘米硅（Si）晶片上旋涂机。 </li><li>旋转晶片以8,000rpm进行45秒。虽然它在旋转，下降纺丝晶片上约1毫升甲苯。 注:所有涉及旋涂步骤被在通风橱中进行。 </li><li>对现在静止的Si晶片，1.3滴添加来自步骤溶液到Si晶片，直到在Si晶片的整个表面被覆盖。 </li><li>前的溶液干燥的晶片上，旋Si晶片以4000rpm持续20秒。 </li><li>确定使用椭圆偏光薄膜的厚度（参见步骤2）。 </li><li>如果膜是所希望的厚度，安EAL在真空炉中在393 K时胶片15小时。 </li></ol> 2.确定膜厚<ol><li>放置旋转流延膜到椭圆计阶段和测量椭圆角Ψ（λ）和Δ（λ）在70℃用1秒采集时间和区域平均设置入射光角度打开。 </li><li>使用椭圆计软件，根据制造商的协议适合所得Ψ（λ）和Δ（λ）数据到一个三层模型。没有额外的用户输入。第一层是硅的基板层，第二层是一个原生氧化层的厚度为1.5纳米，且第三 ​​层是一个柯西模型（N = A + B /λ2中，k = 0），这对应聚苯乙烯薄膜的光学性质。在此模型中，A和B是拟合参数，和n和k是折射率的实部和虚分量。 </li><li>对于柯西层，适合的Thickness并且如果该膜是高于10纳米的A和B参数。如果电影是小于10纳米，只适合 。 注意:这将进一步在代表结果部分进行讨论。 </li></ol> 3.冷却率相关的 Tg测量<ol><li>涂层的变温阶段椭圆仪用导热膏的加热元件的表面上。 </li><li>放置退火聚苯乙烯膜到发热元件上。 </li><li>紧紧夹住膜到发热元件上。 </li><li>流程100％干氮气通过温度阶段的&lt;69千帕的压力。 </li><li>利用温度阶段软件，创建的温度分布。这种温度曲线始于一个加热坡道393钾养分150 K /分钟。保持该膜在393K 20分钟。 <ol><li>然后，交替冷却斜坡293度以速率150，120，90，60，30，10，7,3，和1的K /分钟加热斜坡393钾养分150 K /分钟。放置5分钟坦佩每个斜坡后叉涂抹举行。 </li></ol></li><li>在椭偏仪软件，使温度相关椭偏模型类似于在部分2的所有三个层是相同的，除了将基板改变成温度依赖性的Si模型。 </li><li>在该层的温度相关的硅模型，打开参数"使用分机从帕姆记录温度"。 </li><li>利用实验室设备控制软件，具有椭偏仪软件读​​取温度阶段的温度值。 </li><li>对齐，使得信号到达最大强度的椭偏仪。 </li><li>在"编辑硬件配置"，设置快速采集时间为1秒，高精度区平均。正常的采集时间设置为3秒，高精度的区域平均。 </li><li>根据在椭偏仪软件的"就地"选项卡中勾选"快速采集时间模式"对话框，按"开始采集"。然后，启动温度分布。 3 K /分钟冷却斜坡前，取消选中快速采集时间框。 </li></ol> 4.确定的 Tg值<ol><li>出口温度和厚度轮廓入优选的图表和分析软件，并分离的温度和厚度的数据的所有9冷却速率。 </li><li>为了采集的温度期间占区平均化的效果，取每一个温度下的值，并与温度值平均它在它之前，使得T =（T 1 + T I-1）/ 2，其中T I是在给定时间的温度值，和T 的i-1是前一时间点的温度。 </li><li>积厚度与温度的关系为每个冷却速度。 </li><li>上执行超冷却的液体制度的一部分的线性拟合（高温制度与较大的膨胀系数）。这一制度将大约从393 K至380 K. </li><li> PERFORM上同一组数据的玻璃状体系的一部分的线性拟合。这一制度具有较低的膨胀系数，将大约从293度至340 K. </li><li>找到交集这两条线的点。其中这些线相交的温度是玻璃化转变温度。 </li><li>做到这一点的所有九个斜坡。 </li></ol> 5.分析平均薄膜动态<ol><li>对于给定的膜厚情节日志（冷却速度（K /分钟））与1 / T 克（K -1）。 </li><li>与此相比，间接的经验关系直接体积和表面动力学的测量:冷却速率*τα= 1000。23，24 </li></ol>

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The Authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

冷却速率依赖性T 克测量是高通量的表征实验可以确定该的 Tg，玻璃和超冷却的液体中，温度的平均动力学依赖的膨胀系数，和一个特定的玻璃状物质在脆弱一次实验。此外，与荧光，嵌入，或纳米孔松弛实验，CR-T 克实验是相对快速和简单的，因为他们不使用荧光团或其他复杂的实验技术。由于椭圆偏振的敏感性，这种方法可用于厚度薄至几纳米，厚至几微米的膜，只要...

凯迪琼斯和Corey 1的开创性工作表明，超薄聚苯乙烯膜的玻璃化转变温度 （Tg）相对于所述体相值在厚度小于60nm的低减小。从那时起，许多实验研究2-11都支持所观察到的减少的 Tg是通过迁移率提高了的靠近这些膜的自由表面的层所引起的假设。然而，这些实验是一个单一的弛豫时间间接措施，因此，存在一个争论12-18集中于平均薄膜动力学和在空气/聚合物界面的动态之间有直接的关系。 要回答这个问题的争论，很多研究都直接测量自由表面（τ 面 ）的动态。纳米颗粒包埋，19,20纳米孔松弛，21和荧光22的研究表明，在空气/聚合物界面ħ作为级动力学订单比体的α松弛时间（τα）具有比τα的弱得多的温度依赖性更快。由于其弱的温度依赖性的，这些膜的表面 τ，薄聚苯乙烯膜的19-22和增强的动力学，23,24相交散装阿尔法松弛（τα）在一个单一的点T *，这是几度以上的 Tg，并在≈1秒的τα。的T *的存在可以解释为什么实验进行探测弛豫时间比*快看不到任何对的 Tg超薄聚苯乙烯薄膜的厚度依赖13-18最后，而增强的移动层，表明它具有直接测量厚度为4-8纳米，20-22有证据表明，在空气/聚合物界面的动态的传播长度比所述移动面Laye的厚度大得多河5,25,26 本报告旨在全面描述一个协议，利用椭偏仪的冷却速度依赖性T 克（CR-T G）的实验。的CR-T 克此前已用于描述超薄膜聚苯乙烯的平均动力。23,24,27,28此外，近来，使用该技术，以显示在超薄聚苯乙烯膜的平均动态之间有直接的关系和23的 CR-T 克测量优于其它类型的测量，如荧光，纳米粒子嵌入，纳米孔松弛，nanocalorimetry，介电谱，以及布里渊光散射的优点动力学在自由表面，研究的是，它们是相对快速和简单的实验不利用荧光团或其他复杂的实验技术。在椭圆偏振光谱法的最新进展允许使用这种技术能够有效地确定光普罗珀特超薄膜聚合物和其他类型的杂化材料具有优异的精度的独立实体。因此，该技术探测技术适用薄膜中的温度和时间制度有关的玻璃化转变（T≤ 的 Tg，τα≥100秒）的平均动力学。此外，这种技术将提供关于玻璃状的膨胀系数的信息和晚饭冷却液体状态以及该系统，然后可以用散装胶片数据相比较的脆弱性。最后，CR- 的 Tg实验可以使用，只要该膜的完整性保持整个实验用于任何玻璃状系统。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="918">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">179418-1L</td>
			<td style="width:472px;">This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Atactic Polystyrene</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Polymer Source Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-4092-S</td>
			<td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">THMS 600 temperature stage</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Linkam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">THMS 600</td>
			<td>any temperature stage that can be fit to an ellipsometer could be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">M2000V Spectroscopic Ellipsometer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">J.A. Woollam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M200V</td>
			<td>This procedure should be applicable for any spectroscopic ellipsometer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Laurell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WS-650-23B</td>
			<td>This Procedure is possible with any spin coater</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sample vials</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">02-912-379</td>
			<td>Any sample vials will do</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Silicon wafers</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Virginia semi conductors</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">325S1410694D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cooling rate dependent ellipsometry measurements to determine the dynamics of thin glassy films

本报告旨在全面描述了利用椭偏仪的冷却速度依赖性T 克（CR-T G）实验的实验技术。这些测量是简单的高通量表征实验，由此可以判定玻璃化转变温度 （T g）中，平均动力学，脆性和超冷却的液体和玻璃状状态为各种玻璃材料的膨胀系数。此技术允许这些参数在一次实验中进行测量，而其它方法必须结合各种不同的技术来调查所有这些性能的。动态测量接近的 Tg是特别具有挑战性。冷却速度依赖性T 克测量在其上直接探测本体和表面弛豫动力学其他方法的优点是，它们是相对快速和简单的实验，不利用荧光团或其他复杂的前perimental技术。此外，这种技术探测技术相关的薄膜在温度和松弛时间（τα）制度有关的玻璃化转变（τα&gt; 100秒）的平均动力学。的限制，使用椭圆偏光冷却速度依赖性T 克实验的是，它无法探测的弛豫时间相关的粘度测量（τα&lt;&lt; 1秒）。其他的冷却速度依赖的 Tg测量技术，但可以扩展CR-T 方法G更快的松弛时间。此外，该技术可以使用，只要该膜的完整性保持整个实验用于任何玻璃状系统。

拟合原始椭偏数据 聚苯乙烯膜是透明的，在椭圆计（500-1,600纳米）的波长范围。因此，一个柯西模型是用于描述折射聚苯乙烯膜的折射率的良好模型。 图1A示出 Ψ（λ）和Δ（λ）为厚（274毫微米）膜聚苯乙烯，并将所得配合到一例柯西模型<img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53499/53499eq1.jpg" /> 。对于膜?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films at JoVE.com

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

在这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于冷却速率取决于椭圆光度法实验，可确定玻璃化转变温度 （Tg），平均动力学，脆性和超冷却的液体的膨胀系数和玻璃用于各种玻璃状材料。

冷却率相关的椭偏仪测量确定薄膜玻膜的动力学

This report aims to fully describe the experimental technique of using ellipsometry for cooling rate dependent Tg (CR-Tg) experiments. These measurements ...

cooling-rate-dependent-ellipsometry-measurements-to-determine

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.1K 次观看.  University of Pennsylvania. 在这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于冷却速率取决于椭圆光度法实验，可确定玻璃化转变温度 （Tg），平均动力学，脆性和超冷却的液体的膨胀系数和玻璃用于各种玻璃状材料。 

视频: Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the chromatograms to microbial suspensions (e.g. fungi or bacteria in broth or agar), allowing time for the microbes to grow in a humid environment, and visualizing zones with no microbial growth.&#160;The effectiveness of this screening method, known as bioautography, depends on both the quality of the chromatographic separation and the care taken with microbial culture conditions.&#160;This paper describes standard protocols for TLC and contact bioautography&#160;with a novel application to amino acid-fermenting bacteria. The extract is separated on flexible (aluminum-backed) silica TLC plates, and bands are visualized under ultraviolet (UV) light.&#160;Zones are cut out and incubated face down onto agar inoculated with the test microorganism.&#160;Inhibitory bands are visualized by staining the agar plates with tetrazolium red.&#160;The method is applied to the separation of red clover (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland) phenolic compounds and their screening for activity against Clostridium sticklandii, a hyper ammonia-producing bacterium (HAB) that is native to the bovine rumen.&#160;The TLC methods apply to many types of plant extracts&#160;and other bacterial species (aerobic or anaerobic), as well as fungi, can be used as test organisms if culture conditions are modified to fit the growth requirements of the species.

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Methods are described for thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation of plant extracts and contact bioautography to identify antibacterial metabolites. The methods are applied to the screening of red clover phenolic compounds inhibiting hyper&#160;ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) native to the bovine rumen.

薄层色谱（TLC）分离和植物提取物的生物测定识别抗菌化合物

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

科研

化学

Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films

Atomically defined substrate surfaces are prerequisite for the epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. In this protocol, two approaches to obtain such surfaces are described. The first approach is the preparation of single terminated perovskite SrTiO3 (001) and DyScO3 (110) substrates. Wet etching was used to selectively remove one of the two possible surface terminations, while an annealing step was used to increase the smoothness of the surface. The resulting single terminated surfaces allow for the heteroepitaxial growth of perovskite oxide thin films with high crystalline quality and well-defined interfaces between substrate and film. In the second approach, seed layers for epitaxial film growth on arbitrary substrates were created by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition of nanosheets. As model system Ca2Nb3O10- nanosheets were used, prepared by delamination of their layered parent compound HCa2Nb3O10. A key advantage of creating seed layers with nanosheets is that relatively expensive and size-limited single crystalline substrates can be replaced by virtually any substrate material.

Various procedures are outlined to prepare atomically defined templates for epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. Chemical treatments of single crystalline SrTiO3 (001) and DyScO3 (110) substrates were performed to obtain atomically smooth, single terminated surfaces. Ca2 Nb3 O10- nanosheets were used to create atomically defined templates on arbitrary substrates.

原子定义模板复合氧化物薄膜的外延生长

Atomically defined substrate surfaces are prerequisite for the epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. In this protocol, two approaches to obtain ...

High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs

We present a procedure to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs. Zinc is composed of 5 stable isotopes (64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn and 70Zn) which are naturally fractionated between mouse organs. We first show how to dissolve the different organs in order to free the Zn atoms; this step is realized by a mixture of HNO3 and H2O2. We then purify the zinc atoms from all the other elements, in particular from isobaric interferences (e.g., Ni), by anion-exchange chromatography in a dilute HBr/HNO3 medium. These first two steps are performed in a clean laboratory using high purity chemicals. Finally, the isotope ratios are measured by using a multi-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometer, in low resolution. The samples are injected using a spray chamber and the isotopic fractionation induced by the mass-spectrometer is corrected by comparing the ratio of the samples to the ratio of a standard (standard bracketing technique).&#160;This full typical&#160;procedure produces an isotope ratio with a 50 ppm (2 s.d.) reproducibility.

We present the technique to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs.

适用于鼠标机关高精度锌同位素测量

We present a procedure to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs. Zinc is composed of 5 stable isotopes (64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn ...

Fabrication of Large-area Free-standing Ultrathin Polymer Films

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films. Typically, ultrathin films are prepared using either sacrificial layers, which may damage the film or affect its mechanical properties, or they are made on freshly cleaved mica, a substrate that is difficult to scale. Further, the size of ultrathin film is typically limited to a few square millimeters. In this method, we modify a surface with a polyelectrolyte that alters the strength of adhesion between polymer and deposition substrate. The polyelectrolyte can be shown to remain on the wafer using spectroscopy, and a treated wafer can be used to produce multiple films, indicating that at best minimal amounts of the polyelectrolyte are added to the film. The process has thus far been shown to be limited in scalability only by the size of the coating equipment, and is expected to be readily scalable to industrial processes. In this study, the protocol for making the solutions, preparing the deposition surface, and producing the films is described.

We describe a method for the fabrication of large-area (up to 13 cm diameter) and ultrathin (as thin as 8 nm) polymer films. Instead of using a sacrificial interlayer to delaminate the film from its substrate, we use a self-limiting surface treatment suitable for arbitrarily large areas.

大面积的制造自立性的超薄聚合物薄膜

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films.  Typically, ultrathin films are prepared ...

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Enzyme catalysis evolved in an aqueous environment. The influence of solvent dynamics on catalysis is, however, currently poorly understood and usually neglected. The study of water dynamics in enzymes and the associated thermodynamical consequences is highly complex and has involved computer simulations, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, and calorimetry. Water tunnels that connect the active site with the surrounding solvent are key to solvent displacement and dynamics. The protocol herein allows for the engineering of these motifs for water transport, which affects specificity, activity and thermodynamics. By providing a biophysical framework founded on theory and experiments, the method presented herein can be used by researchers without previous expertise in computer modeling or biophysical chemistry. The method will advance our understanding of enzyme catalysis on the molecular level by measuring the enthalpic and entropic changes associated with catalysis by enzyme variants with obstructed water tunnels. The protocol can be used for the study of membrane-bound enzymes and other complex systems. This will enhance our understanding of the importance of solvent reorganization in catalysis as well as provide new catalytic strategies in protein design and engineering.

Channels for the transportation of water molecules in enzymes influence active site solvation and catalysis. Herein we present a protocol for the engineering of these additional catalytic motifs based on in silico computer modeling and experiments. This will enhance our understanding of the influence of solvent dynamics on enzyme catalysis.

揭开熵率的加速溶剂动力学的膜酶诱导

Enzyme catalysis evolved in an aqueous environment. The influence of solvent dynamics on catalysis is, however, currently poorly understood and usually ...

Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR

The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR measurements of metabolic transformations. Hyperpolarization via dissolution DNP circumvents part of the sensitivity issues thanks to the large out-of-equilibrium nuclear magnetization stemming from the electron-to-nucleus spin polarization transfer. The high NMR signal obtained can be used to monitor chemical reactions in real time. The downside of hyperpolarized NMR resides in the limited time window available for signal acquisition, which is usually on the order of the nuclear spin longitudinal relaxation time constant, T1, or, in favorable cases, on the order of the relaxation time constant associated with the singlet-state of coupled nuclei, TLLS. Cellular uptake of endogenous molecules and metabolic rates can provide essential information on tumor development and drug response. Numerous previous hyperpolarized NMR studies have demonstrated the relevancy of pyruvate as a metabolic substrate for monitoring enzymatic activity in vivo. This work provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and methods required for the study of enzymatic reactions, in particular the pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate in presence of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), by hyperpolarized NMR.

The sensitivity enhancement provided by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enables following metabolic processes in real time by NMR and MRI. The characteristics and performances of a dedicated dissolution DNP setup designed for study enzymatic reactions are discussed.

溶出动态核极化仪器用NMR实时酶反应速率测量

The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR measurements of ...

Capillary Electrophoresis to Monitor Peptide Grafting onto Chitosan Films in Real Time

Free-solution capillary electrophoresis (CE) separates analytes, generally charged compounds in solution through the application of an electric field. Compared to other analytical separation techniques, such as chromatography, CE is cheap, robust and effectively requires no sample preparation (for a number of complex natural matrices or polymeric samples). CE is fast and can be used to follow the evolution of mixtures in real time (e.g., chemical reaction kinetics), as the signals observed for the separated compounds are directly proportional to their quantity in solution.
Here, the efficiency of CE is demonstrated for monitoring the covalent grafting of peptides onto chitosan films for subsequent biomedical applications. Chitosan&#39;s antimicrobial and biocompatible properties make it an attractive material for biomedical applications such as cell growth substrates. Covalently grafting the peptide RGDS (arginine - glycine - aspartic acid - serine) onto the surface of chitosan films aims at improving cell attachment. Historically, chromatography and amino acid analysis have been used to provide a direct measurement of the amount of grafted peptide. However, the fast separation and absence of sample preparation provided by CE enables equally accurate yet real-time monitoring of the peptide grafting process. CE is able to separate and quantify the different components of the reaction mixture: the (non-grafted) peptide and the chemical coupling agents. In this way the use of CE results in improved films for downstream applications.
The chitosan films were characterized through solid-state NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. This technique is more time-consuming and cannot be applied in real time, but yields a direct measurement of the peptide and thus validates the CE technique.

Free solution capillary electrophoresis is a fast, cheap and robust analytical method that enables the quantitative monitoring of chemical reactions in real time. Its utility for rapid, convenient and precise analysis is demonstrated here through analysis of covalent peptide grafting onto chitosan films for improved cell adhesion.

毛细管电泳监视肽接枝壳聚糖膜实时

Free-solution capillary electrophoresis (CE) separates analytes, generally charged compounds in solution through the application of an electric field. ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the case of fast reversible electrochemical processes, current is predominantly affected by the rate of diffusion, which is the slowest and limiting stage. EIS is a powerful technique that allows separate analysis of stages of charge transfer that have different AC frequency response. The capability of the method was used to extract the value of charge transfer resistance, which characterizes the rate of charge exchange on the electrode-solution interface. The application of this technique is broad, from biochemistry up to organic electronics. In this work, we are presenting the method of analysis of organic compounds for optoelectronic applications.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of species that undergo reversible oxidation or reduction in solution was used for determination of rate constants of oxidation or reduction.

电化学阻抗谱作为电化学速率常数估计的一种工具

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

We demonstrate a method of conformally coating conjugated polymers on arbitrary substrates using a custom-designed, low-pressure reaction chamber. Conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT), and a semiconducting polymer, poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PTT), were deposited on unconventional highly-disordered and textured substrates with high surface areas, such as paper, towels and fabrics. This reported deposition chamber is an improvement of previous vapor reactors because our system can accommodate both volatile and nonvolatile monomers, such as 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. Utilization of both solid and liquid oxidants are also demonstrated. One limitation of this method is that it lacks sophisticated in situ thickness monitors. Polymer coatings made by the commonly used solution-based coating methods, such as spin-coating and surface grafting, are often not uniform or susceptible to mechanical degradation. This reported vapor phase deposition method overcomes those drawbacks and is a strong alternative to common solution-based coating methods. Notably, polymer films coated by the reported method are uniform and conformal on rough surfaces, even at a micrometer scale. This feature allows for future application of vapor deposited polymers in electronics devices on flexible and highly textured substrates.

This paper presents a protocol for reactive vapor deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), and poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) films on glass slides and rough substrates, such as textiles and paper.

任意基底上共轭聚合物薄膜的反应气相沉积

We demonstrate a method of conformally coating conjugated polymers on arbitrary substrates using a custom-designed, low-pressure reaction chamber. ...

Solution-Processed "Silver-Bismuth-Iodine" Ternary Thin Films for Lead-Free Photovoltaic Absorbers

Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are regarded as promising photo-active semiconductors for environment-friendly and air-stable solar cell applications. However, poor surface morphologies and relatively high bandgap energies have limited their potential. Silver-bismuth-iodine (Ag-Bi-I) is a promising semiconductor for optoelectronic devices. Therefore, we demonstrate the fabrication of Ag-Bi-I ternary thin films using material solution processing. The resulting thin films exhibit controlled surface morphologies and optical bandgaps according to their thermal annealing temperatures. In addition, it has been reported that Ag-Bi-I ternary systems crystallize to AgBi2I7, Ag2BiI5, etc. according to the ratio of the precursor chemicals. The solution-processed AgBi2I7 thin films exhibit a cubic-phase crystal structure, dense, pinhole-free surface morphologies with grains ranging in size from 200 to 800 nm, and an indirect bandgap of 1.87 eV. The resultant AgBi2I7 thin films show good air stability and energy band diagrams, as well as surface morphologies and optical bandgaps suitable for lead-free and air-stable single-junction solar cells. Very recently, a solar cell with 4.3% power conversion efficiency was obtained by optimizing the Ag-Bi-I crystal compositions and solar cell device architectures.

Herein, we present detailed protocols for solution-processed silver-bismuth-iodine (Ag-Bi-I) ternary semiconductor thin films fabricated on TiO2-coated transparent electrodes and their potential application as air-stable and lead-free optoelectronic devices.

无铅光伏吸收剂的溶液处理 "银铋碘" 三元薄膜

Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are regarded as promising photo-active semiconductors for environment-friendly and air-stable solar cell applications. ...