저자는이 기술에 대한 초기 아이디어에 도움을 제임스 포레스트을 인정하고 싶습니다. (26)이 작품은 펜실베니아 대학에서 기금에 의해 지원되었다 부분적으로없는 상 아래에있는 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation)의 MRSEC 프로그램에 의해 지원되었다. DMR-11- 펜실베니아 대학에서 20,901.

1. 영화 준비 <ol><li> 폴리스티렌의 0.04 g의 무게를 측정하고, 30 ㎖의 유리 병에 넣습니다. </li><li> 유리 병에 톨루엔 2g의 무게. 톨루엔 폴리스티렌 용액의 중량에 의해 2 %은 약 100 nm의 피막을 산출한다. </li><li> 솔루션 앉아 O / N 완전히 폴리스티렌을 용해 및 솔루션 정착 있도록하자. </li><li> 스핀 코터에 1cm X 1cm의 실리콘 (Si) 웨이퍼를 놓습니다. </li><li> 45 초 동안 8000 rpm에서 스핀 웨이퍼. 이 구동 중일 때, 회전하는 웨이퍼 상에 톨루엔 약 1ml를 놓는다. 주 : 스핀 코팅을 포함한 모든 단계 흄 후드에서 수행된다. </li><li> Si 웨이퍼의 전체 표면이 피복되어 지금까지 고정 Si 웨이퍼 상에, Si 웨이퍼 상에 1.3 적가 단계에서 용액을 추가한다. </li><li> 용액을 웨이퍼 상에 건조하기 전에 20 초 동안 4000 rpm에서 Si 웨이퍼를 스핀. </li><li> 엘립 소메 트리를 사용하여 필름의 두께를 결정한다 (단계 2 참조). </li><li> 필름은 원하는 두께, 앤이면15 시간 동안 393 K에서의 진공 오븐에서 필름 EAL. </li></ol> 2. 도막 두께를 결정 <ol><li> 타원의 무대에 스핀 캐스트 필름을 놓고 1 초 획득 시간과 영역 평균 설정으로 70 °의 입사 각도에서 엘 립소 각도 Ψ (λ)와 Δ (λ) 켜져 측정한다. </li><li> 엘 립소 소프트웨어를 사용하여 제조사의 프로토콜에 따른 3 층 모델 생성 Ψ (λ)과 Δ (λ)의 데이터를 장착한다. 추가 사용자 입력이 없습니다. 제 1 층의 Si 기판 층이고, (N = A는 B / λ 2, K = 0 +), 이는 대응하는 제 2 층은 1.5 nm 두께의 자연 산화물 층이고, 제 3 층은 코시 모델 폴리스티렌 필름의 광학 특성에 관한 것이다. 이 모델에서, 그리고 B는 적합 파라미터이고, n 및 k는 각각의 굴절률의 실수 및 허수 성분이다. </li><li> 코시 층, t 맞게hickness 및 파라미터와 B가 10 nm의 막보다 큰 경우. 막은 10 내지 이하인 경우에만 맞. 주 :이 대표 결과 섹션에서 더 논의 될 것이다. </li></ol> 3. 냉각 속도 종속 Tg를 측정 <ol><li> 코트 열 페이스트 가변 온도 립소 단의 발열체의 표면. </li><li> 가열 요소에 어닐링 폴리스티렌 필름을 놓습니다. </li><li> 발열체 상에 단단히 필름 클램프. </li><li> &lt;69 인민군 압력에서 온도 단계를 통해 100 % 건조 질소 가스가 흐르. </li><li> 온도 스테이지 소프트웨어를 사용하여 온도 분포를 만든다. 이 온도 프로파일은 150 K / 분으로 393 K까지 가열 램프로 시작된다. 20 분 동안 393K에서 영화를 잡습니다. <ol><li> 그런 다음의 가격을 293 K까지 냉각 대체 램프 150, 120, 90, 60, 30, 10, 7, 150 K / 분으로 393 K까지 가열 램프와 3 및 1 K / 분. 5 분 템피 배치각각의 램프 후 rature 유지. </li></ol></li><li> 엘 립소 소프트웨어에서, 기판은 온도 의존 실리콘 모델로 변경하는 것을 제외하고 모든 세 개의 층이, 동일한 제 2 항에서와 온도 의존 엘립 소메 트리 모델은 유사하게. </li><li> 온도 의존시 모델의 레이어에서 매개 변수 &quot;PARM 로그에서 사용 내선 온도&quot;를 켭니다. </li><li> 실험 장비 제어 소프트웨어를 사용하여, 엘 립소 소프트웨어 온도 단계에서 온도 값을 읽게한다. </li><li> 신호가 최대 강도에 도달하도록 타원을 맞 춥니 다. </li><li> &quot;편집 하드웨어 구성&quot;에서 고정밀 영역 평균 1 초에 빠른 취득 시간을 설정합니다. 고정밀 영역 평균 3 초에 정상 획득 시간을 설정합니다. </li><li> 타원 소프트웨어에서 &quot;현장에서&quot;탭에서 &quot;빠른 획득 시간 모드&quot;상자를 누릅니다 &quot;시작 취득&quot;을 선택합니다. 그런 다음, 시작온도 프로파일. 3 K / min의 냉각 램프 전에 빠른 획득 시간의 선택을 취소합니다. </li></ol> 4. T (G)의 값을 결정 <ol><li> 선호하는 그래프 및 분석 소프트웨어에 온도와 두께 프로파일을 내 보낸 모든 9 냉각 속도에 대한 온도 및 두께 데이터를 구분합니다. </li><li> 온도에 취득시 영역 평균화의 효과를 설명마다 온도 값을, 그리고 T는 = / 2, 여기서 T의 I (T 난 -1- T를 +)되도록, 그 앞에 온도 값과 평균 위해서는 온도 주어진 시간 값, 그리고 T는 I-1은 선행하는 시점의 온도이다. </li><li> 각각의 냉각 속도에 대한 온도 대 플롯 두께. </li><li> 슈퍼 냉각 액체 체제 부분에 선형 피팅 (큰 팽창 계수 고온 체제)을 수행한다. 이 정권은 393 K에서 380 K를 약 것입니다 </li><li> PERFO동일한 데이터 세트의 유리 정권의 일부에 선형 피팅 RM. 이 체계는 낮은 열팽창 계수를 가지며, 293 K에서 약 340 K. 것 </li><li> 이들 두 라인의 교차점을 찾을. 이들 라인이 교차하는 온도를 유리 전이 온도이다. </li><li> 모든 구 램프에 대해이 작업을 수행합니다. </li></ol> 5. 평균 박막 역학 분석 <ol><li> 주어진 필름 두께 플롯 로그 (냉각 속도 (K / 분)) 대 1 / T의 G (K-1)의 경우. </li><li> 경험적인 관계에 의해 벌크 및 표면 역학의 측정을 직접 간접적으로 비교 : 냉각 속도 * τ α = 1000 (23, 24) </li></ol>

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confined+glassy+properties+of+polymer+nanoparticles.">Confined glassy properties of polymer nanoparticles.</a> J. Polym. Sci. B. 51 (7), 574-586 (2013).</li><li>Koh, Y. P., Grassia, L., Simon, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+Recovery+of+a+Single+Polystyrene+Thin+Film+Using+Nanocalorimetry+to+Extend+the+Aging+Time+and+Temperature+Range.">Structural Recovery of a Single Polystyrene Thin Film Using Nanocalorimetry to Extend the Aging Time and Temperature Range.</a> Thermochimica Acta. 603, 135-141 (2015).</li><li>Gao, S., Simon, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+limiting+fictive+temperature+over+five+decades+of+cooling+and+heating+rates.">Measurement of the limiting fictive temperature over five decades of cooling and heating rates.</a> Thermochimica Acta. 603, 123-127 (2015).</li></ol>

The Authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

냉각 속도 의존성의 Tg 측정은 T의 g, 유리 및 과냉각 액체, 평균 역학의 온도 의존성의 팽창 계수와의 특정 유리질 재료의 취약성을 판별 할 수있는 높은 작업 처리량 특성화 실험 아르 하나의 실험. 그들은 형광 또는 다른 복잡한 실험 기법을 활용하지 않기 때문에 또한, 형광, 매립 또는 나노 홀 완화 실험 달리 CR-T g의 실험은 비교적 빠르고 간단하다. 엘립 소메 의한 감도...

Keddie 존스 코리 1 정액 일 초박형 폴리스티렌 필름의 유리 전이 온도 (T g)을 60 nm의 두께에서보다 낮은 벌크 값에 대해 감소한다는 것을 보여 주었다. 그 이후, 많은 연구 실험 2-11의 T g에서 관찰 된 감소는 이러한 막의 자유 표면 근처에 의해 향상된 이동도의 층에 의해 야기되는 가설을지지하고있다. 그러나,이 실험은 단일 완화 시간의 간접 측정이 있고, 따라서 평균 박막 역학 및 공기 / 폴리머 계면에서 역학 사이에 직접적인 상관 관계를 중심으로 논의 12- 18있다. 이 논쟁에 대답하기 위해, 많은 연구는 직접 자유 표면 (τ면)의 역학을 측정했다. 나노 입자 삽입, 19, 20 나노 홀 휴식, 21, 형광 22 연구는 보여 그 공기 / 폴리머 인터페이스 H빠른 τ의 α보다 훨씬 약한 온도 의존성을 가진 벌크 알파 완화 시간 (τ α)보다 크기의 차수로서 역학. 때문에 그 약한 온도 의존성,이 영화의 τ의 표면은 얇은 폴리스티렌 필름의 19 ~ 22 향상된 역학, 23, 24 위 몇도 단일 포인트 T의 *에서 (τ α) 대량 알파 휴식을 교차 T는 g 및 ≈ 1 초 τ (α)에서. 빠른 * 이상의 휴식 시간을 조사 실험 초박형 폴리스티렌 필름의 T g로 모든 두께 의존성을보고 실패 이유 T의 *의 존재를 설명 할 수있다. 13 ~ 18 마지막으로, 동안이 가지고있는 향상된 모바일 계층 쇼의 직접 측정 4-8 nm의 두께는, 20 ~ 22은 공기 / 폴리머 계면에서 역학의 전파 길이 모바일 Laye의 표면의 두께보다 훨씬 크다는 것을 증거가R. 5,25,26 이보고는 완전 레이트 종속 된 T g (CR-T의 g) 실험을 냉각하기위한 엘립 소메 트리를 이용하기위한 프로토콜을 기술하는 것이다. CR-T g는 이전의 폴리스티렌의 초박막의 평균 역학을 설명하는 데 사용되어왔다. 23,24,27,28 또한,이 기술은 최근에 사용 된 초박형 폴리스티렌 필름의 역학 평균 사이의 직접적인 상관 관계를 보여 자유 표면에서, 및 역학. (23)와 같은 형광 나노 입자 매립, 나노 홀 이완 nanocalorimetry 유전체 분광법 및 브릴 루앙 광 산란과 같은 다른 유형의 측정을 통해 CR-T의 g 측정의 장점은, 연구들은 비교적 빠른 점이다 간단한 실험은 형광 또는 다른 복잡한 실험 기술을 사용하지 않는. 분광 엘립 소메 최근 발전은이 기술을 효율적으로 광 PROPERT를 결정하는데 이용 될 수 있도록중합체 및 뛰어난 정밀도 하이브리드 재료의 다른 형태의 초박막의 IES. 이와 같이,이 기술은 유리 전이 (T ≤ T의 g, τ α ≥ 100 초)에 관련된 온도 및 시간 정권 기술적 적용 박막의 평균 동역학을 프로빙. 또한,이 기술은 유리의 팽창 계수에 대한 정보를 제공하며 만찬 액체 상태뿐만 아니라 후 벌크 필름 데이터와 비교 될 수있는 시스템의 취약성을 냉각시켰다. 마지막으로, T CR- g의 실험은 너무 긴 필름의 무결성이 실험 전반에 걸쳐 유지되는 임의의 유리 시스템에 사용될 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>179418-1L</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>Atactic Polystyrene</td><td>Polymer Source Inc.</td><td>P-4092-S</td><td>This can be purchased from any chemical company.</td></tr><tr><td>THMS 600 temperature stage</td><td>Linkam</td><td>THMS 600</td><td>any temperature stage that can be fit to an ellipsometer could be used.</td></tr><tr><td>M2000V Spectroscopic Ellipsometer</td><td>J.A. Woollam</td><td>M200V</td><td>This procedure should be applicable for any spectroscopic ellipsometer.</td></tr><tr><td>Spin Coater</td><td>Laurell Technologies</td><td>WS-650-23B</td><td>This Procedure is possible with any spin coater</td></tr><tr><td>Sample vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-912-379</td><td>Any sample vials will do</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon wafers</td><td>Virginia semi conductors</td><td>325S1410694D</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cooling rate dependent ellipsometry measurements to determine the dynamics of thin glassy films

이보고는 완전 레이트 종속 된 T g (CR-T의 g) 실험을 냉각하기위한 엘립 소메 트리를 사용하는 실험 방법을 설명하는 것이다. 이러한 측정은 유리 전이 온도를 결정할 수있는 간단한 높은 처리량 특성화 실험 아르 (T의 g), 평균 동역학, 취약성 및 유리질 재료의 다양한 과냉각 액체 및 유리 상태의 팽창 계수. 이 기술은 다른 방법이 이러한 모든 특성을 조사하기 위해 서로 다른 다양한 기술을 결합해야하는 동안 이러한 파라미터는, 하나의 실험에서 측정 할 수 있습니다. 역학의 측정은 T의 G에 가까운 특히 도전이다. 직접 벌크 및 표면 완화 역학 프로브 다른 방법에 비해 속도 의존성의 T g 측정 냉각 장점은 형광 또는 다른 복잡한 예를 이용하지 않은 비교적 빠르고 간단한 실험 때문이다perimental 기술. 또한,이 기술은 유리 전이 (τ (α)&gt; 100 초)에 관련된 온도와 휴식 시간에 과학 기술 관련 박막 (τ α) 정권의 평균 역학을 조사합니다. 속도 의존 T g의 실험을 냉각하기위한 엘립 소메 트리를 사용하는 제한 (τ α &lt;&lt; 1 초)의 점도가 측정을 완화 시간이 중요한 조사 할 수 없다는 것이다. 다른 냉각 속도 의존성 T g 측정 기술은, 그러나 빠르게 완화 시간에 CR-T g의 방법을 확장 할 수있다. 또한,이 기술은 매우 긴 필름의 무결성이 실험 전반에 걸쳐 유지되는 임의의 유리 시스템에 사용될 수있다.

피팅 원시 일립 소미 트리는 데이터 폴리스티렌 필름은 타원 (500-1,600 ㎚)의 파장 범위에서 투명하다. 따라서 코시 모델 폴리스티렌 필름의 굴절률을 설명하기위한 좋은 모델이다.도 1a는 폴리스티렌의 두께 (274 ㎚) 필름, 그리고 그 결과 얻어지는 착용감 Ψ (λ)과 Δ (λ)의 예를 나타낸다 코시 모델 <img a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films at JoVE.com

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

여기서는 유리 재료의 다양한 속도 유리 전이 온도 (T g)을 결정할 수 종속 엘립 소메 실험, 평균 동역학, 취약성 및 과냉각 액체의 팽창 계수와 유리를 냉각하기위한 프로토콜을 제시한다.

속도 종속 엘립 소메 트리 측정 냉각 얇은 유리 필름의 역학을 확인하는

This report aims to fully describe the experimental technique of using ellipsometry for cooling rate dependent Tg (CR-Tg) experiments. These measurements ...

cooling-rate-dependent-ellipsometry-measurements-to-determine

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JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.1K 조회수.  University of Pennsylvania.  여기서는 유리 재료의 다양한 속도 유리 전이 온도 (T g)을 결정할 수 종속 엘립 소메 실험, 평균 동역학, 취약성 및 과냉각 액체의 팽창 계수와 유리를 냉각하기위한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 

비디오: Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ECCI allows for imaging of defects and crystallographic features under specific diffraction conditions, similar to that possible via plan-view transmission electron microscopy (PV-TEM). A particular advantage of the ECCI technique is that it requires little to no sample preparation, and indeed can use large area, as-produced samples, making it a considerably higher throughput characterization method than TEM. Similar to TEM, different diffraction conditions can be obtained with ECCI by tilting and rotating the sample in the SEM. This capability enables the selective imaging of specific defects, such as misfit dislocations at the GaP/Si interface, with high contrast levels, which are determined by the standard invisibility criteria. An example application of this technique is described wherein ECCI imaging is used to determine the critical thickness for dislocation nucleation for GaP-on-Si by imaging a range of samples with various GaP epilayer thicknesses. Examples of ECCI micrographs of additional defect types, including threading dislocations and a stacking fault, are provided as demonstration of its broad, TEM-like applicability. Ultimately, the combination of TEM-like capabilities &#8211; high spatial resolution and richness of microstructural data &#8211; with the convenience and speed of SEM, position ECCI as a powerful tool for the rapid characterization of crystalline materials.

The use of electron channeling contrast imaging in a scanning electron microscope to characterize defects in III-V/Si heteroexpitaxial thin films is described. This method yields similar results to plan-view transmission electron microscopy, but in significantly less time due to lack of required sample preparation.

빠른 III-V 족 이종 특성에 대한 전자 채널링 대비 이미징

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging ...

연구

공학

Formation of Thick Dense Yttrium Iron Garnet Films Using Aerosol Deposition

Aerosol deposition (AD) is a thick-film deposition process that can produce layers up to several hundred micrometers thick with densities greater than 95% of the bulk. The primary advantage of AD is that the deposition takes place entirely at ambient temperature; thereby enabling film growth in material systems with disparate melting temperatures. This report describes in detail the processing steps for preparing the powder and for performing AD using the custom-built system. Representative characterization results are presented from scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, and ferromagnetic resonance for films grown in this system. As a representative overview of the capabilities of the system, focus is given to a sample produced following the described protocol and system setup. Results indicate that this system can successfully deposit 11 &#181;m thick yttrium iron garnet films that are &#160;&#62; 90% of the bulk density during a single 5 min deposition run. A discussion of methods to afford better control of the aerosol and particle selection for improved thickness and roughness variations in the film is provided.

This report describes the use of a custom-built system to perform aerosol deposition of thick films of yttrium iron garnet onto sapphire substrates at RT. The deposited films are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, and ferromagnetic resonance to give a representative overview of the capabilities of the technique.

에어로졸 증착을 사용하여 두꺼운 고밀도 이트륨 철 가넷 필름의 형성

Aerosol deposition (AD) is a thick-film deposition process that can produce layers up to several hundred micrometers thick with densities greater than 95% ...

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

유로퓸 킬레이트 발광 코팅을 사용하여 고해상도 열 마이크로 이미징

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

균일 한 두께의 Ge 전기 분무 증착<sub&gt; (23)</sub&gt;의 Sb<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; (70)</sub&gt;와 같이<sub&gt; (40)</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; (60)</sub&gt; 칼 코게 나이드 유리 필름

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

시간 해결 전자 전도도를 통해 박막 태양 광 재료의 재조합 역학

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

계면 습윤지의 열역학적 성장에 의해 촉발 된 액정의 방향 전환

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

We demonstrate a method for determining the vitreous phase cryogenic temperature densities of aqueous mixtures, and other samples that require rapid cooling, to prepare the desired cryogenic temperature phase. Microliter to picoliter size drops are cooled by projection into a liquid nitrogen-argon (N2-Ar) mixture. The cryogenic temperature phase of the drop is evaluated using a visual assay that correlates with X-ray diffraction measurements. The density of the liquid N2-Ar mixture is adjusted by adding N2 or Ar until the drop becomes neutrally buoyant. The density of this mixture and thus of the drop is determined using a test mass and Archimedes principle. With appropriate care in drop preparation, management of gas above the liquid cryogen mixture to minimize icing, and regular mixing of the cryogenic mixture to prevent density stratification and phase separation, densities accurate to &#60;0.5% of drops as small as 50 pL can readily be determined. Measurements on aqueous cryoprotectant mixtures provide insight into cryoprotectant action, and provide quantitative data to facilitate thermal contraction matching in biological cryopreservation.

A protocol for determining the vitreous phase densities of micro- to pico-liter size drops of aqueous mixtures at cryogenic temperatures is described.

극저온에서 수성 유리의 밀도 측정

We demonstrate a method for determining the vitreous phase cryogenic temperature densities of aqueous mixtures, and other samples that require rapid ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

빛에 의해 유도 된 거시적인 진동 모션 액정 네트워크의 준비

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (Cu variant) entropy-stabilized oxides. Phase pure and chemically homogeneous (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.20, 0.27, 0.33) and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O (x = 0.11, 0.27) ceramic pellets are synthesized and used in the deposition of ultra-high quality, phase pure, single crystalline thin films of the target stoichiometry. A detailed methodology for the deposition of smooth, chemically homogeneous, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films by pulsed laser deposition on (001)-oriented MgO substrates is described. The phase and crystallinity of bulk and thin film materials are confirmed using X-ray diffraction. Composition and chemical homogeneity are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface topography of thin films is measured with scanning probe microscopy. The synthesis of high quality, single crystalline, entropy-stabilized oxide thin films enables the study of interface, size, strain, and disorder effects on the properties in this new class of highly disordered oxide materials.

The synthesis of high quality bulk and thin film (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O and (Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O entropy-stabilized oxides is presented.

Here, we present a procedure for the synthesis of bulk and thin film multicomponent (Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O (Co variant) and ...

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous studies on flowing liquid films have neglected the contributions of spatial structures of waves to the impact outcome, while this has recently been shown to have a significant influence on the drop impact dynamics. In this report, we outline a step-by-step procedure to investigate the effect of periodic inlet forcing of a flowing liquid film leading to the production of spatiotemporally regular wave structures on drop impact dynamics. A function generator in connection with a solenoid valve is used to excite these spatiotemporally regular wave structures on the film surface while the impact dynamics of uniform-sized droplets are captured using a high-speed camera. Three distinct regions are then studied; viz. the capillary wave region preceding the large wave peak, the flat film region, and the wave hump region. The effects of important dimensionless quantities such as film Reynolds, drop Weber and Ohnesorge numbers parameterized by the film flow rate, drop speed, and drop size are also examined. Our results show interesting, hitherto undiscovered dynamics brought about by this application of film inlet forcing of the flowing film for both low and high inertia drops.

A protocol to study the contributions of waves to droplet impact dynamics on flowing liquid films is presented.

얇은 흐르는 액체 필름에 물방울 영향 역학 파의 기여를 공부 영화 컨트롤

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous ...