这项研究是由荷兰心脏基金会资助2000T038（以DJ Duncker）授予2000T042（到D Merkus）的支持，欧盟FP7 - 健康 - 2010批MEDIA-261409（以DJ Duncker和D Merkus），荷兰心血管研究倡议:荷兰心脏基金会，荷兰联邦大学医疗中心，荷兰组织健康研究与发展的科学荷兰皇家科学院&#160; CVON- ARENA CVON 2011-11（DJ到Duncker），CVON-PHAEDRA CVON2012-08（到D Merkus）和CVON重新连接CVON 2014-11（以DJ Duncker和D Merkus），索菲亚基金会（以德D.韦氏-Meijler，D Merkus和IKM赖斯）。

涉及动物主题手续已经批准的动物护理委员会在Erasmus医学中心鹿特丹（荷兰）。猪6和80 kg的重量都使用该协议被成功检测。 1.动物人工处理的适应<ol><li>在设施到任后，房子的孤独的动物，但使他们能够互相交流。 </li><li> Accustomize猪到人的处理和运输从动物设施的实验实验室，通过处理动物每天至少一次为一个星期。 </li><li>通过行使他们在跑步机上进行手术前至少三次适当训练动物锻炼实验上的马达驱动的跑步机。 </li><li>动物应禁食O / N在手术前，防止恶心，呕吐和胃流体从而潜在愿望。 </li></ol> 2.准备手术<ol><li>镇静<ol><li>在10毫升注射器镇静制备药物。术前由替来他明/唑拉西泮（5毫克/千克），甲苯噻嗪（2.25毫克/千克）和阿托品（1毫克）。 </li><li>在注射斜方肌药物肌肉注射用19克1.5&#39;&#39;针稳重猪。 </li><li>等待约10分钟，并检查肌肉松弛，意识，以确认镇静适当，稳定的水平。 </li><li>将一个20G的周边安全导管在耳静脉麻醉和/或液体的后续静脉给药。 </li></ol></li><li>插管和通气<ol><li>将在仰卧位表和/或小车的动物。 </li><li>与口服吊具打开动物的口。 </li><li>在颌骨或吞咽反射，阻碍插管的存在放松不足的情况​​下，管理硫喷妥钠（10毫克/千克）经静脉注射耳静脉导管。可替代地，猪可以掩蔽异氟醚诱导的镇静作用。 </li><li>使用配有光源和一个米勒叶片的常规喉镜允许laryngoscopist直接查看喉。如果有喉痉挛，应用2％利多卡因将电源线和喉，减少痉挛，并允许插管。 </li><li>插入插管探针插入气管内管，使管更好地符合了上气道的解剖学和通过嘴和声带进气管之间穿过该管。 </li><li>膨胀用10毫升注射器，以帮助将其固定就位，以防止呼吸气体的泄漏，并保护气道从胃流体的可能的吸气球箍。 </li><li>该管连接至呼吸过滤器（热量与湿度交换器），并在机械呼吸机。 </li><li>放置在其右侧的动物上的手术台。 </li><li>实现100-120毫米汞柱的氧分压的水平，与氧和氮（1:2 V / V）的混合物中通风动物，全光照克以下的呼吸机参数设置:压力控制方式:呼气末正压（PEEP）4 水柱 ;吸气峰压16 - 18 水柱 ;呼吸根据动物的大小的频率（对于20 kg动物，降低频率与体重增加）本应导致的约10毫升/ kg的潮气量，监视与二氧化碳图通风。 </li><li>使用直肠温度计监测温度并保持37之间的温度 - 使用热灯或加热垫39ºC。此外，监测心脏率心电图。 </li></ol></li><li>麻醉<ol><li>诱导和由通过耳静脉导管芬太尼（10微克/千克/小时）的静脉内给药加入异氟烷（体积/体积）的通风气体混合物或备选地为2.0％，优选维持麻醉。 </li><li>通过开始手术前用后腿脚趾捏痛的测试检查反射麻醉深度足够。必要时，加额外的麻醉或等待几分钟。定期检查疼痛反射整个手术。 </li></ol></li><li>流体和抗生素<ol><li>辖的阿莫西林（25毫克/千克）首次剂量通过耳静脉导管静脉内。 </li><li>输液系统连接到耳静脉导管手术期间启用的葡萄糖的10％（500毫升）缓慢输注。 </li></ol></li><li>手术部位消毒<ol><li>剃并清洁动物的皮肤上，从脊柱一路向左腋下大约25厘米宽的区域。 </li><li>擦洗约5分钟碘伏擦洗（75毫克/毫升）的滋润肌肤。 </li><li>灭菌用碘伏洗剂（100毫克/毫升）的皮肤之前，从用湿无菌纱布皮肤除去碘伏皂。 </li><li>覆盖用无菌手术单的动物，以减少外科手术部位的细菌转移和随后的污染。 </li></ol></LI&gt; </ol> 3.手术<ol><li>打开胸部（开胸） <ol><li>使在皮肤上的切口，开始1厘米尾椎肩胛骨下到左腋下的左下角（图1）。使用电凝烧灼血管中的皮肤，以防止失血过多。 </li><li>通过前锯肌和胸大肌肌切断，用透热的切割方式。还可以使用透热烧灼血管中的肌肉层，以防止过多出血。 </li><li>使用钝性分离仔细划分左四肋间的肋间肌用蚊式钳。现在布满了脏层和壁层胸膜左肺的肋软骨表面予以曝光。 </li><li>要进入胸膜腔，小心刺破胸膜两层和撕裂他们打开。 </li><li>使用胸椎牵开到伤口的边缘和肋分开，并有力地推动组织开，以获得胸膜腔的良好的曝光。 </li><li>推开左肺在尾方向和用湿纱布保持它在适当位置。现在，心脏及大血管应清楚地暴露出来。 </li></ol></li><li>导管和流量探测器放置（图1） <ol><li>使用钝性分离，除去〜胸降主动脉周围的结缔组织2 平方厘米。 </li><li>执行荷包缝合，包括三个线圈，在主动脉壁与不可吸收USP3-0编织丝缝合（ó0.2毫米）。 </li><li>穿透主动脉血管壁与在荷包缝合的中间的不锈钢为16G针头。 </li><li>插入充满液体的导管的尖端（直到环）进入主动脉，拉荷包缝合牢固地结合在一起，领带缝线的两个字符串。 </li><li>为了保持到位导管，风缝合导管周围3倍以上的环，再牛逼即缝合线的两个字符串。用一个新的线圈从插入位置颅大约1cm进一步固定导管。 </li><li>流体填充导管连接到校准的压力传感器，其连接到计算机，以监测手术期间的平均动脉压。获取动脉血气来验证或调整正确的通风设置。 </li><li>连同划线切开心包。请注意，以保持运行在完整心包膈神经。 </li><li>确定肺动脉并与Farabeuf拉钩尾方向稍微拉出。现在升主动脉和主动脉弓予以曝光。监测平均动脉压而缩回肺动脉。 </li><li>使在升主动脉，并使用梅岑鲍姆剪刀肺动脉之间的结缔组织一个小切口（约1厘米），以便能够剖析任升主动脉或肺动脉具有大弯曲蚊式钳放置流量探头。 </li><li>放置在容器周围的气流探测器的橡胶带。为了更方便，将缝合线穿过橡胶带的一端，将容器周围此缝合和直到橡胶带围绕所述容器拉出。 </li><li>固定在橡胶带流量探针测量装置。流量探头连接到计算机，并检查计算机上的心输出信号，以确认流量探头的正确位置。 </li><li>作为主动脉流体填充导管（ - 3.2.5 3.2.2）中描述放置在肺动脉流体填充导管，右心室，左心室和左心房的相同的方式。需要注意的是，没有必要在这些结构执行荷包缝合之前去除结缔组织。 </li><li>暴露和解剖左前通过第一吊装用钳子的组织，使小的下行冠状动脉的近端部分（2 - 3毫米），切断与梅岑鲍姆剪刀中，接着用棉签仔细取笑所述组织从动脉远离。通过传递一个小角度的直蚊式钳下方确保冠状动脉完全剥离。 </li><li>使平行于用缝合，其连接到冠状静脉导管前室间冠状静脉针迹。 </li><li>穿刺与冠状静脉导管的20G的针头冠状静脉和静脉内插入导管的插管。 </li><li>取出针并与已经执行的针迹（3.2.14）固定导管。另外一个新的针从最初的穿刺处固定导管约1厘米。 </li><li>放置冠脉流量探头周围的解剖以前左冠状动脉前降支。当动脉被压缩并且是几乎不可见的，使用利多卡因10％喷雾放松容器以获得更好的曝光容器。检查冠脉流量的信号在电脑上的confIRM流量探针的正确位置（ 图2）。 </li></ol></li><li>隧道<ol><li>隧道流探针单独通过肌肉下方的左第三肋间隙并通过使用大量的弯曲蚊夹紧肋的上方。 </li><li>隧道通过第三或通过刺穿肋间肌第五左侧肋间流体填充导管。钳关闭流体填充导管并取出活塞三通最小化刺穿区域，并防止在隧道中的流体填充导管的泄漏。 </li><li>通过在肋间肌荷包缝合的装置固定流探针和流体填充导管与非吸收性USP2-0编织丝（Ø0.3毫米）。这种缝合线还用于防止重新instating胸腔内负压后漏气。 </li><li>使在皮肤三切口约两厘米见方险恶并平行于脊柱，大约3厘米长3厘米除了对方。 </li><li>刺穿从延髓切口部位左背阔肌到背面的切口下方的套管针。隧道流探头和流体导管此套管针内的背面。 </li><li>放置在充满液体的导管的旋塞并取下夹具。撤血与1000国际单位/毫升肝素除去凝块和气泡和填充流体填充导管。冠状静脉导管应充满5000 IU / ml肝素。 </li></ol></li><li>关闭胸部<ol><li>使一个切口的长度大约为1.5厘米，8厘米尾鳍和平行于第一切口。 </li><li>从铅至第六肋间肌肉胸膜腔漏皮下用一个大弯蚊式钳此切口。漏极连接到抽吸装置以除去任何剩余的流体和恢复胸廓的闭合期间在胸膜腔内负压。 </li><li>缓解和膨胀肺与吸气末持有。确保通过目视监测肺的适当填充。 </li><li>通过拉动第四肋间的肋一起在两个分开的部位与不可吸收USP6编织聚酯（ø0.8毫米）关闭胸腔。 </li><li>关闭锯肌和胸大肌与正在运行的线圈和使用非吸收性USP2-0编织丝运行表皮下缝合皮肤（Ø0.3毫米） </li><li>缝合在与导管之间的非吸收性USP2-0编织聚酯（Ø0.3毫米）背侧的切口。第一直接打结到皮肤从皮肤关闭切口，然后固定导管到缝线用结1厘米。为流探针，使用可吸收的USP2-0编织聚乳糖（Ø0.3毫米）缝合，以防止在气流探测器线缝合（图1）的切割。 </li><li>小心地取出沥干同时的方颅施加压力切口维持在胸膜腔内负压。关闭与使用非吸收性USP2-0编织聚酯（Ø0.3毫米）荷包缝合切口和密封用凡士林伤口。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53772/53772fig1.jpg" /> 图1.概述外科左上面板:动物，应剃光和消毒的布鲁线之间的谎言的无菌区。切口部位被描绘为红色虚线。左下图:导管和流量探测器图片:充满液体的导管（A），主动脉/肺血流探测包括橡胶带（B），冠状静脉导管，包括20G的针头（C）和冠脉流量探头（D）。右上图:导管和流量探测器放置的示意图。 MAP，平均动脉压;林前静脉，冠状静脉导管; LAP，左心房压力; LVP左心室压力; RVP，右心室压力; PAP，肺动脉压; CO，心输出量; CBF，冠状动脉血流量。右下图:隧道式导管退出了缝合和打结沿缝合线在大约为1厘米的距离固定后<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53772/53772fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">，请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="5"><li>麻醉及恢复手术终止<ol><li>停止麻醉，当所有的切口网站被关闭。 </li><li>通过在股薄肌施用丁丙诺啡（0.015毫克/千克）即时提供镇痛。 </li><li>停止通气当动物独立地呼吸和呼吸机断开气管套管。定期检查，如果动物被充分地呼吸。 </li><li>放置导管的外化位点之间纱布垫以吸收伤口流体。 </li><li>为了保护本身外导管的gments，给动物的弹性背心和包装人工两块羊皮之间的导管。 </li><li>放气气管导管气球，当动物恢复其吞咽反射拔管。 </li><li>由芬太尼缓释贴剂的方式提供长期镇痛（为20kg的猪12微克/小时;根据体重调节强度）。放置在皮肤上（例如下腹部）的薄部的音色以确保镇痛足够交付。 </li><li>众议院单独动物整个手术后的时期。手术后为第一周的加热灯，以保持动物温暖。 </li><li>提供足够的流体IV如果动物不能独立饮酒。 </li><li>每日冲洗流体填充导管，通过第一抽取血液以除去凝块，然后用盐水再填充，最后用肝素化盐水（1000 - 5000国际单位/毫升），以防止血块形成。小心不要注入任何空气巴布莱而冲洗导管。 </li><li>施用阿莫西林（25毫克/千克）静脉每日6天手术后防止手术后的感染。 </li><li>让动物开始在跑步机上实验前一个星期恢复。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.跑步机实验（图2） <ol><li>冲洗流体填充导管如（3.5.10）并附加冲洗导管到压力换能器。测量直肠温度，以便能够获得温度校正血气值。 </li><li>用盐水，以防止由于气泡的信号的阻尼冲洗压力传感器。附加的压力传感器，以在背侧弹性背心。 </li><li>压力传感器和流量探头连接到放大器。开始在所述计算机程序测量并用0毫米汞柱被打开到空气校准压力传感器和流量探针（和关闭以动物），并使用一个压力计100毫米汞柱。 </li><l我&gt;切换旋塞阀三通的方式，该流体导管具有与压力换能器的开放连接。注意，血压，现在可以得到的。检查的形状和幅度（图2）的信号。 </li><li>如果需要，延长线连接至任意一个流体导管为混合静脉和动脉采血。 </li><li>测量血流动力学当动物是在撒谎，以及静静地伫立在跑步机上。平均血压都在10秒的时间框架进行测量。 </li><li>通过首先使用10毫升注射器，使得可使用肝素化的1ml注射器来获得将1ml纯血液吸溶于5ml血液获得动脉和混合静脉血液样本。为冠状静脉血液样品，2- ml注射器来代替10毫升注射器和撤回1毫升被足以获得纯血液。 </li><li>保持在冰上密封1毫升注射器与血液气体分析仪处理该血液样本，以确定前动物的代谢和通气条件。 </li><li>若使猪到五级运动方案在跑步机上，速度每3分钟，第1 - 5公里/小时（〜最大心脏率85％）。速度每2分钟各速度在静止位置 - 1.5后获得血流动力学和气体。 </li><li>演习协议之后关闭旋塞，检查是否发生在0毫米汞柱校准漂移，请记下该校准。除去流体填充导管的压力传感器和断开流探针。 </li><li>冲洗用盐水和肝素流体填充导管（1000 - 5000国际单位/毫升）。通过将它们人工羊皮两片之间的弹性背心下方保护导管和流动探针。动物现在可以返回其笼中。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53772/53772fig2.jpg" /> 图2.跑步机实验，左窗格LS:仪器在跑步机上猪。充满液体的导管连接到压力换能器，放置在猪的背部。右上图:总的实验装置，包括跑步机，放大器和记录电脑的概述。右下图:记录血流动力学数据的典型例子。从上到下;主动脉压（AOP，蓝色）和左心室压力（LVP，红色）;左心房压力（LAP，蓝色）和左心室压力（红色）;肺动脉压（PAP，蓝色）和右心室压力（RVP，红色）;主动脉血流/心输出量（AOF，蓝色）;冠状动脉血流量（CBF，红色）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53772/53772fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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作者什么都没有透露。

本研究描述了一种用于猪的慢性仪器的手术以及用于锻炼仪表猪上的马达驱动的跑步机，同时测量血流动力学和采取血液样本的动脉，混合静脉和冠状静脉血氧含量测定的协议。 该议定书中的关键步骤 有迹象表明，在插管过程中，已经开始在协议中的几个关键步骤。硫喷妥钠（2.1.5）是一种呼吸道抑郁剂，因此需要在管理迅速插管。另外，在手术过程中仔细监测呼吸机设...

足够心肺功能是必不可少的氧气和营养供给人体，尤其是在诸如运动1在代谢需求增加的条件。锻炼心肺响应的特征在于由若干在心脏功能 ，即适应的，在心脏速率，收缩力和行程体积，和微血管功能 ，即，血管舒张的血管床供给锻炼肌肉增加以及在肺脉管，和血管收缩在供给胃肠系统的血管床以及非活性肌肉1。受损的运动能力是心肺功能不全的早期标志，心肺运动试验作为一种有效的方法心功能不全，血管功能不全和/或肺功能不全的患者受损的运动能力2之间划定。早期心肺功能不全是difficult诊断，尤其是在动物模型中，如心肺功能通常侵入测量，需要麻醉，与许多麻醉剂具有cardiodepressive属性3。 慢性仪器允许在清醒状态心肺功能的测量，并且当动物充分调整到实验室条件测量可以安静休息的条件下没有麻醉和急性手术创伤的影响而获得。此外，当将动物适当训练的，也可以分级平板运动4,5-期间获得的测量结果。更具体地，左，右心室功能可以评估和与心肌灌注，而在冠状动脉，全身和肺部微循环血管舒缩音的调节可被确定。使用充满液体的导管允许的压力测量以及采血样不强加广告在动物ditional压力。研究慢性仪器动物的另一个优点是，心肺运动测试可以重复允许使用的动物作为其自身的控制，无论是在疾病的发展或慢性治疗期间，从而提高了统计功率，从而限制了一个研究所需的动物数量。 猪的心肺解剖学非常类似于人类的和有可能诱导各种形式的心肺疾病，如糖 ​​尿病6，心肌梗塞7，肺动脉高血压8,9和起搏诱导心脏衰竭10,11。此外，猪的尺寸允许慢性仪表，以及足够量的重复血液采样分析不仅血液气体，而且以执行神经体液测量和/或要搜索的疾病的生物标志物。 本协议描述用于慢性手术LY仪器猪以及行使上的马达驱动的跑步机的猪的协议。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1053">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">3-way stopcocks</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">16496</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Perfusor lines PVC (DEHP-free) 150cm/2.6ml&#160;</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">8722960</td>
			<td>Used for fluid filled catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#8220;python &#8220; silicontubing</td>
			<td>Rubber BV</td>
			<td>1757 ID 1mm, OD 2mm</td>
			<td>Used for fluid filled catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Sodium Chloride 0.9%</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">TKF7124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Glucose 10%</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">WE0163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Suction device</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slim-Line electrosurgical pencil with 2 buttons</td>
			<td>ERBE ELEKTROMEDIZIN GMBH</td>
			<td>20190-066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Servo Ventilator&#160;SV900C&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Siemens-Elema AB&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laryngoscoop</td>
			<td>Vererinary Technics Int.</td>
			<td>11.02.47</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Sterile surgical gloves</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">tie-on surgical mask</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1818FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">surgical hat</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Klinidrape</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">621301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Procedure pack</td>
			<td>Molnlycke Health Care</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">97027809</td>
			<td>Surgical drape, gauze pads, syringes, beaker etc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Droptears</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Alcon</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">288-28282-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine scrub 75mg/ml Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Meda Pharma BV</td>
			<td>RVG08939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine solution 100mg/ml Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Meda Pharma BV</td>
			<td>RVG01331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Cuffed Endotracheal tube</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Emdamed</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>size depends on animal size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Breathing filter Hyrdo therm 3HME</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Intersurgical</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">1560000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Laryngoscope Handle+ Miller blade size 4</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Kawe Germany</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Manual resuscitator- Combibag</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Weinmann</td>
			<td>6515-12-313-5596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Perivascular flow probe 3PS</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Transonic</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>For coronary artery; Size 2.5-4 mm depending on animal size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Confidence flow probe</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Transonic</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>For aorta/pulmonary artery, 16-20 mm; size depends on animal size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Venflon-Venisystem 20Gx 32 mm</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">393224</td>
			<td>For coronary venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Blunt Needle 18G</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>For coronary venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Rubber BV</td>
			<td>2802 ID 0.8mm (1/32&#8217;&#8217;), OD 2.4mm (3/32&#8217;&#8217;)</td>
			<td>For coronary venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Suction Handle 17 cm 6 6/8 &#34; Coupland 18/8 martinit with tube connector</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>18-575-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Scalple blade&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle 13.5 cm 5 3/8 &#34; Stainless Steel solid</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>10-100-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vascular Forceps 20.2 cm 8 &#34; De Bakey Stainless Stee</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>24-388-20</td>
			<td>&#177; 14 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dressing Forceps 17 cm 6 6/8 &#34; Cushing Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>12-189-17</td>
			<td>&#177; 18 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">halsted-musquito straight 12.5cm - 5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-3100-13</td>
			<td>&#177; 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">halsted-musquito curved 12.5cm - 5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-3101-12</td>
			<td>&#177; 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting and Ligature Forceps 13 cm 5 1/8 &#34; Gemini Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>13-451-13</td>
			<td>&#177; 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting and Ligature Forceps 18.5 cm 7 2/8 &#34; Schnidt Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>13-363-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rib Retractor Finochietto, Baby Aluminium -</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>24-162-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">suture forceps Mayo-Hegar 3mm 18cm - 7&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-6050-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metchenbaum blunt curved 14,5cm - 5(3/4)&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-1311-14M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Retrector farabeuf 12cm - 4 (3/4)&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-4497-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Towel forceps schr&#228;del curved 9cm - 3,5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-3550-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">surgical scissors blunt 13cm - 5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-1001-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gauzes Cutisoft 10 x 10 cm 4-ply</td>
			<td>BSN Medical</td>
			<td>45846-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Gauzes Cutisoft 5 x 5 cm 4-ply</td>
			<td>BSN Medical</td>
			<td>45844-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:496px;">Flowmeter -CM2 / SF2 - 2gas (O2 and Air)</td>
			<td>UNO BV</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">180000008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tec 7 Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Datex-Ohmeda</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Acederm wound spay</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Ecuphar NV</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Vaseline Album</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Bufa</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">165313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">silkam 3-0 Natural silk, non-absorbable</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>F 1134043</td>
			<td>sutures for placement of catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">silkam 2-0 Natural silk, non-absorbable</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>F 1134051</td>
			<td>sutures for muscular approximation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">dagrofil 3-0 Polyester, non-absorbable</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>C 0842478</td>
			<td>sutures for fluid fille catheters after tunneling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vicryl rapide 3-0, 1x45 cm FS2, V2930G</td>
			<td>Daxtrio medische producten</td>
			<td>15560</td>
			<td>sutures for electrical catheters after tunneling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Vitafil 6 USP</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">SMI</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">6080</td>
			<td>Ties</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>10 ml and 2.5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Heparin LEO (heparin sodium)&#160;</td>
			<td>LEO Pharma A/S</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Zoletil</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>tiletamine / zolazepam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Sedazine</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">AST farma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">108855</td>
			<td>xylazine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Temgesic</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">RB Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">5429</td>
			<td>buprenorphine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Tensogrip</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BSN Medical</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">71522-00</td>
			<td>elastic vest</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical placement of catheters for long-term cardiovascular exercise testing in swine

这个协议描述了外科手术，长期仪器猪和行使的电动跑步机猪的过程。早期心肺功能障碍是难以诊断，尤其是在动物模型中，如心肺功能通常侵入测量，需要麻醉。由于许多麻醉剂是cardiodepressive，心血管功能的细微变化可以被屏蔽。与此相反，慢性仪器允许在清醒状态心肺功能的测量，以便测量可以安静休息条件下获得，无需麻醉和急性手术创伤的影响。此外，当动物被适当训练，也可以分级平板运动期间获得的测量结果。 流探头放在围绕主动脉或肺动脉为心输出量的测量和周围的左冠状动脉前降支为科伦的测量进制血流量。充满液体的导管被植入在主动脉，肺动脉，左心房，左心室和右心室的压力测量和血液取样。此外，一个20G的导管被定位在前室间静脉以允许冠状静脉采血。 恢复一周后，猪被放置在由马达驱动的跑步机，该导管被连接到压力和流量计，和猪经受五阶段逐步行使协议，每个阶段持续3分钟。血液动力学信号被连续记录和血样每次锻炼阶段的最后30秒期间拍摄。 研究慢性仪器动物的主要优点是，它允许心肺功能的串行评估，不仅在休息而且物理应力如锻炼期间。此外，心肺功能，可反复在疾病发展的评估第二慢性治疗期间，从而提高了统计功率，从而限制了一个研究所需的动物数量。

运动长达5公里/小时导致心输出量增加了一倍，从4.3±0.3到8.5±0.7升/分钟将其主要由从每分钟137±7 256±8次在心脏速率的增加组合与完成小的增加心搏量从32±2到36±3毫升（ 图3）。搏出量的增加通过增加左心室收缩容易，通过增加最大左室压的第一导数的证明DP /与左心室舒张的增加速率，并增加了左一起下降速率心房压，作为左心室的填充压力（图...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine at JoVE.com

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

导管手术放置了长期的心血管运动试验猪

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

surgical-placement-catheters-for-long-term-cardiovascular-exercise

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.3K 次观看.  Erasmus MC. Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

视频: Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

在诱导小鼠心肌梗死的微创手术过程

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

科研

医学

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

To date, many pharmacological agents used to treat or prevent arrhythmias in open-heart cases create undesired systemic side effects. For example, antiarrhythmic drugs administered intravenously can produce drops in systemic pressure in the already compromised cardiac patient. While performing open-heart procedures, surgeons will often either create a small port or form a pericardial cradle to create suitable fields for operation. This access yields opportunities for target pharmacological delivery (antiarrhythmic or ischemic preconditioning agents) directly to the myocardial tissue without undesired side effects.
We have developed a swine model for testing pharmacological agents for target delivery within the pericardial fluid. While fully anesthetized, each animal was instrumented with a Swan-Ganz catheter as well as left and right ventricle pressure catheters, and pacing leads were placed in the right atrial appendage and the right ventricle. A medial sternotomy was then performed and a pericardial access cradle was created; a plunge pacing lead was placed in the left atrial appendage and a bipolar pacing lead was placed in the left ventricle. Utilizing a programmer and a cardiac mapping system, the refractory period of the atrioventricular node (AVN), atria and ventricles was determined. In addition, atrial fibrillation (AF) induction was produced utilizing a Grass stimulator and time in AF was observed. These measurements were performed prior to treatment, as well as 30 min&#160;and 60 min&#160;after pericardial treatment. Additional time points were added for selected studies. The heart was then cardiopleged and reanimated in a four chamber working mode. Pressure measurements and function were recorded for 1 hr after reanimation. This treatment strategy model allowed us to observe the effects of pharmacological agents that may decrease the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and/or ischemic damage, during and after open-heart surgery.

We have developed a swine model for the target delivery of pharmacological agents within the pericardial space/fluid. Using this approach, the relative benefits of administered agents on induced atrial fibrillation, relative refractory periods and/or ischemic protection can be investigated.

药理试验药物的疗效在心包目标交付模型在猪

To date, many pharmacological agents used to treat or prevent arrhythmias in open-heart cases create undesired systemic side effects. For example, ...

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. Indeed, research focusing on the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets using genetically altered mice requires a reliable, long-term assessment of the systemic arterial pressure variation. Currently, the gold standard for obtaining long-term measurements of blood pressure in ambulatory mice uses implantable radio-transmitters, which require&#160;artery cannulation. This technique eliminates the need for tethering, restraining, or anesthetizing the animals which introduce stress and artifacts during data sampling. However, arterial blood pressure monitoring in mice via catheterization can be rather challenging due to the small size of the arteries. Here we present a step-by-step guide to illustrate the crucial key passages for a successful subcutaneous implantation of radio-transmitters and carotid artery cannulation in mice. We also include examples of long-term blood pressure activity taken from freely moving mice after a period of post-surgery recovery. Following this procedure will allow reliable direct blood pressure recordings from multiple animals simultaneously.

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

自由活动小鼠使用遥测长期血压测量

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment methods. Here, we present such a model by tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, which can be produced by rapid cardiac pacing in swine.
A single pacing lead is introduced transvenously into fully anaesthetized healthy swine, to the apex of the right ventricle, and fixated. Its other end is then tunneled dorsally to the paravertebral region. There, it is connected to an in-house modified heart pacemaker unit that is then implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. 
After 4 - 8 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing at rates of 200 - 240 beats/min, physical examination revealed signs of severe heart failure - tachypnea, spontaneous sinus tachycardia, and fatigue. Echocardiography and X-ray showed dilation of all heart chambers, effusions, and severe systolic dysfunction. These findings correspond well to decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy and are also preserved after the cessation of pacing.
This model of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy can be used for studying the pathophysiology of progressive chronic heart failure, especially hemodynamic changes caused by new treatment modalities like mechanical circulatory supports. This methodology is easy to perform and the results are robust and reproducible.

Here, we present a protocol to produce tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in swine. This model represents a potent way to study the hemodynamics of progressive chronic heart failure and the effects of applied treatment.

心动过速诱发的心肌病作为猪慢性心力衰竭模型的研究

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment ...

Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

Gene therapy is an ideal choice to cure many inborn errors of metabolism of the liver. Ex-vivo, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully in the treatment of many hematopoietic diseases in humans, as their use offers stable transgene expression due to the vector&#39;s ability to integrate into the host genome. This method demonstrates the application of ex vivo gene therapy of hepatocytes to a large animal model of hereditary tyrosinemia type I. This process consists of 1) isolation of primary hepatocytes from the autologous donor/recipient animal, 2) ex vivo gene delivery via hepatocyte transduction with a lentiviral vector, and 3) autologous transplant of corrected hepatocytes via portal vein injection. Success of the method generally relies upon efficient and sterile removal of the liver resection, careful handling of the excised specimen for isolation of viable hepatocytes sufficient for re-engrafting, high-percentage transduction of the isolated cells, and aseptic surgical procedures throughout to prevent infection. Technical failure at any of these steps will result in low yield of viable transduced hepatocytes for autologous transplant or infection of the donor/recipient animal. The pig model of human type 1 hereditary tyrosinemia (HT-1) chosen for this approach is uniquely amenable to such a method, as even a small percentage of engraftment of corrected cells will lead to repopulation of the liver with healthy cells based on a powerful selective advantage over native-diseased hepatocytes. Although this growth selection will not be true for all indications, this approach is a foundation for expansion into other indications and allows for manipulation of this environment to address additional diseases, both within the liver and beyond, while controlling for exposure to viral vector and opportunity for off-target toxicity and tumorigenicity.

Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

This protocol is intended to describe porcine hepatocyte isolation and ex vivo gene delivery to cure models of metabolic diseases via autologous cell transplantation. Although this particular model enjoys unique advantages that favor successful therapy, the application is a relevant foundation to address additional diseases and indications.

猪自体移植肝细胞外细胞外细胞基因治疗

Gene therapy is an ideal choice to cure many inborn errors of metabolism of the liver. Ex-vivo, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully in the ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

进行最大和次极大耐力运动测试, 测量人类急性运动的生理和生物学反应

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF). However, in clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral hemodynamics is not assessed. NIRS is used to measure cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) in the frontal lobe. This method is reliable and valid and has been utilized in several studies. SctO2 is lower during both rest and peak exercise in patients with HF than in healthy controls (66.3 &#177; 13.3% and 63.4 &#177; 13.8% vs. 73.1 &#177; 2.8% and 72 &#177; 3.2%). SctO2 at rest is significantly linearly correlated with peak VO2 (r = 0.602), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (r = 0.501), and brain natriuretic peptide (r = -0.492), all of which are recognized prognostic and disease severity markers, indicating its potential prognostic value. SctO2 is determined mainly by end-tidal CO2 pressure, mean arterial pressure, and hemoglobin in the HF population. This article demonstrates a protocol that integrates SctO2 using NIRS into incremental CPET on a calibrated bicycle ergometer.

This protocol integrated near-infrared spectroscopy into conventional cardiopulmonary exercise testing to identify the involvement of the cerebral hemodynamic response in exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure.

心力衰竭患者心肺运动测试中脑组织饱和监测的集成

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ...

Novel Percutaneous Approach for Deployment of 3D Printed Coronary Stenosis Implants in Swine Models of Ischemic Heart Disease

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally (3D) printed coronary implants can be employed to percutaneously create a focal coronary stenosis. However, reliable delivery of the implants can be difficult without the use of ancillary equipment. We describe the use of a mother-and-child coronary guide catheter for stabilization of the implant and for effective delivery of the 3D printed implant to any desired location along the length of the coronary vessel. The focal coronary narrowing was confirmed under coronary cineangiography and the functional significance of the coronary stenosis was assessed using gadolinium-enhanced first-pass cardiac perfusion MRI. We showed that reliable delivery of 3D printed coronary implants in swine models (n = 11) of ischemic heart disease can be achieved through repurposing mother-and-child coronary guide catheters. Our technique simplifies the percutaneous delivery of coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of focal coronary artery stenosis and can be performed expeditiously, with a low procedural failure rate.

We describe a novel, cost-effective, and efficient technique for percutaneous delivery of three-dimensionally printed coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of ischemic heart disease. The implants were fixed in place using a mother-and-child extension catheter with high success rate.

在缺血性心脏病的猪模型中部署3D打印冠状动脉狭窄植入物的新颖的皮下方法

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

分析长期心电图记录以检测小鼠心律失常

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital functions of filtration and metabolism in kidney function. Many acute studies have been carried out in anesthetized animals to measure RBF under various conditions to determine mechanisms responsible for the regulation of kidney perfusion. However, for technical reasons, it has not been possible to measure RBF continuously (24 h/day) in unrestrained unanesthetized rats over prolonged periods. These methods allow the continuous determination of RBF over many weeks while also simultaneously recording blood pressure (BP) with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry). RBF monitoring is carried out with rats placed in a circular servo-controlled rat cage that enables the unrestrained movement of the rat throughout the study. At the same time, the tangling of cables from the flow probe and arterial catheters is prevented. Rats are first instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe placement on the left renal artery and an arterial catheter implanted in the right femoral artery. These are routed subcutaneously to the nape of the neck, and connected to the flowmeter and pressure transducer, respectively, to measure RBF and BP. Following surgical implantation, rats are immediately placed in the cage to recover for at least one week and stabilize the ultrasonic probe recordings. Urine collection is also feasible in this system. The surgical and post-surgical procedures for continuous monitoring are demonstrated in this protocol.

The present protocol describes a long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats and simultaneously recording blood pressure with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry).