Name: long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry
Uploaded: 2016-05-17T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 54 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI) [Grant no. HL114869] and the support from UTHSC to SM.

伦理学声明:此视频文章中提到的所有动物的程序进行了审查，并经动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）在田纳西大学健康科学中心大学的认可。 注:整个手术过程中使用无菌器械显微外科。手术器械可以利用红外线消毒器在1500°F（815.6℃）的最佳的杀菌温度下进行灭菌。遥测能够但是重复使用，在动物插入之前确保根据生产商的指示和该导管的末端已被重新填充与由制造商提供的特殊凝胶灭菌整个发射机。 1.实验动物<ol><li>获得IACUC批准将要进行的所有实验。与机构IACUC咨询强烈建议对于此过程后，术后镇痛药的使用要求。 </li><li>保持动物在Climate受控室具有21℃，60％相对湿度，环境温度和自由摄取食物和水的12小时明暗周期。 注意:由于鼠标主体具有容纳遥测探针（近似直径为1厘米×2厘米长），它是优选使用重20克或更高的小鼠。 </li></ol> 2，麻醉和手术准备<ol><li>称量使用精密刻度鼠标并记录其重量。确保轻轻地，悄悄地处理动物。 </li><li>将动物进入感应室并关闭它。在0.5升/分钟设定氧流量，并在4设置的异氟烷浓度 - 5％。 </li><li>当鼠标失去知觉，将其放置在保持在36身体变暖板 - 37℃。保持通过用异氟烷组鼻锥麻醉在2％（保持流量在0.5升/分钟）。 </li><li>通过从颈部和叔背面去除毛发准备操作区域他通过应用脱毛膏颈部腹侧方面。 </li><li>手术擦洗（优碘溶液）用70％异丙醇的交替的3应用治疗切口部位。 </li></ol> 3.手术<ol><li>鼠标放置在仰卧位置。按捏脚检查反射，直到没有任何反应调整麻醉。使用手术刀鼠标的颈部下方约1厘米中线切口。在切割的左侧通过仔细分离下层的结缔组织皮肤创建皮下空间。 </li><li>翻转小鼠，并用手术刀做的约1.5厘米的皮肤切口在肩胛骨后面背侧左侧。创建沿着动物的侧翼大到足以容纳该设备的皮下囊袋。将发射器放入口袋。 </li><li>插入在后面的切口小止血钳和皮下操纵它朝向前领口。使用插入的-止血钳，轻轻抓住无毒聚乙烯管（4厘米长×1毫米的ID）。 <ol><li>通过在后面的隧道出横向切割拉止血背面直至管子从两个腹和背切口突出，从止血释放管。从背面，通过颈部插入导管传感器插入管隧道压力传感导管的尖端。从脖子前，拉并取出聚乙烯管，并使用金属夹关闭背侧切开。 </li></ol></li><li>仔细分离用无菌棉签涂抹下颌腺和使用弹性钩停留收回左上颚腺。用细尖弯钳，找到颈动脉沿气管左侧。保持手术部位放置和确保无菌的悬垂性不育。 <ol><li>小心隔离从周围组织容器并轻轻分开迷走神经（发白的颜色），它是沿着颈动脉从动脉远离。小心不要切断或损伤神经或动脉。 </li></ol></li><li>通过三片非吸收缝合线7-0的孤立的颈动脉部分下方。领带的颅缝以关闭血流量。拉缝线最接近胸骨暂时阻塞从主动脉血流量。 </li><li>请使用中间缝合线松散的结。这将用于固定导管的容器中。切一个小切口入颅，并使用微型剪刀胸骨缝合线之间的动脉。 </li><li>抓住特殊容器插管钳将导管，小心不要挤压导管，以防止探头凝胶损失。轻轻，抢用细尖弯曲的镊子镊子的动脉，检索导管，并通过小切口在容器插入。 </li><li>拧紧动脉周围的中间缝合节点，轻轻地推进猫海特。轻轻松开缝合线即最接近于胸骨和继续推进所述导管朝横向主动脉。 <ol><li>观察，让的导管需要多远插入近似指数导管的标志。一旦达到这一点，轻轻地拧紧两个较低和围绕导管上缝合。该导管是通过缝线结固定在颈动脉。 </li></ol></li><li>关闭与非吸收缝线5-0皮肤切口。一旦封闭，封闭与组织粘合剂切口。 </li></ol> 4.手术恢复和BP测量<ol><li>密切监测动物的正常姿势和行为的回报。期间由一名兽医人员24小时的手术后时期辖镇痛。 </li><li>一旦动物已恢复（5 - 7天手术后），在放置在遥测接收板顶部定期鼠笼分别容纳他们。 </li><li>打开植入TRansmitters"开"和"关"，通过使用磁性装置简要地定位成靠近所述动物从笼的外侧。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Danaei, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+preventable+causes+of+death+in+the+United+States:+comparative+risk+assessment+of+dietary,+lifestyle,+and+metabolic+risk+factors.">The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors.</a> PLoS Med. 6 (4), e1000058 (2009).</li><li>Dornas, W. C., Silva, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+the+study+of+arterial+hypertension.">Animal models for the study of arterial hypertension.</a> J Biosci. 36 (4), 731-737 (2011).</li><li>Henze, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+alterations+in+heart+rate+variability,+baroreflex+sensitivity,+and+anxiety-like+behaviors+during+development+of+heart+failure+in+the+rat.">Persistent alterations in heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, and anxiety-like behaviors during development of heart failure in the rat.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 295 (1), H29-H38 (2008).</li><li>Hoffmann, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+tempol+prevents+hypertension,+proteinuria,+and+poor+feto-placental+outcomes+in+BPH/5+mouse+model+of+preeclampsia.">Chronic tempol prevents hypertension, proteinuria, and poor feto-placental outcomes in BPH/5 mouse model of preeclampsia.</a> Hypertension. 51 (4), 1058-1065 (2008).</li><li>Lerman, L. O., Chade, A. R., Sica, V., Napoli, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+hypertension:+an+overview.">Animal models of hypertension: an overview.</a> J Lab Clin Med. 146 (3), 160-173 (2005).</li><li>Johns, C., Gavras, I., Handy, D. E., Salomao, A., Gavras, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+experimental+hypertension+in+mice.">Models of experimental hypertension in mice.</a> Hypertension. 28 (6), 1064-1069 (1996).</li><li>Vatner, S. F., Braunwald, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+control+mechanisms+in+the+conscious+state.">Cardiovascular control mechanisms in the conscious state.</a> N Engl J Med. 293 (19), 970-976 (1975).</li><li>Zhao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+Pressure+Monitoring+in+Mice.">Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Mice.</a> Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 1, 105-122 (2011).</li><li>Whitesall, S. E., Hoff, J. B., Vollmer, A. P., D'Alecy, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+simultaneous+measurement+of+mouse+systolic+arterial+blood+pressure+by+radiotelemetry+and+tail-cuff+methods.">Comparison of simultaneous measurement of mouse systolic arterial blood pressure by radiotelemetry and tail-cuff methods.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 286 (6), H2408-H2415 (2004).</li><li>Kurtz, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+blood+pressure+measurement+in+humans+and+experimental+animals.+Part+2:+Blood+pressure+measurement+in+experimental+animals:+a+statement+for+professionals+from+the+subcommittee+of+professional+and+public+education+of+the+American+Heart+Association+council+on+high+blood+pressure+research.">Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 2: Blood pressure measurement in experimental animals: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association council on high blood pressure research.</a> Hypertension. 45 (2), 299-310 (2005).</li><li>Kurtz, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+blood+pressure+measurement+in+animals:+summary+of+an+AHA+scientific+statement+from+the+Council+on+High+Blood+Pressure+Research,+Professional+and+Public+Education+Subcommittee.">Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in animals: summary of an AHA scientific statement from the Council on High Blood Pressure Research, Professional and Public Education Subcommittee.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 25 (3), 478-479 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

植入无线电遥测已经在过去十年显著改善;较小的探针尺寸使得所述植入物为动物创伤小，延长电池寿命有助于降低成本，并独立遥测频率消除接收器之间的串扰。遥测被认为是国家的最先进的方法为自由移动的动物而不使用约束，人际交往，或者麻醉由其他技术8,9所需的相关文物收集的各种生理参数。 然而，他的一些技术的缺点的用仪器和软件的初始成本相关联。?...

高血压是心血管疾病的主要危险因素之一，它无疑是一个重大的公共卫生问题无论是在发达国家和发展中国家1。实验性高血压几种动物模型已经发展到模仿像那些在人体2观察到的高血压反应。其中，门诊鼠标代表了一个很好的模型来研究的起源与高血压，允许在长期暴露于高血压的后果体内分析的进展。 血压（BP）的小鼠监测已经帮助研究人员解开参与生理学和疾病，如高血压和心脏衰竭3,4病理生理学几种机制。事实上，小鼠基因组的操纵允许代转基因或基因靶向模型合适的用于研究高血压5,6。然而，即使是温和的操作清醒小鼠的诱导兴奋，能够在数据采集过程可能引进假象，而使用镇静剂或镇静剂的深刻影响血压7。这些方面是特别重要的，必须在考虑尝试长期血压监测时作出。 有几种方法在小鼠中以记录血压，和目前最常用的技术之间的比较已在别处讨论8,9。然而，对于测量血压的AHA建议的结论是，BP的动脉内测量通常是优选的，因为它们直接测量血压在一段10长时间的能力。加之动脉压的直接测量无线电遥测是监测生理功能清醒和自由活动的实验动物，同时尽量减少压力和环保相关的人为9，11国家的最先进的方法。无线电遥测提供自动收集血压，心脏速率，体温和动物活动来自多个清醒动物的能力。 虽然这种方法已成为很受欢迎，在许多实验室，在小鼠无线电遥测植入可以技术上具有挑战性。这里，我们显示了一步一步的协议，阐释如何植入在小鼠一压力传感器。该技术涉及在小鼠体内的探针的皮下插入，引导导管到颈部并通过左侧颈动脉附近的主动脉弓转发。远程捕获的数据显示活在电脑显示器上。数据也存储为"离线"的分析。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Small animal anesthesia system</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>low-flow small animal anesthesia system</td></tr><tr><td>Pad warmer and mouse termometer</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>allows monitoring body temperature, and homeothermic control in small animals</td></tr><tr><td>Binocular Microscope</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>KSCXTS-1121</td><td>binocular body with boom stand pole and top LED</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostat Forceps</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750451</td><td>used to clamp blood vessels or tag sutures</td></tr><tr><td>Small metal Clips, 7 mm, Stainless Steel</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750344</td><td>used for skin closure</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine solution</td><td>Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT, USA</td><td>NDC-67618-150-01</td><td>10% povidone iodine topical solution</td></tr><tr><td>Normal saline solution</td><td>Abott Laboratories</td><td>04930-04-10</td><td>needed for preventing tissue from drying.</td></tr><tr><td>Nair (Hair remover lotion)</td><td></td><td></td><td>needed for fur removal from the site of incision/surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Braide silk suture</td><td>Teleflex Medical OEM, Coventry, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>Size 5.0, 6.0, 7.0</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td></td><td>2716</td><td>70% ethanol for disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Spring scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>15000-10</td><td>for minor dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors (angled to side)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>14063-011</td><td>No. 3 handle</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blade</td><td></td><td>2976-0</td><td>No. 10</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (curved)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11150-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (straight)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11151-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>12002-12</td><td>for suturing</td></tr><tr><td>Fine needle nose Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Henry Schein&amp;nbsp;Animal Health, Melville, New York, USA</td><td></td><td>a general inhalation anesthetic agent</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilizer</td><td>Benchmark Scientific, 116 Corporate Blvd, South Plainfield, NJ, USA</td><td>B1000</td><td>sterilize surgical tools&amp;nbsp;in 5-10 seconds using infrared heating</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze Pads</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</td><td>JJ8513</td><td>to use for wound cleaning, prepping, scrubbing or dressing</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry Device</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>DSI-PA-C10</td><td>to record blood pressure in freely moving mice</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry receiver system&amp;nbsp; coumpled with a PC</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubing</td><td>Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA USA</td><td>BTPE-90</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vessel Cannulation Forceps, 13 cm, 0.5 mm OD</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>503374</td><td>special vessel cannulation forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue adhesive</td><td>3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>NAC No.:&amp;nbsp;11380041</td><td>use to close minor wounds, often eliminating the need for sutures and/or bandages</td></tr><tr><td>Weighing scale&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>BB300</td><td>precision analytical laboratory balance</td></tr></tbody></table>

long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry

中的新血管活性药物的发展，动脉血压监测是用于评价新提出的药物的功效的关键。事实上，研究集中在新的潜在的治疗靶标使用基因改变的小鼠中发现需要全身动脉压力变化的可靠，长期评估。目前，金标准获得门诊老鼠血压长期测量采用植入无线电发射器，这就需要动脉插管。这种技术消除了对束缚，抑制，或麻醉的数据采样期间引入应力和工件的动物。然而，在经由导管小鼠动脉血压监测可以是相当有挑战性由于动脉的小尺寸。在这里，我们提出一个一步一步的指导，说明了无线电发射器和颈动脉C的成功皮下植入的关键钥匙通道环中的小鼠。我们还包括了一周期手术后恢复的后自由移动小鼠的长期血压活性的实例。根据这一程序将允许同时从多个可靠的动物直接血压记录。

数据可以远程由接收机获取;痕迹显现在电脑屏幕的质量控制（ 图1a）上。细节如动物的ID，舒张压和收缩压也示（ 图1b）。动脉压可连续（24/7）记录，或简称设定的时间间隔（ 即 ，60秒收购每隔一小时）。数据可以被自动存储在硬盘用于以后的分析。平均的从3天的连续记录血压数据示（ 图2），也能够欣赏黑暗和光照周期之?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

自由活动小鼠使用遥测长期血压测量

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

long-term-blood-pressure-measurement-freely-moving-mice-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.7K 次观看.  University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

视频: Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

植入的无线电遥测发射器产生心电图，心率，身体核心温度和自由移动的实验室小鼠的活动上的数据

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

科研

医学

Measuring Blood Pressure in Mice using Volume Pressure Recording, a Tail-cuff Method

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume. A specially designed differential pressure transducer and an occlusion tail-cuff measure the total blood volume in the tail without the need to obtain the individual pulse signal. Special attention is afforded to the length of the occlusion cuff in order to derive the most accurate blood pressure readings. VPR can easily obtain readings on dark-skinned rodents, such as C57BL6 mice and is MRI compatible. The CODA system provides you with measurements of six (6) different blood pressure parameters; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean blood pressure, tail blood flow, and tail blood volume. Measurements can be made on either awake or anesthetized mice or rats. The CODA system includes a controller, laptop computer, software, cuffs, animal holders, infrared warming pads, and an infrared thermometer. There are seven different holder sizes for mice as small as 8 grams to rats as large as 900 grams.

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. This tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume.

使用卷压力记录，一条尾巴袖套法小鼠的血压测量

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA ...

生物学

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. However, due to the small size of the mouse, technical details of the intraoperative monitoring procedure suitable for the mouse were rarely described. Previously we have reported a monitoring procedure to obtain hemodynamic parameters for rats. Now, we adapted the procedure to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters in mice, a species ten-fold smaller than rats. This film demonstrates the instrumentation of the animals as well as the data acquisition process needed to assess systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. Vital parameters, including body temperature, respiratory&#160;rate&#160;and heart&#160;rate were recorded throughout the whole procedure. Systemic hemodynamic parameters consist of carotid artery pressure (CAP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Hepatic perfusion parameters include portal vein pressure (PVP), portal flow rate as well as the flow rate of the common hepatic artery (table 1). Instrumentation and data acquisition to record the normal values was completed within 1.5 h. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters remained within normal ranges during this procedure.
This procedure is challenging but feasible. We have already applied this procedure to assess hepatic hemodynamics in normal mice as well as during 70% partial hepatectomy and in liver lobe clamping experiments. Mean PVP after resection (n= 20), was 11.41&#177;2.94 cmH2O which was significantly higher (P&#60;0.05) than before resection (6.87&#177;2.39 cmH2O). The results of liver lobe clamping experiment indicated that this monitoring procedure is sensitive and suitable for detecting small changes in portal pressure and portal flow rate. In conclusion, this procedure is reliable in the hands of an experienced micro-surgeon but should be limited to experiments where mice are absolutely needed.

This film demonstrates how to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. The whole monitoring includes acquisition of vital parameters, systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, common hepatic artery flow rate, and portal vein pressure as well as the portal flow rate in mice.

全身及肝脏血流动力学参数的监测小鼠

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

宫内遥测来衡量鼠标收缩压力<em&gt;在体内</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

清醒、无拘无束的小鼠静脉输液同时记录肾交感神经活动和血压的新方法。

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Simultaneous Electrocardiography Recording and Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Rats

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. Research focusing on cardiovascular disease models, potential cardiovascular therapeutic targets or pharmaceutical agents requires assessment of systemic arterial pressure and heart rhythm changes. In situations where radio telemetry systems are not available or affordable, the technique of femoral artery cannulation is an alternative way to obtain intra-arterial pressure waveform recordings and systemic BP measurements. This technique is economical and can be performed with standard equipment in animal facilities. However, invasive arterial pressure recording requires cannulation of small arteries, which can be a challenging surgical skill. Here, we present step-by-step protocols for femoral artery cannulation procedures. Key procedures include the calibration of the data acquisition system, tissue dissection and femoral artery cannulation, and setup of the arterial cannulation system for pressure recording. Surface electrocardiography recording procedures are also included. We also present examples of BP recordings from normotensive and hypertensive rats. This protocol allows reliable direct recordings of systemic BP with simultaneous electrocardiography.

Here, we describe a setup for simultaneous recording of electrocardiography and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) in experimental rats, which can be done with standard equipment in animal facilities and can be applied to physiological or pharmacological studies to investigate pathogenic or therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular medicine.

大鼠同时心电图记录及侵入性血压测量

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

植入遥测心电图和血压递质组合以确定意识小鼠的自发压力反射敏感性

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital functions of filtration and metabolism in kidney function. Many acute studies have been carried out in anesthetized animals to measure RBF under various conditions to determine mechanisms responsible for the regulation of kidney perfusion. However, for technical reasons, it has not been possible to measure RBF continuously (24 h/day) in unrestrained unanesthetized rats over prolonged periods. These methods allow the continuous determination of RBF over many weeks while also simultaneously recording blood pressure (BP) with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry). RBF monitoring is carried out with rats placed in a circular servo-controlled rat cage that enables the unrestrained movement of the rat throughout the study. At the same time, the tangling of cables from the flow probe and arterial catheters is prevented. Rats are first instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe placement on the left renal artery and an arterial catheter implanted in the right femoral artery. These are routed subcutaneously to the nape of the neck, and connected to the flowmeter and pressure transducer, respectively, to measure RBF and BP. Following surgical implantation, rats are immediately placed in the cage to recover for at least one week and stabilize the ultrasonic probe recordings. Urine collection is also feasible in this system. The surgical and post-surgical procedures for continuous monitoring are demonstrated in this protocol.

The present protocol describes a long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats and simultaneously recording blood pressure with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry).

意识大鼠肾血流量的长期连续测量

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital ...

Multiple Intravenous Bolus Dosing and Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in a Hypoxia-Induced Mouse Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Model

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, there is no cure for PAH. It is important to discover new compounds that can be used to treat PAH. The mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is a widely used model for PAH research. This model recapitulates human clinical manifestations of PAH Group 3 disease and is an important research tool to evaluate the effectiveness of new experimental therapies for PAH. Research using this model often requires the administration of compounds in mice. For a compound that needs to be given directly into the bloodstream, optimizing intravenous (IV) administration is a key part of the experimental procedures. Ideally, the IV injection system should permit multiple injections over a set time course. Although the mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is very popular in many laboratories, it is technically challenging to perform multiple IV bolus dosing and invasive hemodynamic assessment in this model. In this protocol, we present step-by-step instructions on how to carry out multiple IV bolus dosing via mouse jugular vein and perform arterial and right ventricle catheterization for hemodynamic assessment in mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model.

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure for executing multiple intravenous bolus dose administration and invasive hemodynamic monitoring in mice. Investigators can use this protocol for future therapeutic compound screening for pulmonary artery hypertension.

缺氧诱导小鼠肺动脉高压模型中的多次静脉推注给药和侵入性血流动力学评估

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, ...

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which requires handling the mice, causes stress, and does not provide data on freely behaving mice during the dark cycle. State-of-the-art continuous glucose measurement in mice requires inserting a probe into the aortic arch of the mouse, as well as a specialized telemetry system. This challenging and expensive method has not been adopted by most labs. Here, we present a simple protocol involving the utilization of commercially available continuous glucose monitors used by millions of patients to measure glucose continuously in mice as a part of basic research. The glucose-sensing probe is inserted into the subcutaneous space in the back of the mouse through a small incision to the skin and is held in place tightly using a couple of sutures. The device is sutured to the mouse skin to ensure it remains in place. The device can measure glucose levels for up to 2 weeks and sends the data to a nearby receiver without any need to handle the mice. Scripts for the basic data analysis of glucose levels recorded are provided. This method, from surgery to computational analysis, is cost-effective and potentially very useful in metabolic research.

Here, we describe a simple method to implant a commercial continuous glucose monitor designed for patients onto mice and provide the scripts to analyze the results.

自由移动小鼠的简单连续血糖监测

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which ...