由于戴安娜卡萨-Culaki，克里斯塔尔桑普森和神学Karagiorgis为他们在这个项目上努力工作。

这些实验方案已获得批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会证明所有的主体和程序均符合健康指南护理全国学院和实验动物使用。 1.主题<ol><li>购买和/或品种雄性SD大鼠（260 - 300克）。 </li><li>房子只单独在铁丝网笼子里。保持他们与大鼠饲料和水可随意 12:12小时的光/暗周期。 </li><li>分配适当的样本大小（例如 ，N≈6 - 8）随机分组。 </li></ol> 2.测试仪器和收容程序<ol><li>使用校准的离心管用橡胶塞和一个45°角金属吸管，以提供精确的测量（±0.1毫升）所提出的解决方案。通过拉紧金属弹簧它们固定到饲养笼，以允许校准的能见度。 </li><li>限制粮食配给（〜大鼠的15 /克/天），以减轻重量，以它们的原始体重的85％，以增加动力消耗的解决方案。注:减重应该采取3之间 - 天5。 </li><li>在1小时的会话四天提供0.2％的糖精的训练前溶液（10毫升）以最大化大鼠将与短（少于1分钟）延迟采样随后的测试解决方案的可能性。 </li><li>由溢出几滴确认通过离心管流动。 </li><li>在每次会议结束后称取管获得的摄入量的测量。 </li><li>执行在接收六溶液1子组在第五天的进气试验（10毫升，1小时）:a）水，二）新颖味（0.05％樱桃香料）0.2％糖精，C）8％果糖，D）8 ％葡萄糖，E）为3.5％的玉米油悬浮于0.3％黄原胶，和f）0.3％的黄原胶。 </li><li>确保营养解决方案等热量;因此，3.5％的玉米油浓度等热量至8％的糖溶液。 </li><li>确保日在短的等待时间（小于1分钟）的大鼠的样品溶液。如果这个要求不能满足，则丢弃从研究的课题。 </li></ol> 3.组织准备<ol><li>由最初暴露于每个测试溶液后的戊巴比妥90分钟腹膜内注射麻醉各动物。确认动物被适当地证明该动物不再响应这样的反射，撤退到脚捏，闪烁下的角膜直接压力或摇头来深耳廓刺激麻醉。 </li><li>如前面所述69灌注transcardially每个动物。 <ol><li>麻醉大鼠的戊巴比妥钠（65毫克/千克）的过量，取出肋骨和揭露胸部免费进入心脏69。 </li><li>放置针在左心脏瓣膜的先端，并切断腔静脉。施用接着是磷酸盐缓冲的固定剂共磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS，〜180ml）中ntaining 4％多聚甲醛（〜180毫升）中。 </li><li>确保动物实际被正确地通过检查液体是否正在离开其他腔，如鼻，口，和生殖器区域灌注。注:多聚甲醛适当固定将大肌肉运动陪同。如果这种情况不会发生，直到发生这种反应重新调整针。 </li></ol></li><li>快速通过削减皮毛和皮肤从头骨上卸下从头骨的大脑。用咬骨钳破解，并动起了脑筋，从后到前去除骨头。最初的工作在下面和小脑后面的区域，确保咬骨钳是骨和脑膜软脑膜之间。一旦头骨的顶部和侧面被去除，用小刮刀从底座提起大脑，并剪断颅神经的小剪刀。小心不要损伤大脑在试图消除骨。 </li><li>固定在4％多聚甲醛溶液的大脑在4℃下过夜。放置的大脑中有30％的蔗糖/ 70％PBS中在室温下溶液中，直至它们沉降在容器的底部。 </li><li>阻止脑<ol><li>取出大脑切割横向尾椎嗅球的延髓一部分。 </li><li>取出大脑在小脑和脑桥水平横向切割的尾的部分。 </li></ol></li><li>冠装入大脑与固定在滑动切片机的阶段尾椎部位，切冠状切片（40微米）通过内侧前额叶皮质（2.86 - 2.20毫米喙前囟门），南汽芯和外壳和背侧纹状体（+ 1.76 - 1.60毫米喙前囟门），艾米（-2.12 - -2.92毫米尾鳍前囟）和VTA（-5.20 - -5.60毫米尾鳍前囟）。使用大鼠脑图谱70指导。 </li><li>收集自由浮动切片到充满PBS中，以便最终免疫组织化学分析71 24孔板的各个孔中。用封口膜密封24，我们LL板以确保PBS不会在容器蒸发和干涸大脑。储存在4℃的脑组织。 </li></ol> 4，c-fos程序（从71改编） <ol><li>对待每个部分用5毫升5％正常山羊血清和0.2％的Triton X-100的PBS中1小时。 </li><li>孵育初级抗体处理过的部分（兔抗c-fos和1:5000）4℃36小时在含有1毫升的PBS的孔中。 </li><li>冲洗切片3倍，用PBS（5毫升），每次10分钟。 </li><li>在RT 2小时在含有1毫升的PBS的孔中:;具有第二抗体孵育（200 1生物素化的山羊抗兔）。 </li><li>漂洗，每次10分钟的PBS每个部分3×（5毫升）中。 </li><li>孵育在附带在一个5毫升的PBS Avadin DH（100微升）和生物素化辣根过氧化物酶的H（100微升）构成试剂盒的市售抗生物素蛋白 - 辣根过氧化物酶混合物2小时的漂洗部分。 </li><li>再冲洗部3X的PBS（5ml）中，每次10分钟。 </li><li>反应在0.0015％H 2 O 2的存在下进行5用0.05％二氨基联苯胺（DAB）的章节- 10分钟，这取决于组织在含有5毫升DAB溶液的孔中的反应性。 </li><li>双击标签VTA部分。在PBS（5毫升）在4℃过夜:用酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）抗体（2,000兔抗大鼠TH，1）孵育它们。 </li><li>冲洗切片3倍于PBS（5ml）中，每次10分钟。 </li><li>在室温下在PBS中（5毫升）处理2小时:;具有第二抗体孵育（200 1生物素化的山羊抗兔）。 </li><li>冲洗切片3倍于PBS（5ml）中，每次10分钟。 </li><li>通过使用二次抗体 - 过氧化物酶复合物可视化的抗体。用0.05％DAB的组合，0.3％的硫酸镍溶液进行反应，5 - 10分钟，这取决于组织在含有5毫升的DAB /的NiCl溶液的孔中的反应。 </li><li>确保DAB溶液的颜色是乳白色浅绿色从中用0.3％的硫酸镍的反应。如果溶液是太绿，然后将反应将太暗。 </li><li>安装所有章节到明胶涂层的幻灯片。让他们干通宵，然后盖玻片用甲苯基础的解决方案（TBS）几滴。 </li><li>代码幻灯片，使实验条件是未知的观察员。 </li></ol> 5.测定c-fos的免疫反应计数<ol><li>对分配公正的观察员来算感兴趣这些区域（ROI）的Fos阳性神经元:前度内侧前额叶皮质，infralimbic内侧前额叶皮质，NAC核心，NAC壳，基底核AMY，中央皮质内侧AMY，背侧纹状体和VTA。划定的c-Fos的免疫反应是否存在于TH +和TH-细胞中的VTA。 图1提供了从显微镜NAC的屏幕捕获的图像。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53897/53897fig1.jpg" /> <stroNG&gt;按网格由c-fos计数制成轮廓利益图1伏隔核的代表科（NAC）显示区域。NAC的外壳内侧和腹部发现了NAC的核心。在NAC核心环绕前连合（前通信）。侧脑室（横向通风）的腹侧程度是可见的。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53897/53897fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>在所有的测试条件分析每个通用于所有动物的网站至少有三个有代表性的切片。 </li><li>使用软件并在光学显微镜通过跟踪轮廓（ 图1）以分析每个ROI的整个区域。 <ol><li>对于给定的网站，打开应用程序，并单击收购下拉菜单中，点击"实时图像"。带来的投资回报率成为关注的焦点，并点击屏幕来建立一个参考点。然后TR王牌使用网格作为指导所选择的脑区域。一旦跟踪完成后，细胞计数（步骤5.3.1.1 - 5.3.1.3）。 <ol><li>双击软件图标。转到菜单栏，点击"获取"，然后选择"实时图像"。带来的投资回报率成为关注的焦点，并点击屏幕来建立一个参考点。 </li><li>转到网格工具栏，然后单击"显示网格"和"使用网格标签"。外形与预定的一丝投资回报率。 </li><li>计算所有细胞的每个ROI区域中，在左侧栏选择一个"+"，以保持c-fos的细胞计数。点击每个单元单独注册计数。当一个定义暗红色圆圈观察（ 图1）考虑为阳性的c-fos基因的细胞。 </li></ol></li><li>重复此过程为每个站点。 </li><li>记录在实验室笔记本和电脑供日后分析的计算。转到菜单栏中，单击"文件"，"保存数据文件"保存跟踪和计数。 </li></OL&gt; </li><li>保证两个不知情的评估者的评判间的可靠性（使用计数的相关性），使各ROI每一节总是超过0.8。 </li></ol> 6.统计<ol><li>使用重复测量方差分析的1路分析比较，3天1 2和4 69的糖精摄入量在评估前四天基线糖精摄入量。 </li><li>比较糖精摄入量（第4天），使用一个随机块双因子ANOVA 69的六组试验摄入量（第5天）。 </li><li>使用杜克比较（P &lt;0.05），以确定个人显著影响69。 </li><li>确定评判间的可靠性，然后用普通观察者的计数。 </li><li>平均C-FOS计数为每个站点69的三个有代表性的切片。 <ol><li>执行由六种溶液（3.5％的玉米油，8％的葡萄糖，8％果糖，0.2％调味糖精，XA摄入诱导的c-fos的激活的单因素方差分析对于perilimbic内侧前额叶皮质69 nthan胶控制和水）。 </li><li>六组的infralimbic内侧前额叶皮质，NAC核心，NAC外壳，基底AMY，中央皮质内侧AMY，VTA和背侧纹状体的重复平行分析。使用杜克比较（P &lt;0.05），以显示个别显著影响69。 </li></ol></li><li>比较玉米油的摄入量与饮水量都和进它的悬挂剂，黄原胶。比较取水和非营养性甜味剂，糖精的摄取都果糖和葡萄糖摄入。 </li><li>建立使用邦费罗尼ř相关（P &lt;0.05）是否观察每个站点的溶液摄入和c-fos激活之间显著关系。 <ol><li>比较系统地在perilimbic和infralimbic前额叶皮层的3.5％，玉米油组中的每个动物的c-fos的计数。 </li><li>重复每对六个站点的系统并行分析（VTA，背侧纹状体，infralimBIC内侧前额叶皮质，perilimbic内侧前额叶皮质，NAC核心，NAC外壳，基底AMY，中央皮质内侧AMY）为3.5％，玉米油。 </li><li>重复上述六个站点的系统并行分析其他五个实验条件的摄入量（8％葡萄糖，8％的果糖，0.2％调味糖精，黄原胶控制和水）。 </li></ol></li><li>取的一个事实，即一个溶液条件中的相同动物通过跨解决方案，并使用邦费罗尼每种溶液中确定的c-fos的激活之间显著关系在所有站点评价优点ř相关（P &lt;0.05）。 </li></ol>

作者有没有竞争经济利益。

这项研究的目的是利用细胞的c-fos的技术来确定源（VTA）和前脑投射目标DA奖励相关的神经元（NAC，AMY，内侧前额叶皮质）的脂肪和糖的新型摄入后同时激活大鼠。本研究是此前69发表的一项研究协议的详细描述。据推测，在VTA，其主要投影区域的前度和infralimbic mPFC的，在NAC的核和壳和基底外侧和中央皮质内侧AMY，以及背侧纹状体将充当分布式脑网络24 -27，并显示协调下同时FLI小?...

脑内多巴胺（DA）已通过牵连到可口的糖的摄入量响应中央提出的享乐1,2，努力有关的3和习惯为基础的行动4,5机制。在这些效应牵连主DA通路起源于腹侧被盖区（VTA），和项目到伏隔核（NAC）芯和壳，基底外侧和中央皮质内侧杏仁核（AMY），以及前度和infralimbic内侧前额叶皮层（内侧前额叶皮质）（查看评论6,7）。该VTA有牵连的蔗糖摄入量8,9，和DA释放后观察糖的摄入量在10-15 NAC，AMY 16,17和内侧前额叶皮质18-20。脂肪的摄入量也刺激多巴胺释放的NAC 21，另有丰富DA投影带的背侧纹状体（尾状核）已与DA介导的喂养22,23也被相关。凯利24-27提出，这些多项目该DA介导系统的离子区形成通过广泛而亲密互连28-34集成和交互的分布式网络的大脑。 除了​​DA D1和D2受体拮抗剂来减少糖35-37和脂肪38-40的摄取的能力，DA信令也已牵涉于介导糖和脂肪以产生调节味道偏好（CFP）的能力41- 46。一个DA D1受体拮抗剂进入NAC，AMY或内侧前额叶皮质47-49显微注射消除CFP的收购胃内引起的葡萄糖。而无论是DA D1或D2受体拮抗剂显微注射到内侧前额叶皮质消除收购果糖CFP 50，收购和果糖CFP表达的差异由NAC和AMY 51,52 DA受体拮抗剂阻断。 在c-fos技术53,54已被用来研究神经活化法制由可口的摄入和神经激活ñ诱导。术语"C-fos的激活"，将整个手稿中使用，并且通过增加的c-Fos蛋白的转录神经元去极化期间可操作限定。蔗糖摄取在中央AMY核增加fos的样免疫反应（FLI），所述VTA以及外壳，但不是核心，在NAC 55-57的。而糖水摄取量假喂养大鼠的AMY和NAC显著上升FLI，但不是VTA 58，胃内蔗糖或葡萄糖输注显著的NAC和AMY 59,60中央和基底外侧核增加FLI。重复加入蔗糖至预定食物访问在mPFC的增加FLI以及在NAC壳和芯61。蔗糖浓度降档模式显示，最大的FLI增加发生在基底AMY和NAC，但不是VTA 62。继空调，糖有关的自然雷瓦灭绝RD行为的基底AMY和NAC 63增加FLI。此外，配对糖可用性达到了口气导致口气随后在基底64 AMY增加FLI水平。高脂肪的摄入量也NAC和内侧前额叶皮质部位增加65-67 FLI。 大多数先前引用的研究中单个位点，不提供关于奖赏相关分布式大脑网络24-27的识别信息检测上的c-fos的激活糖和脂肪的效果。此外，许多研究也没有描绘在NAC（核和壳），AMY（基底和中央皮质内侧）和内侧前额叶皮质的子区域的相对贡献（前度和infralimbic）可能潜在的被检查优势出色的空间，在C-FOS映射68个单细胞的决议。我们的实验室69最近使用的c-fos的激活和同时测量改建的VTA DA通路及其亲jection区（NAC，AMY和内侧前额叶皮质）大鼠脂肪和糖的摄入小说之后。本研究描述的程序和方法步骤，同时分析是否急性暴露六个不同的解决方案（玉米油，葡萄糖，果糖，糖精，水和脂肪乳剂控制）在NAC，AMY的子区域将差异激活FLI，内侧前额叶皮质以及背侧纹状体。这种差异同时检测系统允许的每个站点和决心FLI显著效果的确认，是否与相关网站的变化密切相关，从而为分布式网络的脑支持24-27日在一个特定的站点变化。这些经过测试的程序是否VTA中，前度和infralimbic内侧前额叶皮质的NAC的核心和壳，以及基底和中央皮质，内侧AMY）以及背侧纹状体会显示协调，口服后，无条件的摄入同时FLI激活葡萄糖（8％），果糖（8％），玉米油（3.5％）和糖精（0.2％）的解决方案。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sprague-Dawley rats</td><td>Charles River Laboratories</td><td>CD-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wire Mesh Cages</td><td>Lab Products, Seaford, DE</td><td>30-Cage rack</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat Chow</td><td>PMI Nutrition International</td><td>5001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Taut Metal Spring</td><td>Lab Products, Seaford, DE</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat Weighing Scale</td><td>Fisher Scientific Company</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nalgene Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Lab Products, Seaford, DE</td><td>10-0501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber Stopper</td><td>Lab Products, Seaford, DE</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal Sippers</td><td>Lab Products, Seaford, DE</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saccharin</td><td>Sigma Chemical Co</td><td>82385-42-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kool-Aid, Cherry</td><td>Kool-Aid</td><td>Commerical</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kool-Aid, Grape</td><td>Kool-Aid</td><td>Commercial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fructose</td><td>Sigma Chemical Co</td><td>F0127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma Chemical Co</td><td>G8270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corn Oil</td><td>Mazzola</td><td>Commerical</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xanthan Gum</td><td>Sigma Chemical Co</td><td>11138-66-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sliding Microtome</td><td>Microm International</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neurolucida Camera</td><td>MBF Bioscience</td><td>Software application</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelatin-coated Slides</td><td>Fisher Scientific Company</td><td>12-550-343</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cover glass</td><td>Fisher Scientific Company</td><td>12-545-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Golden Nylon Brushes</td><td>Loew-Cornell&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Natural Hair Sable&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Loew-Cornell&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 Well Plates</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>3527</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 Well Plates</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>3506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L Pyrex bottles</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1395-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue insert (tissue strainer)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>7200214</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eagle pipettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>E10 for 1-10&amp;#956;l</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eagle pipettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>E100 for 20-100&amp;#956;l</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eagle pipettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>E200 for 50-200&amp;#956;l</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eagle pipettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>E1000 for 100-1000&amp;#956;l</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eagle pipettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>E5000 for 1000-5000&amp;#956;l&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Tips .1-10 &amp;#956;l</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>500192</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Tips 5-200 &amp;#956;l</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>500194</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Tips 500-5,000 &amp;#956;l</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>500198</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blade Vibroslice 100</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>BLADE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPX Mounting Medium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Electron Microscopy&amp;nbsp;</td><td>13510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml centrifuge tubes</td><td>Biologix Research Co.</td><td>10-0501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slide Boxes</td><td>Biologix Research Co.</td><td>41-6100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orbital Shaker&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Madell Corporation&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ZD-9556</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>weigh boats&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-202-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml disposable pipettes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-711-5AM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereo Investigator Software</td><td>Micro Bright Field</td><td>Software application</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde Granular</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>19210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Phophate Monobasic</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S468-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Phosphate Diphasic</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP332-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen Peroxide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H324-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SafeClear II&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>23-044-192</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A412-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Normal Goat Serum</td><td>Vector</td><td>S-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td><td>Vector</td><td>BA-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ABC Kit Peroxidase Standard</td><td>Vector</td><td>PK-4000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-cFos (Ab-5) Rabbit</td><td>EMD chem/Cal Biochem</td><td>PC38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X 100</td><td>SigmaAldrich</td><td>X-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3,3&#039; diaminobenzidine tetra hydrochloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SigmaAldrich</td><td>D5905</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>SigmaAldrich</td><td>5881</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Primary TH anti body</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>AB152</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Euthosol</td><td>Virbac AH</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

simultaneous detection of c-fos activation from mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine reward sites following naive sugar and fat ingestion in rats

本研究采用细胞的c-fos的激活来评估脂肪和糖对大鼠脑内多巴胺（DA）的新途径摄入的影响。糖和脂肪摄入量是由他们天生的景点，以及了解到的喜好调节。脑多巴胺，特别是内消旋 - 边缘和从腹侧被盖区（VTA）内消旋 - 皮质突起，已经牵涉在这两个未学习并了解到响应。分布式脑网络，其中的几个位点和发射机/肽系统交互的概念，已提出​​调解适口食物摄入量，但有证据有限经验证明这种行动。因此，糖的摄入引起从个体VTA多巴胺投影区，包括伏隔核（NAC），杏仁核（AMY）DA释放和增加的c-fos的样免疫反应（FLI）和内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC的）以及背侧纹状体。此外，选择性多巴胺受体拮抗剂的集中管理到这些网站Ş差异减少糖类和脂肪引起的空调味的喜好采集和表达。一种方法，借以确定这些网站是否响应糖或脂肪摄入互动作为分布式脑网络将同时评估是否对VTA及其主要mesotelencephalic DA投影区域（前度和伏隔核的infralimbic内侧前额叶皮质，核和壳，基底外侧和中央皮质，内侧AMY）以及背侧纹状体会显示协调，口服后，无条件的摄入玉米油（3.5％），葡萄糖（8％），果糖（8％）和糖精的同时FLI激活（0.2 ％）的解决方案。这种方法在鉴别同时使用到相关的大脑部位细胞的c-fos的激活，研究中啮齿类动物的可口食物摄取奖励有关学习的可行性了成功的第一步。

下面描述的所有代表性结果先前已发表​​69，并在此处重新提出支持"概念验证"中指示的技术的有效性。 解决方案摄入量 在基线糖精摄入显著差异观察到在第一四天所有动物（F（3108）= 57.27，P &lt;0.001）与摄入量（第1天:1.3（±0.2）毫升;第2天:3.9（±0.4）毫升;第3天:5.9（±0.6）毫升;第4天:7.1（±0.6）毫?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

这项研究的目的是通过使用蜂窝的c-fos的激活来测量大鼠的脂肪和糖新颖摄入后多巴胺途径和终端站点同步变化划定一个可靠免疫组织学技术，以确定奖励相关的分布式脑网络。

从脑边缘和Mesocortical多巴胺奖赏网站继朴素的糖和脂肪摄入大鼠c-fos激活的同时检测

This study uses cellular c-fos activation to assess effects of novel ingestion of fat and sugar on brain dopamine (DA) pathways in rats. Intakes of sugars ...

simultaneous-detection-c-fos-activation-from-mesolimbic-mesocortical

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.0K 次观看.  CUNY, New York, NY. 这项研究的目的是通过使用蜂窝的c-fos的激活来测量大鼠的脂肪和糖新颖摄入后多巴胺途径和终端站点同步变化划定一个可靠免疫组织学技术，以确定奖励相关的分布式脑网络。 

视频: Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

科研

行为学

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

Examination of Rapid Dopamine Dynamics with Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry During Intra-oral Tastant Administration in Awake Rats

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique with high spatial and temporal (sub-second) resolution that has been utilized to examine phasic DA release in several types of preparations. In vitro experiments in single-cells and brain slices and in vivo experiments in anesthetized rodents have been used to identify mechanisms that mediate dopamine release and uptake under normal conditions and in disease models. Over the last 20 years, in vivo FSCV experiments in awake, freely moving rodents have also provided insight of dopaminergic mechanisms in reward processing and reward learning. One major advantage of the awake, freely moving preparation is the ability to examine rapid DA fluctuations that are time-locked to specific behavioral events or to reward or cue presentation. However, one limitation of combined behavior and voltammetry experiments is the difficulty of dissociating DA effects that are specific to primary rewarding or aversive stimuli from co-occurring DA fluctuations that mediate reward-directed or other motor behaviors. Here, we describe a combined method using in vivo FSCV and intra-oral infusion in an awake rat to directly investigate DA responses to oral tastants. In these experiments, oral tastants are infused directly to the palate of the rat &#8211; bypassing reward-directed behavior and voluntary drinking behavior &#8211; allowing for direct examination of DA responses to tastant stimuli.

Rapid fluctuations in extracellular dopamine (DA) mediate both reward processing and motivated behavior in mammals. This manuscript describes the combined use of fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and intra-oral tastant administration to determine how tastants alter rapid dopamine release in awake, freely moving rats.

考试多巴胺快速与动态快速扫描循环伏安法在口内呈味物质管理清醒大鼠

Rapid, phasic dopamine (DA) release in the mammalian brain plays a critical role in reward processing, reinforcement learning, and motivational control. ...

Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice

Foods that are rich in fat and sugar significantly contribute to over-eating and escalating rates of obesity. The consumption of palatable foods can produce a rewarding effect that strengthens action-outcome associations and reinforces future behavior directed at obtaining these foods. Increasing evidence that the rewarding effects of energy-dense foods play a profound role in overeating and the development of obesity has heightened interest in studying the genes, molecules and neural circuitry that modulate food reward1,2. The rewarding impact of different stimuli can be studied by measuring the willingness to work to obtain them, such as in operant conditioning tasks3. Operant models of food reward measure acquired and voluntary behavioral responses that are directed at obtaining food. A commonly used measure of reward strength is an operant procedure known as the progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement.4,5 In the PR task, the subject is required to make an increasing number of operant responses for each successive reward. The pioneering study of Hodos (1961) demonstrated that the number of responses made to obtain the last reward, termed the breakpoint, serves as an index of reward strength4. While operant procedures that measure changes in response rate alone cannot separate changes in reward strength from alterations in performance capacity, the breakpoint derived from the PR schedule is a well-validated measure of the rewarding effects of food. The PR task has been used extensively to assess the rewarding impact of drugs of abuse and food in rats (e.g.,6-8), but to a lesser extent in mice9. The increased use of genetically engineered mice and diet-induced obese mouse models has heightened demands for behavioral measures of food reward in mice. In the present article we detail the materials and procedures used to train mice to respond (lever-press) for a high-fat and high-sugar food pellets on a PR schedule of reinforcement. We show that breakpoint response thresholds increase following acute food deprivation and decrease with peripheral administration of the anorectic hormone leptin and thereby validate the use of this food-operant paradigm in mice.

The present report details the protocol employed to measure the rewarding effects of high-fat food in mice using a progressive ratio operant conditioning task.

累进比率响应小鼠可口的高脂肪和高糖食品

Foods that are rich in fat and sugar significantly contribute to over-eating and escalating rates of obesity. The consumption of palatable foods can ...

神经科学

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and Gene Expression Analysis of Fos-expressing Neurons from Fresh and Frozen Rat Brain Tissue

The study of neuroplasticity and molecular alterations in learned behaviors is switching from the study of whole brain regions to the study of specific sets of sparsely distributed activated neurons called neuronal ensembles that mediate learned associations. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) has recently been optimized for adult rat brain tissue and allowed isolation of activated neurons using antibodies against the neuronal marker NeuN and Fos protein, a marker of strongly activated neurons. Until now, Fos-expressing neurons and other cell types were isolated from fresh tissue, which entailed long processing days and allowed very limited numbers of brain samples to be assessed after lengthy and complex behavioral procedures. Here we found that yields of Fos-expressing neurons and Fos mRNA from dorsal striatum were similar between freshly dissected tissue and tissue frozen at -80 &#186;C for 3 - 21 days. In addition, we confirmed the phenotype of the NeuN-positive and NeuN-negative sorted cells by assessing gene expression of neuronal (NeuN), astrocytic (GFAP), oligodendrocytic (Oligo2) and microgial (Iba1) markers, which indicates that frozen tissue can also be used for FACS isolation of glial cell types. Overall, it is possible to collect, dissect and freeze brain tissue for multiple FACS sessions. This maximizes the amount of data obtained from valuable animal subjects that have often undergone long and complex behavioral procedures.

Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting FACS and Gene Expression Analysis of Fos-expressing Neurons from Fresh and Frozen Rat Brain Tissue

Here we present a Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) protocol to study molecular alterations in Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles from both fresh and frozen brain tissue. The use of frozen tissue allows FACS isolation of many brain areas over multiple sessions to maximize the use of valuable animal subjects.

荧光活化细胞分选（FACS）和新鲜和冷冻大鼠脑组织的Fos表达神经元基因表达分析

The study of neuroplasticity and molecular alterations in learned behaviors is switching from the study of whole brain regions to the study of specific ...

Body Composition and Metabolic Caging Analysis in High Fat Fed Mice

Alterations to body composition (fat or lean mass), metabolic parameters such as whole-body oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization, and behaviors such as food intake and physical activity can provide important information regarding the underlying mechanisms of disease. Given the importance of body composition and metabolism to the development of obesity and its subsequent sequelae, it is necessary to make accurate measures of these parameters in the pre-clinical research setting. Advances in technology over the past few decades have made it possible to derive these measures in rodent models in a non-invasive and longitudinal fashion. Consequently, these metabolic measures have proven useful when assessing the response of genetic manipulations (for example knockout or transgenic mice, viral knock-down or overexpression of genes), experimental drug/compound screening and dietary, behavioral or physical activity interventions. Herein, we describe the protocols used to measure body composition and metabolic parameters using an animal monitoring system in chow-fed and high fat diet-fed mice.

This protocol describes the use of a body composition analyzer and metabolic animal monitoring system to characterize body composition and metabolic parameters in mice. An obesity model induced by high-fat feeding is used as an example for the application of these techniques.

高脂喂养小鼠体内成分及代谢锁定分析

Alterations to body composition (fat or lean mass), metabolic parameters such as whole-body oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and substrate ...

医学

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Obesity is rapidly increasing in incidence in developed and developing countries and is known to induce or exacerbate many diseases.&#160;The health burden of obesity and its comorbid conditions highlight the need for better understanding of its pathogenesis, yet ethical constraints limit studies in humans. To this end externally valid models of obesity in laboratory animals are essential for the understanding of being overweight and obesity.&#160;While many species have been used to model the range of changes that accompany obesity in humans, rodents are most commonly used. Our laboratory has developed a western-style cafeteria diet that consistently leads to considerable weight gain and markers of metabolic disease in rodents. The diet exposes rodents to a variety of highly palatable foods to induce hyperphagia, modeling the modern western food environment. This diet rapidly induces weight gain and body fat accumulation in rats allowing for the study of effects of overeating and obesity. While the cafeteria diet may not provide the same control over macronutrient and micronutrient profile as purified high-fat or high-fat, high-sugar diets, the cafeteria diet typically induces a more severe metabolic phenotype than that observed with purified diets and is more in line with metabolic disturbances observed in the overweight and obese human population.

This protocol describes the use of a highly palatable, western-style cafeteria diet to model overeating and obesity in rodents. Here, we provide a detailed outline of food selection, preparation and measurement, and explain methodological factors that assist in generating a robust and reproducible phenotype.

美味的西式自助餐厅饮食作为模拟啮齿动物饮食诱发肥胖症的可靠方法

Obesity is rapidly increasing in incidence in developed and developing countries and is known to induce or exacerbate many diseases.&#160;The health ...

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System

The prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders are rising worldwide, affecting about 322 million individuals, underlining the need for behavioral studies in animal models. In this protocol, to study depression-like and anhedonic behavior in rats, the established sucrose preference and novelty-induced hypophagia tests are combined with an automated food and liquid intake monitoring system. Prior to testing, in the sucrose preference paradigm, male rats are trained for at least 2 days to consume a sucrose solution in addition to tap water. During the test, rats are again exposed to water and sucrose solution. Consumption is registered every second by the automated system. The ratio of sucrose to total water intake (sucrose preference ratio) is a surrogate parameter for anhedonia. In the novelty-induced hypophagia test, male rats undergo a training period in which they are exposed to a palatable snack. During training, rodents show a stable baseline snack intake. On test day, the animals are transferred from home cages into a fresh, empty cage representing a novel unknown environment with access to the known palatable snack. The automated system records the total intake and its underlying microstructure (e.g., latency to approaching the snack), providing insight into anhedonic and anxious behaviors. The combination of these paradigms with an automated measuring system provides more detailed information, along with higher accuracy by reducing measuring errors. However, the tests use surrogate parameters and only depict depression and anhedonia in an indirect manner.

Presented here is a protocol to study depression-like and anhedonic behavior in rats. It combines two well-established behavioral methods, the sucrose preference and novelty-induced hypophagia tests, with an automated food and liquid intake monitoring system, to indirectly investigate rodent behavior using surrogate parameters.

使用自动食物摄入量监测系统对大鼠的蔗糖偏好和新奇诱导性低吞咽测试

The prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders are rising worldwide, affecting about 322 million individuals, underlining the need for behavioral ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用​​的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;和<em&gt;离体</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

从脑边缘和Mesocortical多巴胺奖赏网站继朴素的糖和脂肪摄入大鼠c-fos激活的同时检测

摘要

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一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

考试多巴胺快速与动态快速扫描循环伏安法在口内呈味物质管理清醒大鼠

累进比率响应小鼠可口的高脂肪和高糖食品

荧光活化细胞分选（FACS）和新鲜和冷冻大鼠脑组织的Fos表达神经元基因表达分析

高脂喂养小鼠体内成分及代谢锁定分析

美味的西式自助餐厅饮食作为模拟啮齿动物饮食诱发肥胖症的可靠方法

使用自动食物摄入量监测系统对大鼠的蔗糖偏好和新奇诱导性低吞咽测试

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记

从脑边缘和Mesocortical多巴胺奖赏网站继朴素的糖和脂肪摄入大鼠c-fos激活的同时检测

摘要

探索更多视频

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

考试多巴胺快速与动态快速扫描循环伏安法在口内呈味物质管理清醒大鼠

累进比率响应小鼠可口的高脂肪和高糖食品

荧光活化细胞分选（FACS）和新鲜和冷冻大鼠脑组织的Fos表达神经元基因表达分析

高脂喂养小鼠体内成分及代谢锁定分析

美味的西式自助餐厅饮食作为模拟啮齿动物饮食诱发肥胖症的可靠方法

使用自动食物摄入量监测系统对大鼠的蔗糖偏好和新奇诱导性低吞咽测试

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用​​的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记