We thank Timothy F. Sharbel (IPK Gatersleben) for providing Boechera divaricarpa seeds and Sharon Kessler (University of Oklahoma) for critical reading and proofreading. Work on cell type-specific transcriptome analyses to study gametophyte development and apomixis in UG&#180;s laboratory is supported by the University of Z&#252;rich, by a fellowship of the "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft" and the Marie Curie project IDEAGENA to AS, by grants from the "Staatssekretariat f&#252;r Bildung und Forschung" in the framework of COST action FA0903 (to UG and AS) and the Swiss National Foundation (to UG).

注:本协议描述的组织准备，激光辅助显微解剖，并转录谱RNA提取。始终使用手套整个协议的所有步骤。研究和考虑所使用的每种化学品的安全说明。特别是，要记住，二甲苯是有害的，并且可以穿透手套和甲醇是有毒的。对于所使用的所有工具，请相应参考用户手册。 1.玻璃制品及其他设备拆除RNase活性<ol><li>在使用之前，包裹在铝箔任何玻璃器皿在180℃烘烤〜8小时，以确保无RNA酶的质量之前。 </li><li>治疗任何金属表面（ 例如，镊子），以及在工作台上，并用适当的RNA酶去污溶液加热板。此后，洗净表面用无RNase水以去除净化解决方案。接着，用70％乙醇进一步清洗的表面上。 </li><li>使用所有纤溶酶抽动消耗品（如管）全新的无任何预处理。如果可能，使用塑料耗材经过认证可以自由地RNA酶。 </li></ol> 2.组织固定<ol><li>在冰上新鲜15ml试管:;:准备10毫升农民的固定液（乙酸3 V / V乙醇1）。 （总是准备使用前新鲜农民的固定液）。作为一种替代方案中，非交 ​​联固定剂乙醇:乙酸（5:1;体积/体积）可以使用18。 </li><li>用细镊子在感兴趣的发育阶段收集芽。立即淹没在冰冷的固定液芽。使用10毫升固定液为固定〜来自拟南芥或Boechera 20芽或花注意 :当使用具有较大的花的植物品种时，建议解剖用刀片的花之前定影产生更小的碎片。 <ol><li>为了获得成熟的配子体，阉割了2 - 3大花inflor芽escence在收获之前2天。 </li></ol></li><li>填用冰冷的干燥器中的底部。打开装有样本， 例如，花管，并将它们放置在冰上，通过直接将它们放入冰的方式，它们不能翻倒或通过使用适当的保持器。真空渗透了以释放真空之前15分钟。 <ol><li>重复真空渗入一次15分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>释放在冰上真空和存储过夜（〜12小时）。覆盖冰桶用盖或铝箔，并在4℃的室温或冰箱铲斗存储，以防止从解冻冰。注意:不建议延长固定时间。 </li></ol> 3.组织包埋，薄切片，并在幻灯片安装了LAM <ol><li>组织包埋。 <ol><li>交换固定液用纯乙醇和无RNA酶的水配制70％的乙醇。留在冰样品，直到进一步的处理。启动EMBE样品的dding同一天。在任何情况下，组织加工机可用，进行手工嵌入其他地方所描述9,11和继续执行步骤3.1.11。 </li><li>轻轻的样品用镊子转移到组织包埋盒中。关紧磁带。关键的一步:在此步骤避免样品甚至局部干燥。避免与镊子样的挤压。 注意:要标记铅笔应使用的磁带盒，最好由磁带盒的倾斜表面上书写。 </li><li>存储装入70％的乙醇的芽或花，直到所有材料被转移到盒和嵌入机器可装载的包埋盒。为了这个目的，可使用填充有70％的乙醇的玻璃染色槽。 </li><li>从机器的蒸馏除去组织处理器的筐和嵌入盒具有面向上方的倾斜面，并在相同的方向转移到篮。 CRI蒂卡尔步骤:快速执行此，以防止组织任何干燥。如果同时处理许多包埋盒，将篮子到装载样品之前填充有70％的乙醇的适当无RNA酶的容器中。 </li><li>放在篮子盖子，把篮子放回反驳。关闭反驳。 注:组织处理器自动脱水样品，改变溶剂二甲苯，并不会融化的石蜡渗透。通常，这是过夜进行。 </li><li>启动组织处理器的程序。推荐的标准设置为1小时70％乙醇，三次1小时90％EtOH中，三次1小时100％EtOH中，两次1小时100％二甲苯，一时间1小时15分钟100％二甲苯在室温下，随后的渗透用石蜡1小时，并在56℃下11一次3小时两次。 注:为了确保阻塞站愿与融化的蜡，开关在机器上几个小时开始之前或使用定时器功能选择的近似起始时间。 注意:如果该组织不能被随后立即在56℃下进行处理，在石蜡更长的温育时间在56℃下是可能的，而不是3小时。参阅仪器的用户手册。通常情况下，直到"空反驳"命令批准了组织中的磁带会自动停留在熔化的蜡。如果在启动组织处理器当蜡不熔化，蒸馏填充有70％的乙醇和程序保持搁置，直到准备好开始。 </li><li>空蒸馏，并立即将样品在56℃的阻挡站转移到石蜡浴。从篮下取下盖子，盖上了井盖，封锁站的石蜡浴。 </li><li>阻挡台的表面上堆一样多的新鲜平衡塔板加热至56℃，因为有在篮子盒。 注:耐乙醇永久性标记可使用d，来标记平衡托盘的底部。不推荐使用耐丙酮永久性标记。 </li><li>在56℃下使用的阻塞台，充满熔融石蜡一个预热新鲜塑料平衡托盘。抬起石蜡浴的盖，只在一个时间拾起一个盒和使用一对镊子的在平衡盘在56℃下从所述盒转移样品到液体石蜡。 关键的一步:避免周围的样品，同时通过快速处理工作卡带蜡中的任何硬化。 <ol><li>根据使用的制剂针蜡的硬化前的需要的所有样本的位置。典型地，几个花卉布置在平衡盘在每个方向分别隔开约1厘米。 </li><li>重复步骤3.1.9，直到所有样品转移。 </li></ol></li><li>放置筐回组织处理器并使用适当的程序（请参考用户手册）清洁反驳。 </li><li>关闭组织的处理器和拦截站。步骤3.1.13继续。 </li><li>万一没有组织浸润机和没有嵌入站是可用的，可使用加热烘箱中在56℃以熔化石蜡。在板凳上，填补了塑料托盘的平衡熔化的蜡，样品转移到蜡，并用准备针定位样品。 </li><li>允许石蜡在室温下为〜1变硬 - 在4℃下储存样品之前3小时。样品随后可以新鲜处理或贮存长达几个月。 </li></ol></li><li>薄切片和幻灯片的LAM的制备。 <ol><li>一盏灯表从下面照亮蜡块，删除与从周围的塑料托盘样本的石蜡。解剖出包含组织中的平方蜡块， 例如 ，一芽一叶或花，用无RNA酶的刀片。为此目的，总是定向朝向蜡块顶部的样本（也见<str翁&gt;图1）。 <ol><li>准备应在同一时间被用于LAM所有样品的蜡块。 </li></ol></li><li>安装块来处理嵌入填充有硬化石蜡盒:使用乙醇灯熔体上的适当刮刀的前端的小片或石蜡的液滴，并使用热蜡固定在载体上的块（​​带有包埋组织在上面）。 <ol><li>使蜡在4℃下固化至少20分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>删除多余的蜡与周围的光台刀片样品。请一定要保持一个正方形表面平行边（ 见图1）。 </li><li>设置在加热板至42℃。 </li><li>安全地装入样本以切片机和制备6 - 10微米厚的切片。指制造商的说明使用切片机。注:虽然较薄部分通常会给出更好的结构的分辨率，更大的解释第1条RNA的量ř质量可以与厚的部分来获得。对于Boechera的细胞成熟配子体，我们使用7微米为默认值。移动相当缓慢的样品在切片刀通常会导致更好的组织学。 </li><li> 15cm宽黑色纸板在底部LAM幻灯片定位在他们面前成为一个塑料盒 - 始终在10左右的长度转移石蜡丝带。 </li><li>如果可能的话，预选择包含细胞或组织类型的兴趣， 例如，胚珠石蜡条的部分，下一个解剖-范围并丢弃其余部分。 </li></ol></li><li>幻灯片为LAM的制备。 <ol><li>放置的金属框架的滑动所需要的量（一般为5 - 10）上的加热板顶部的平的表面。 </li><li>吸管〜1 - 2毫升无RNA酶的水的上滑动的塑料部分。使用刀片，切石蜡带约4小品 - 5厘米足够长，以跨越塑钢窗。 ü瑟镊子和制备针对理想地放置相互平行的石蜡条上滑动的塑料窗户。小心地提起滑盖一端，除去水，并把幻灯片回来。 <ol><li>或者，将加热板下的化学罩。适用的甲醇的体积小到滑动刚好足以润湿表面的塑料部分（这可能会导致该幻灯片的一个轻微的波纹）。广场上的幻灯片石蜡条。 注意:对于毒性的原因，避免使用甲醇如果可能的话。然而，在这个步骤中使用的甲醇中确实改善了RNA的质量的情况下，由安装在水达到的质量是不够的。这是值得测试这些替代品的一个新项目的启动，为实现RNA的质量与被调查细胞类型和品种而异。 </li></ol></li><li>过夜在加热板上干燥载玻片在42℃〜12小时。覆盖与加热板塑料盖不触及幻灯片。确保该塑料盖不会阻止空气交换。到这一目的，盖子可以放在吸管盒或类似被提升。 <ol><li>可替代地，缩短干燥时间，以至少两小时或直至组织出现完全干燥。时间从切片到收集的减少可能会提高RNA的质量。 </li></ol></li><li>在化学罩，脱腊幻灯片2次二甲苯中10分钟，使用适当的幻灯片持有人。确保完全淹没每张幻灯片的塑料部分，但仅通过触摸保持干燥金属框架的更广泛的结束，让去除幻灯片。 </li><li>允许的幻灯片之前，林化工引擎盖下干燥〜10分钟。 注意:幻灯片不立即处理可以在42℃下被放置回加热板与组织朝上长达几个小时。这将防止湿气影响RNA的质量，直到进一步的处理。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.激光辅助显微切割（LAM） 注意:LAM的程序将与所使用的仪器而变化。这个协议的某些细节适于特定仪器和收集上的盖利用静电力的样品的技术。另外，细节可能甚至不同版本的软件的之间变化。请参照制造商的说明书和用户手册进行了详细的描述和对仪器和软件的具体说明。 <ol><li>开关设备上的LAM（电脑，显微镜，激光控制箱）。 </li><li>启动程序转向显微镜和激光。 </li><li>通过按下控制箱上的相应的按键开关上的激光。 </li><li>放置一个盖子（0.5毫升，而不扩散器）插入盖支架和它在仪器的位置。 </li><li>支持与显微镜载玻片上LAM幻灯片。确保与滑动的平坦表面连接组织面临的搏命。 </li><li>将在下面的载玻片仪器的幻灯片。 </li><li>选择4X目标。在节目中，选择要盖移动到"向上"位置，并继续使幻灯片的扫描。 </li><li>搜索通过幻灯片，并确定感兴趣的结构。确定并保存在幻灯片上它们的位置，以便能够移动回到用于切割步骤的确切位置。 </li><li>选择适当的目标（ 如 40X 60X或）。 </li><li>如果需要的话，调整激光速度，焦点和激光功率，并且还通过参照器械的用户手动校准阶段移动。一旦一个帐户设置为感兴趣的特定组织中，设置可以被重复使用。 </li><li>验证通过按程序的"激光照射"按钮，理想地在膜的无组织的一部分的单杆激光位置。 <ol><li>如果需要，按照日校准激光位置Ë制造商的仪器说明书。 </li></ol></li><li>通过移动一个明显的结构，以在监视器上的软件窗口的全部四个角，保持按下鼠标按钮验证目标的校准。检查相对于明显的结构的手的位置是在所有四个角相同。否则，校准后的软件手册中的目标。 </li><li>凭借在"向下"的位置盖，用"手钢笔"工具标记细胞类型或感兴趣的组织， 例如，卵细胞的边界。按&#39;一刀切&#39;解剖与激光感兴趣的细胞。注意:如果单元格的边框不是一次完全解剖通常情况下，切片需要重复。在这种情况下，建议设置软件自动执行部分作为标准的两个重复。 </li><li>抬起盖并移动到与感兴趣的结构中下一个储存位置。重复步骤4.13该过程，直到从一个幻灯片的所有感兴趣的细胞被收集到解剖下一个单元的部分。确保帽被定位的方式，新的第坚持在盖的空位置。 注:建议以分离较大块的组织（ 例如，全花或部分段）从单细胞段上的新鲜帽隔离之后的每个滑动。这些可用于RNA的质量控制。 </li><li>删除幻灯片，重复步骤4.4继续下一个幻灯片 - 4.9和4.13至4.14。 </li><li>重复步骤4.15和有关步骤，直到细胞类型的所有幻灯片的兴趣已经分离。注意:不建议收获超过〜4个长 - 在同一个帽5小时。 </li><li>目视检查瓶盖表面LAM后排除样品的非特异性污染。同时非解剖组织与该箔的保护，灰尘可以粘到表面因静电附着力。 <ol><li> ŧØ目视检查盖，取出从仪器的幻灯片。将罩架在"向下"的位置，并用4X客观检查面。 </li><li>万一尘土小块是可见的，具有小的（2微升）枪头删除它们。可替代地，安装在滑动背面上的仪器，放置在幻灯片（无组织）的自由部分的帽，以及使用该激光器完全破坏污染。 </li></ol></li><li>关闭帽和冷冻干燥的部分在-80°C，直到进一步使用。如果需要的话，可将样品存储长达数周。但是，建议在这一步很快进行。 </li></ol> 5. RNA分离及质量控制注意:RNA可通过适合于少量的RNA的任何方法来分离。在这个协议中的使用为少量RNA的指定的RNA分离试剂盒的说明。按照制造商的说明。 <ol><li>使用管与连接到样品盖子直接或从-80℃取出后。 <ol><li>打开管并小心地吸取11微升提取缓冲液使用过滤嘴每个管的壁。更改样本之间的秘诀。 </li><li>盖上盖子并摇动提取缓冲液至管的盖子。 </li><li>放置与帽管向下在预热至42℃的加热烘箱中。孵育按照制造商的指示30分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>遵循制造商的说明列制备，并在管的底部收集提取物。 <ol><li>如果从一个以上的帽材料需要被组合成一个样本，进行与步骤5.1.1 - 5.1.2单独为每个管/盖。 </li><li>此后，汇集的萃取一个样品在一个管并加入EtOH中的等效量的事先测量汇集提取物用移液管量（见生产商的说明）。 </li><li>确保的Et的量OH加入前装入柱等于合并提取物的体积。 </li><li>用EtOH RNA沉淀之后，快速进行下列制造商的说明中列的负载。继续与100 XG离心步骤的协议。 </li><li>后的各收集管中的内容已通过该柱，进行16,000 xg离心离心步骤，持续30秒，以除去流过下列制造商的说明。 </li><li>具有下列制造商的说明提取RNA和纯化继续。 </li><li>洗脱缓冲液的柱的装载后允许柱孵育1分钟。继续到管放置按照制造商的说明中的说明离心机。注意:在洗脱前先100 xg离心1分钟的离心分离步骤如在协议指示可以增加洗脱的效率。 </li></ol></li><li>从续提取RNAROLS（较大的组织切片）进行RNA质量控制以下步骤5.1本协议5.2.7。 </li><li>用于RNA质量控制负载1μl的使用RNA微微芯片按照制造商的说明，在生物分析仪各对照样品的未稀释的总RNA。 注意:提取的RNA可用于线性放大和使用微阵列或RNA测序7,11,13,14转录组分析。理想情况下，质量控制应指示的RNA完整性数（RIN）的至少7.一些供应商提供用于扩增合适的试剂盒，合适的例子是在9给出。 </li></ol>

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<li>Schmidt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Apomictic+and+sexual+germline+development+differ+with+respect+to+cell+cycle%2C+transcriptional%2C+hormonal+and+epigenetic+regulation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLOS+GENET%22%5BJournal%5D)">Apomictic and sexual germline development differ with respect to cell cycle, transcriptional, hormonal and epigenetic regulation.</a> PLOS GENET. 10, e1004476(2014).</li>
<li>Okada, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Enlarging+cells+initiating+apomixis+in+Hieractium+praealtum+transition+to+an+embryo+sac+program+prior+to+entering+mitosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Enlarging cells initiating apomixis in Hieractium praealtum transition to an embryo sac program prior to entering mitosis.</a> Plant Physiol. 163, 216-231 (2013).</li>
<li>Wuest, S. E., Grossniklaus, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Laser-assisted+microdissection+applied+to+floral+tissues%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Laser-assisted microdissection applied to floral tissues.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1110, 329-344 (2014).</li>
<li>Wuest, S. E., Schmid, M. W., Grossniklaus, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cell-specific+expression+profiling+of+rare+cell+types+as+exemplified+by+its+impact+on+our+understanding+of+female+gametophyte+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Opin+Plant+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cell-specific expression profiling of rare cell types as exemplified by its impact on our understanding of female gametophyte development.</a> Curr Opin Plant Biol. 16 (1), 41-49 (2013).</li>
<li>Wuest, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Arabidopsis+female+gametophyte+gene+expression+map+reveals+similarities+between+plant+and+animal+gametes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Arabidopsis female gametophyte gene expression map reveals similarities between plant and animal gametes.</a> Curr Biol. 20, 1-7 (2010).</li>
<li>Cai, S., Lashbrook, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Laser+capture+microdissection+of+plant+cells+from+tape-transferred+paraffin+sections+promotes+recovery+of+structurally+intact+RNA+for+global+gene+profiling%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">Laser capture microdissection of plant cells from tape-transferred paraffin sections promotes recovery of structurally intact RNA for global gene profiling.</a> Plant J. 48 (4), 628-637 (2006).</li>
<li>Schmidt, A., Wuest, S. E., Vijverberg, K., Baroux, C., Kleen, D., Grossniklaus, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Transcriptome+analysis+of+the+Arabidopsis+megaspore+mother+cell+uncovers+the+importance+of+RNA+helicases+for+plant+germ+line+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLOS+BIOL%22%5BJournal%5D)">Transcriptome analysis of the Arabidopsis megaspore mother cell uncovers the importance of RNA helicases for plant germ line development.</a> PLOS BIOL. 9, e1001155(2011).</li>
<li>Schmid, M. W., Schmidt, A., Klostermeier, U. C., Barann, M., Rosenstiel, P., Grossniklaus, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+powerful+method+for+transcriptional+profiling+of+specific+cell+types+in+eukaryotes%3A+laser-assisted+microdissection+and+RNA+sequencing%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLOS+ONE%22%5BJournal%5D)">A powerful method for transcriptional profiling of specific cell types in eukaryotes: laser-assisted microdissection and RNA sequencing.</a> PLOS ONE. 7, e29685(2012).</li>
<li>Mau, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hybrid+apomicts+trapped+in+the+ecological+niches+of+their+sexual+ancestors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci.U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hybrid apomicts trapped in the ecological niches of their sexual ancestors.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci.U S A. 112 (18), 2357-2365 (2015).</li>
<li>Aliyu, O. M., Seifert, M., Corral, J. M., Fuchs, J., Sharbel, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Copy+number+variation+in+transcriptionally+active+regions+of+sexual+and+apomictic+Boechera.+demonstrates+independently+derived+apomictic+lineages%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Copy number variation in transcriptionally active regions of sexual and apomictic Boechera. demonstrates independently derived apomictic lineages.</a> Plant Cell. 25 (10), 3808-3823 (2013).</li>
<li>Corral, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+conserved+apomixis-specific+polymorphism+is+correlated+with+exclusive+exonuclease+expression+in+premeiotic+ovules+of+apomictic+boechera+species%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A conserved apomixis-specific polymorphism is correlated with exclusive exonuclease expression in premeiotic ovules of apomictic boechera species.</a> Plant Physiol. 163 (4), 1660-1672 (2013).</li>
<li>Deeken, R., Ache, P., Kajahn, I., Klinkenberg, J., Bringmann, G., Hedrich, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identification+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana.+phloem+RNAs+provides+a+search+criterion+for+phloem-based+transcripts+hidden+in+complex+datasets+of+microarray+experiments%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identification of Arabidopsis thaliana. phloem RNAs provides a search criterion for phloem-based transcripts hidden in complex datasets of microarray experiments.</a> Plant J. 55, 746-775 (2008).</li>
<li>Schmid, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Genome+Scale+Quantitative+Biology+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana%22">Genome Scale Quantitative Biology in Arabidopsis thaliana</a>. , University of Zürich. PhD Thesis 40-104 (2015).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

该协议适用于不同的细胞和组织类型 林与转录结合由微阵列或分析RNA测序是洞察基因活性的调节发育或生理过程7-11,13,14特定模式的有价值的工具。然而，该方法对于任何给定细胞类型的适宜性是极其依赖于结构问题。细胞必须清晰可见，并用于LAM干节明确识别。在Boechera divaricarpa，配子体的形态允许易于识别的卵细胞（ 图2，图3）。?...

在组织水平进行转录的研究，高度专业化但罕见的细胞类型的转录由更丰富周围细胞通常掩蔽。对于这样的高度特化的细胞类型的例子是在植物中女性生殖谱系（种系）的细胞。女性生殖正在开发胚珠中指定的，种子的前身花1,2的雌蕊内。的大孢子母细胞（MMC）是女性生殖系的第一个单元。它经过减数分裂形成大孢子减少了四分。通常情况下，只有这些大孢子的一个生存和有丝分裂不分裂细胞分裂， 即在一个合胞体。这些有丝分裂之后是细胞化以形成成熟配子体，其典型地包括四个细胞类型:三级antipodals，二助细胞，卵，和中央细胞。鸡蛋和中央细胞是获得由两个精子细胞中斗受精雌配子BLE受精以产生显影种子1,2的胚和胚乳。在性模型系统拟南芥中，只有约50种子每花发展而大约50 - 80种子每花发展密切相关的属Boechera。因此，女性生殖系仅由少数高度特化的细胞类型的，使得它的极好的模型来研究发育过程，诸如细胞说明书和分化。 此外，见解执政植物繁殖的基因调控过程中可以应用的价值。在植物中，可能会出现通过种子（无融合生殖）两种性与无性繁殖。而有性生殖群体中产生遗传多样性，无融合生殖导致形成克隆的后代是遗传上相同母株。因此，无融合生殖对农业和种子生产应用中的巨大潜力，因为即使是复杂的孕产妇的基因型几代3,4,5维持不变。因为无融合生殖不天然存在于任何主要作物物种，无融合生殖的作物的工程是极大的兴趣3,4,5。然而，这个长期目标是难以实现的，因为无融合生殖的潜在的遗传和分子基础是不足够详细6理解。 要深入了解转录的基础上使用激光辅助显微切割（LAM）和下一代测序（NGS）治无融合生殖繁衍，细胞类型特异性转录谱是一个非常有效的方法7,8。 LAM已先行建立了动物和生物医学研究。在过去的几年中一直LAM也被应用到植物生物学6,9,10。在与其它的方法使单个细胞和组织类型的分析，林不需要的标记线6,9,10的产生。因此，它可以是应用谎称，恕不另行分子知识的任何细胞或组织类型。林的另一个优点是，它可以使用，只要适用于任何类型的细胞作为细胞可以在干燥部分基于位置和/或结构特征进行识别。林具有附加的优点，即使用固定的组织，以防止在加工过程中的转录轮廓的变化。 的兴趣， 例如，花组织的组织，在石蜡包埋之前固定在非交联固定剂。在石蜡包埋可以手动完成，以下建立的协议9,11。然而，对于脱水和渗透的使用自动化组织处理器的与蜡通常导致更高的再现性在RNA的质量和组织形态的保护方面。包埋在树脂组织的替代策略也已成功地由LAM 8用于细胞类型特异性的分析。然而，使用一个奥波的在蜡包埋组织ated处理器是非常有效的时间，因为许多样品可在一次需要动手的时间最少的处理。而RNA的质量通常不显著损失固定和嵌入过程中发生，用切片机薄片的制备，尤其，安装在用于林的frameslides仍然是RNA的质量的保存的关键步骤。此以前已注意到与使用的磁带传送系统的被描述为导致更好的RNA的质量在此步骤12。然而，这增加了制备该幻灯片的期间额外耗时的步骤，也需要特殊的设备。下面所描述的优化的协议可重复产生的RNA是足够的质量与基因芯片和新一代测序（NGS）接近7,11,13,14转录谱。此外，与所使用的激光显微切割显微镜，分离的细胞类型的高纯度是击溃inely生产7,11,13,14。 属Boechera是研究无融合生殖的关键步骤一个很好的模型系统。在Boechera，各种不同的性和无融合生殖种质的已经确定，并可以用于比较分析15,16,17。在细胞的细胞类型特异性转录的从阴种系免受性拟南芥和无融合生殖Boechera的比较，我们鉴定的基因和途径被差异表达，从而鉴定调节过程的新的方面理事无融合生殖7。此外，本研究证实林的细胞类型特异性的转录小和稀有细胞类型分析的适用性。我们已经使用该协议为不同的细胞类型中的各种植物物种的分析，但物种和组织特异性的修改的协议可能在某些情况下是需要的。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>VWR</td><td>1,009,861,000</td><td>absolute EMPROVE Ph Eur,BP,USP</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml falcon centrifuge tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>62406-200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2100 Bioanalyzer</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2939AA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid</td><td>Applichem</td><td>A3686,2500</td><td>100% Molecular biology grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ambion Nuclease free water</td><td>life technologies</td><td>AM9932</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ASP200 S</td><td>Leica</td><td>14048043624</td><td>tissue processor&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>black cardboard</td><td></td><td></td><td>can be purchased in special paper shops</td></tr><tr><td>DNA- and RNAse-free Frame Slides</td><td>Micro Dissect GmbH</td><td></td><td>1, 4 &amp;micro;m PET-membrane; can also be purchased from Leica</td></tr><tr><td>Dumond Forceps</td><td>Actimed</td><td>0208-5SPSF-PS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ethanol lamp</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>exsiccator</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z354074-1EA</td><td>Nalgene Vaccuum Dessicator or similar equipment</td></tr><tr><td>filter tips 10&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;l</td><td>Axon Lab AG</td><td>AL60010</td><td>can be replaced by similar tips</td></tr><tr><td>filter tips 1,000&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;l</td><td>Axon Lab AG</td><td>AL60010</td><td>can be replaced by similar tips</td></tr><tr><td>filter tips 20&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;l</td><td>Axon Lab AG</td><td>AL60020</td><td>can be replaced by similar tips</td></tr><tr><td>filter tips 200&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;l</td><td>Axon Lab AG</td><td>AL60200</td><td>can be replaced by similar tips</td></tr><tr><td>forceps precision</td><td>VWE</td><td>232-1221</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glass slide holder</td><td>Huber &amp;amp; Co.AG</td><td>10.0540.01</td><td>F&amp;auml;rbek&amp;auml;sten nach Hellendahl</td></tr><tr><td>glass staining trough</td><td>Huber &amp;amp; Co.AG</td><td>10.0570.01</td><td>F&amp;auml;rbekasten</td></tr><tr><td>Heated Paraffin Embedding Module Leica</td><td>Leica</td><td>Leica EG 1150 H</td><td>blocking station, similar devises are suitable</td></tr><tr><td>Heating and Drying Table</td><td>Medax</td><td>15501</td><td>other models and/or suppliers are suitable</td></tr><tr><td>ice bucket</td><td>VWR ice bucket with lid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>10146-184</td><td>similar buckets equally suitable</td></tr><tr><td>light table</td><td>UVP An Analytical Jena Company</td><td>TW-26&amp;nbsp;</td><td>white light transluminator</td></tr><tr><td>microscope slide</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>10143562CE</td><td>cut edges</td></tr><tr><td>microtome blade</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>FEAHS35</td><td>S35 microtome blade disposable</td></tr><tr><td>MMI Cell Cut Plus Instrument</td><td>MMI (Molecular Machines and Industries)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-stick, RNAse free Microfuge tubes, 2 ml</td><td>life technologies</td><td>AM12475</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraplast X-TRA</td><td>Roth</td><td>X882.2</td><td>for histology</td></tr><tr><td>PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit</td><td>life technologies</td><td>KIT0204</td><td>Arcturus PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit</td></tr><tr><td>plastic balancing trays</td><td>Semadeni AG</td><td>2513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plastic box</td><td>Semadeni AG</td><td>2971</td><td>Plastikdose PS</td></tr><tr><td>plastic lid for heating plate</td><td></td><td></td><td>homemade</td></tr><tr><td>preparation needle</td><td>VWR</td><td>631-7159</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNA 6000 Pico Kit</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5067-1513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAse free microfuge tubes</td><td>life technologies</td><td>AM12400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAse ZAP Decontamination Solution</td><td>life technologies</td><td>AM9780</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Semi-automated Rotary Microtome&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Leica</td><td>RM2245</td><td>similar devices are equally suitable</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Loc Histo Screen Cassettes</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>C-1000_AQ</td><td>similar cassettes of other suppliers are suitable</td></tr><tr><td>Tubes with adhesive lid, without diffusor 500 &amp;micro;l&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MMI (Molecular Machines and Industries)</td><td>50204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylol (Isomere) ROTIPURAN</td><td>VWR</td><td>4436.2</td><td>min. 99%, p.a., ACS, ISO SP</td></tr><tr><td>process embedding cassettes</td><td>Leica</td><td>14039440000</td><td>Leica Jet Cassette I without lid</td></tr><tr><td>Universal Oven</td><td>Memmert</td><td>UF55</td><td>other models and/or suppliers are suitable</td></tr></tbody></table>

laser-assisted microdissection (lam) as a tool for transcriptional profiling of individual cell types

The understanding of developmental processes at the molecular level requires insights into transcriptional regulation, and thus the transcriptome, at the level of individual cell types. While the methods described here are generally applicable to a wide range of species and cell types, our research focuses on plant reproduction. Plant cultivation and seed production is of crucial importance for human and animal nutrition. A detailed understanding of the regulatory networks that govern the formation of the reproductive lineage (germline) and ultimately of seeds is a precondition for the targeted manipulation of plant reproduction. In particular, the engineering of apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) into crop plants promises great improvements, as it leads to the formation of clonal seeds that are genetically identical to the mother plant. Consequently, the cell types of the female germline are of major importance for the understanding and engineering of apomixis. However, as the corresponding cells are deeply embedded within the floral tissues, they are very difficult to access for experimental analyses, including cell-type specific transcriptomics. To overcome this limitation, sections of individual cells can be isolated by laser-assisted microdissection (LAM). While LAM in combination with transcriptional profiling allows the identification of genes and pathways active in any cell type with high specificity, establishing a suitable protocol can be challenging. Specifically, the quality of RNA obtained after LAM can be compromised, especially when small, single cells are targeted. To circumvent this problem, we have established a workflow for LAM that reproducibly results in high RNA quality that is well suitable for transcriptomics, as exemplified here by the isolation of cells of the female germline in apomictic Boechera. In this protocol, procedures are described for tissue preparation and LAM, also with regard to RNA extraction and quality control.

样品制备和LAM在连续的步骤完成 需要一些连续的步骤来制备的RNA用于通过林（ 图1）从选择的细胞类型的转录分析。此与花和直接固定在收获开始，以确保RNA群保持收获后保持不变。将组织包埋，切片，并固定在载玻片上。这允许细胞LAM和细胞类型特异性区段上的一个或多个盖（ 图1）汇...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser-assisted Microdissection LAM as a Tool for Transcriptional Profiling of Individual Cell Types at JoVE.com

Laser-assisted Microdissection LAM as a Tool for Transcriptional Profiling of Individual Cell Types

激光辅助显微切割（LAM）作为个体细胞类型的转录谱的工具

Here we present a protocol for laser-assisted microdissection of specific plant cell types for transcriptional profiling. While the protocol is suitable for different species and cell types, the focus is on highly inaccessible cells of the female germline important for sexual and apomictic reproduction in the crucifer genus Boechera.

The understanding of developmental processes at the molecular level requires insights into transcriptional regulation, and thus the transcriptome, at the ...

laser-assisted-microdissection-lam-as-tool-for-transcriptional

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Laser-assisted Microdissection (LAM) as a Tool for Transcriptional Profiling of Individual Cell Types

9.3K 次观看.  University of Zürich & Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center. Here we present a protocol for laser-assisted microdissection of specific plant cell types for transcriptional profiling. While the protocol is suitable for different species and cell types, the focus is on highly inaccessible cells of the female germline important for sexual and apomictic reproduction in the crucifer genus Boechera. 

视频: Laser-assisted Microdissection LAM as a Tool for Transcriptional Profiling of Individual Cell Types

Transcriptome Analysis of Single Cells

Many gene expression analysis techniques rely on material isolated from heterogeneous populations of cells from tissue homogenates or cells in culture.1,2,3 In the case of the brain, regions such as the hippocampus contain a complex arrangement of different cell types, each with distinct mRNA profiles. The ability to harvest single cells allows for a more in depth investigation into the molecular differences between and within cell populations. We describe a simple and rapid method for harvesting cells for further processing. Pipettes often used in electrophysiology are utilized to isolate (using aspiration) a cell of interest and conveniently deposit it into an Eppendorf tube for further processing with any number of molecular biology techniques. Our protocol can be modified for the harvest of dendrites from cell culture or even individual cells from acute slices.
We also describe the aRNA amplification method as a major downstream application of single cell isolations. This method was developed previously by our lab as an alternative to other gene expression analysis techniques such as reverse-transcription or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).4,5,6,7,8 This technique provides for linear amplification of the polyadenylated RNA beginning with only femtograms of material and resulting in microgram amounts of antisense RNA. The linearly amplified material provides a more accurate estimation than PCR exponential amplification of the relative abundance of components of the transcriptome of the isolated cell. The basic procedure consists of two rounds of amplification. Briefly, a T7 RNA polymerase promoter site is incorporated into double stranded cDNA created from the mRNA transcripts. An overnight in vitro transcription (IVT) reaction is then performed in which T7 RNA polymerase produces many antisense transcripts from the double stranded cDNA. The second round repeats this process but with some technical differences since the starting material is antisense RNA. It is standard to repeat the second round, resulting in three rounds of amplification. Often, the third round in vitro transcription reaction is performed using biotinylated nucleoside triphosphates so that the antisense RNA produced can be hybridized and detected on a microarray.7,8

In this article we describe a simple method for the harvesting of single cells from rat primary neuronal cultures and subsequent transcriptome analysis using aRNA amplification. This approach is generalizable to any cell type.

单细胞的转录组学分析

Many gene expression analysis techniques rely on material isolated from heterogeneous populations of cells from tissue homogenates or cells in ...

科研

神经科学

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of the breadth of molecular regulation. Newer approaches such as high-resolution RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)1 provides new and expansive information about tissue- or state-specific expression such as relative transcript levels, alternative splicing, and micro RNAs2-4. Prospects for employing the RNA-Seq method in comparative whole transcriptome profiling5 within discrete tissues or between phenotypically distinct groups of individuals affords new avenues for elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in both normal and abnormal physiological states. Recently, whole transcriptome profiling has been performed on human brain tissue, identifying gene expression differences associated with disease progression6. However, the use of next-generation sequencing has yet to be more widely integrated into mammalian studies.
Gene expression studies in mouse models have reported distinct profiles within various brain nuclei using laser capture microscopy (LCM) for sample excision7,8. While LCM affords sample collection with single-cell and discrete brain region precision, the relatively low total RNA yields from the LCM approach can be prohibitive to RNA-Seq and other profiling approaches in mouse brain tissues and may require sub-optimal sample amplification steps. Here, a protocol is presented for microdissection and total RNA extraction from discrete mouse brain regions. Set-diameter tissue corers are used to isolate 13 tissues from 750-&mu;m serial coronal sections of an individual mouse brain. Tissue micropunch samples are immediately frozen and archived. Total RNA is obtained from the samples using magnetic bead-enabled total RNA isolation technology. Resulting RNA samples have adequate yield and quality for use in downstream expression profiling. This microdissection strategy provides a viable option to existing sample collection strategies for obtaining total RNA from discrete brain regions, opening possibilities for new gene expression discoveries.

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling  |

RNA expression profiling of discrete mouse brain regions requires a precise and repeatable tissue collection strategy. A protocol that uses both coronal brain sectioning and tissue corer-assisted microdissection is described here. The yield and quality of total RNA obtained from the resulting samples confirms the utility of the outlined method.

总RNA的分离和下游下一代测序和基因表达谱的非激光捕获显微切割离散小鼠脑地区显微镜方法

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of ...

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence

Profound transcriptional heterogeneity in anatomically adjacent single cells suggests that robust tissue functionality may be achieved by cellular phenotype diversity. Single-cell experiments investigating the network dynamics of biological systems demonstrate cellular and tissue responses to various conditions at biologically meaningful resolution. Herein, we explain our methods for gathering single cells from anatomically specific locations and accurately measuring a subset of their gene expression profiles. We combine laser capture microdissection (LCM) with microfluidic reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR). We also use this microfluidic RT-qPCR platform to measure the microbial abundance of gut contents.

This protocol explains how to collect single neurons, microglia, and astrocytes from the central nucleus of the amygdala with high accuracy and anatomic specificity using laser capture microdissection. Additionally, we explain our use of microfluidic RT-qPCR to measure a subset of the transcriptome of these cells.

将激光捕获微切片和微流体qPCR相结合，分析单细胞的转录曲线:阿片类药物依赖的系统生物学方法

Profound transcriptional heterogeneity in anatomically adjacent single cells suggests that robust tissue functionality may be achieved by cellular ...

遗传学

Laser Capture Microdissection of Enriched Populations of Neurons or Single Neurons for Gene Expression Analysis After Traumatic Brain Injury

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that is critical for learning, memory and executive function.1,2 Hence our studies focus on gene expression analysis of specific neuronal populations in distinct subregions of the hippocampus. The technique of laser capture microdissection (LCM), introduced in 1996 by Emmert-Buck, et al.,3 has allowed for significant advances in gene expression analysis of single cells and enriched populations of cells from heterogeneous tissues such as the mammalian brain that contains thousands of functional cell types.4 We use LCM and a well established rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of TBI. Following fluid-percussion TBI, brains are removed at pre-determined times post-injury, immediately frozen on dry ice, and prepared for sectioning in a cryostat. The rat brains can be embedded in OCT and sectioned immediately, or stored several months at -80 &deg;C before sectioning for laser capture microdissection. Additionally, we use LCM to study the effects of TBI on circadian rhythms. For this, we capture neurons from the suprachiasmatic nuclei that contain the master clock of the mammalian brain. Here, we demonstrate the use of LCM to obtain single identified neurons (injured and degenerating, Fluoro-Jade-positive, or uninjured, Fluoro-Jade-negative) and enriched populations of hippocampal neurons for subsequent gene expression analysis by real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays. These LCM-enabled studies have revealed that the selective vulnerability of anatomically distinct regions of the rat hippocampus are reflected in the different gene expression profiles of different populations of neurons obtained by LCM from these distinct regions. The results from our single-cell studies, where we compare the transcriptional profiles of dying and adjacent surviving hippocampal neurons, suggest the existence of a cell survival rheostat that regulates cell death and survival after TBI.

We describe how to use laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain enriched populations of hippocampal neurons or single neurons from frozen sections of the injured rat brain for subsequent gene expression analysis using quantitative real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays.

激光捕获显微切割的丰富种群的创伤性脑损伤后神经元或单个神经元的基因表达分析

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Mouse Embryonic Cartilage and Bone for Gene Expression Analysis

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool to isolate specific cell types or regions of interest from heterogeneous tissues. The cellular and molecular complexity of skeletal elements increases with development. Tissue heterogeneity, such as at the interface of cartilaginous and osseous elements with each other or with surrounding tissues, is one obstacle to the study of developing cartilage and bone. Our protocol provides a rapid method of tissue processing and isolation of cartilage and bone that yields high quality RNA for gene expression analysis. Fresh frozen tissues of mouse embryos are sectioned and brief cresyl violet staining is used to visualize cartilage and bone with colors distinct from surrounding tissues. Slides are then rapidly dehydrated, and cartilage and bone are isolated subsequently by LCM. The minimization of exposure to aqueous solutions during this process maintains RNA integrity. Mouse Meckel&rsquo;s cartilage and mandibular bone at E16.5 were successfully collected and gene expression analysis showed differential expression of marker genes for osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. High quality RNA was also isolated from a range of tissues and embryonic ages. This protocol details sample preparation for LCM including cryoembedding, sectioning, staining and dehydrating fresh frozen tissues, and precise isolation of cartilage and bone by LCM resulting in high quality RNA for transcriptomic analysis.

This protocol describes laser capture microdissection for the isolation of cartilage and bone from fresh frozen sections of the mouse embryo. Cartilage and bone can be rapidly visualized by cresyl violet staining and collected precisely to yield high quality RNA for transcriptomic analysis.

用于基因表达分析的小鼠胚胎软骨和骨骼的激光捕获微分

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool to isolate specific cell types or regions of interest from heterogeneous tissues. The cellular and ...

发育生物学

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

Heterogeneous nature of tissues has proven to be a limiting factor in the amount of information that can be generated from biological samples, compromising downstream analyses. Considering the complex and dynamic cellular associations existing within many tissues, in order to recapitulate the in vivo interactions thorough molecular analysis one must be able to analyze specific cell populations within their native context. Laser-mediated microdissection can achieve this goal, allowing unambiguous identification and successful harvest of cells of interest under direct microscopic visualization while maintaining molecular integrity. We have applied this technology to analyse gene expression within defined areas of the developing Drosophila wing disc, which represents an advantageous model system to study growth control, cell differentiation and organogenesis. Larval imaginal discs are precociously subdivided into anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral compartments by lineage restriction boundaries. Making use of the inducible GAL4-UAS binary expression system, each of these compartments can be specifically labelled in transgenic flies expressing an UAS-GFP transgene under the control of the appropriate GAL4-driver construct. In the transgenic discs, gene expression profiling of discrete subsets of cells can precisely be determined after laser-mediated microdissection, using the fluorescent GFP signal to guide laser cut. 
Among the variety of downstream applications, we focused on RNA transcript profiling after localised RNA interference (RNAi). With the advent of RNAi technology, GFP labelling can be coupled with localised knockdown of a given gene, allowing to determinate the transcriptional response of a discrete cell population to the specific gene silencing. To validate this approach, we dissected equivalent areas of the disc from the posterior (labelled by GFP expression), and the anterior (unlabelled) compartment upon regional silencing in the P compartment of an otherwise ubiquitously expressed gene. RNA was extracted from microdissected silenced and unsilenced areas and comparative gene expression profiling determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. We show that this method can effectively be applied for accurate transcriptomics of subsets of cells within the Drosophila imaginal discs. Indeed, while massive disc preparation as source of RNA generally assumes cell homogeneity, it is well known that transcriptional expression can vary greatly within these structures in consequence of positional information. Using localized fluorescent GFP signal to guide laser cut, more accurate transcriptional analyses can be performed and profitably applied to disparate applications, including transcript profiling of distinct cell lineages within their native context.

Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc

Laser microdissection was applied to analyse gene expression profiling in specific compartments of Drosophila wing disc subjected to localised RNAi in vivo. RNA extracted from equivalent areas of silenced and unsilenced compartments was analysed by quantitative RT-PCR to determine comparative gene expression profiling within the context of native tissue microecology.

激光显微切割的从细胞的一个子集基因表达分析中的应用果蝇永光盘

Heterogeneous nature of tissues has proven to be a limiting factor in the amount of information that can be generated from biological samples, ...

生物学

Laser Capture Microdissection - A Demonstration of the Isolation of Individual Dopamine Neurons and the Entire Ventral Tegmental Area

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue sections on a microscope slide. When combined with immunohistochemistry, LCM can be used to isolate individual cells types based on a specific protein marker. Here, the LCM technique is described for collecting a specific population of dopamine neurons directly labeled with&#160;tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and for isolation of the dopamine neuron containing region of the ventral tegmental area using indirect tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on a section adjacent to those used for LCM. An infrared (IR) capture laser is used to both dissect individual neurons as well as the ventral tegmental area off glass slides and onto an LCM cap for analysis. Complete dehydration of the tissue with 100% ethanol and xylene is critical. The combination of the IR capture laser and the ultraviolet (UV) cutting laser is used to isolate individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area when using PEN membrane slides. A PEN membrane slide has significant advantages over a glass slide as it offers better consistency in capturing and collecting cells, is faster collecting large pieces of tissue, is less reliant on dehydration and results in complete removal of the tissue from the slide. Although removal of large areas of tissue from a glass slide is feasible, it is considerably more time consuming and frequently leaves some residual tissue behind. Data shown here demonstrate that RNA of sufficient quantity and quality can be obtained using these procedures for quantitative PCR measurements. Although RNA and DNA are the most commonly isolated molecules from tissue and cells collected with LCM, isolation and measurement of microRNA, protein and epigenetic changes in DNA can also benefit from the enhanced anatomical and cellular resolution obtained using LCM.

The isolation of individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area with direct or indirect immunohistochemistry is demonstrated using laser capture microdissection. Parameters for isolation of tissue from a glass slide using an infrared laser and from membrane slides using the combination of an infrared and ultraviolet laser are discussed.

激光捕获显微切割 - 个人多巴胺神经元的分离和整个腹侧被盖区的示范

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

Laser-capture Microdissection of Human Prostatic Epithelium for RNA Analysis

The prostate gland contains a heterogeneous milieu of stromal, epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cell types. Healthy prostate is comprised of fibromuscular stroma surrounding discrete epithelial-lined secretory lumens and a very small population of immune and neuroendocrine cells. In contrast, areas of prostate cancer have increased dysplastic luminal epithelium with greatly reduced or absent stromal population. Given the profound difference between stromal and epithelial cell types, it is imperative to separate the cell types for any type of downstream molecular analysis. Despite this knowledge, the bulk of gene expression studies compare benign prostate to cancer without micro-dissection, leading to stromal bias in the benign samples. Laser-capture micro-dissection (LCM) is an effective method to physically separate different cell types from a specimen section. The goal of this protocol is to show that RNA can be successfully isolated from LCM-collected human prostatic epithelium and used for downstream gene expression studies such as RT-qPCR and RNAseq.

The goal of this protocol is to use laser-capture micro-dissection as an effective method to isolate pure populations of cell types from heterogeneous prostate tissues for downstream RNA analysis.

人类前列腺上皮的激光捕获显微切割的RNA分析

The prostate gland contains a heterogeneous milieu of stromal, epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cell types.  Healthy prostate is comprised of ...

医学

RNA Isolation from Cell Specific Subpopulations Using Laser-capture Microdissection Combined with Rapid Immunolabeling

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) allows the isolation of specific cells from thin tissue sections with high spatial resolution. Effective LCM requires precise identification of cells subpopulations from a heterogeneous tissue. Identification of cells of interest for LCM is usually based on morphological criteria or on fluorescent protein reporters. The combination of LCM and rapid immunolabeling offers an alternative and efficient means to visualize specific cell types and to isolate them from surrounding tissue. High-quality RNA can then be extracted from a pure cell population and further processed for downstream applications, including RNA-sequencing, microarray or qRT-PCR. This approach has been previously performed and briefly described in few publications. The goal of this article is to illustrate how to perform rapid immunolabeling of a cell population while keeping RNA integrity, and how to isolate these specific cells using LCM. Herein, we illustrated this multi-step procedure by immunolabeling and capturing dopaminergic cells in brain tissue from one-day-old mice. We highlight key critical steps that deserve special consideration. This protocol can be adapted to a variety of tissues and cells of interest. Researchers from different fields will likely benefit from the demonstration of this approach.

Gene expression analysis of a subset of cells in a specific tissue represents a major challenge. This article describes how to isolate high-quality total RNA from a specific cell population by combining a rapid immunolabeling method with laser capture microdissection.

从细胞亚群特异性RNA提取使用激光捕获显微切割加上快速的免疫标记

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) allows the isolation of specific cells from thin tissue sections with high spatial resolution. Effective LCM requires ...

Laser Microdissection for Species-Agnostic Single-Tissue Applications

Single-cell methodologies have revolutionized the analysis of the transcriptomes of specific cell types. However, they often require species-specific genetic &#34;toolkits,&#34; such as promoters driving tissue-specific expression of fluorescent proteins. Further, protocols that disrupt tissues to isolate individual cells remove cells from their native environment (e.g., signaling from neighbors) and may result in stress responses or other differences from native gene expression states. In the present protocol, laser microdissection (LMD) is optimized to isolate individual nematode tail tips for the study of gene expression during male tail tip morphogenesis.
LMD allows the isolation of a portion of the animal without the need for cellular disruption or species-specific toolkits and is thus applicable to any species. Subsequently, single-cell RNA-seq library preparation protocols such as CEL-Seq2 can be applied to LMD-isolated single tissues and analyzed using standard pipelines, given that a well-annotated genome or transcriptome is available for the species. Such data can be used to establish how conserved or different the transcriptomes are that underlie the development of that tissue in different species.
Limitations include the ability to cut out the tissue of interest and the sample size. A power analysis shows that as few as 70 tail tips per condition are required for 80% power. Tight synchronization of development is needed to obtain this number of animals at the same developmental stage. Thus, a method to synchronize animals at 1 h intervals is also described.

A protocol is described that uses laser microdissection to isolate individual nematode tissues for RNA-sequencing. The protocol does not require species-specific genetic toolkits, allowing gene expression profiles to be compared between different species at the level of single-tissue samples.

激光显微切割，用于与物种无关的单组织应用

Single-cell methodologies have revolutionized the analysis of the transcriptomes of specific cell types. However, they often require species-specific ...