由卫生部（NIH）资助EY-10834的美国国家研究院资助。

注:协议说明使用一个程序，它允许一个选择的图像，然后使用由不同的下拉菜单选择的选项适应它们。 1.选择图像适应<ol><li>点击图片和浏览图像的文件名的工作。观察上左窗格中的原始图像。 </li></ol> 2.指定激励和观察<ol><li>单击"格式"菜单来选择如何表示的图像和观察者。 </li><li>点击"标准观察者"选项标准或平均观察者适应特定的颜色分布模型。在这种情况下，使用标准方程来的图像的RGB值转换为锥体灵敏度32。 </li><li>点击"个人观察者"选项，以特定观测的光谱灵敏度模型。因为这些敏感性是波长相关的，该程序CON绿党通过使用标准的或测得的发射光谱用于显示图像分成枪光谱的RGB值。 </li><li>点击"自然光谱"选项，在世界上接近实际的光谱。此选项通过使用标准的基础函数33或高斯光谱34以近似为图像颜色的相应的频谱的RGB值转换为频谱，例如。 </li></ol> 3.选择适用条件<ol><li>适应是同一个观测到不同的环境（ 例如 ，森林与城市景观的颜色），或不同的观察员在相同的环境（ 例如 ，正常对色盲的观察者）。 <ol><li>在前一种情况下，使用菜单来选择环境。在后者中，使用菜单来定义观察者的灵敏度。 </li></ol></li><li>要设置的环境中，选择"引用"和"测试" ENVIR从下拉菜单中onments。这些通过加载不同的环境机制响应适应控制的两种不同的状态。 <ol><li>选择"引用"菜单来控制启动环境。这是主题适合于在观看原始图像的环境。 注:显示已预先计算不同环境的选择。这些是从色域的图像的不同集合的测量得出。例如，一个应用程序研究了如何颜色感知可能与季节的变化而变化，通过使用在不同时间27从同一位置所采取校准图像。另一项研究，探索适应如何可能在不同的位置会影响颜色知觉，通过采样不同的场景类别29的图像所代表的位置。 </li><li>选择"用户自定义"的环境中加载的值自定义环境。 OBSERVE一个窗口浏览并选择一个特定的文件。创建这些文件为独立的图像，显​​示要包括在每个图像（如步骤1），然后点击"保存图像应答"按钮。 注意:这将显示一个窗口，在其中可以创建或附加到Excel文件存储到每个图像的响应。要创建一个新的文件，输入文件名，或浏览现有的文件。对于现有文件，将当前图像的响应添加到所有图像的响应自动取平均值。选择具有"用户定义的"选项文件时，这些平均值是参考环境输入。 </li><li>选择"测试"菜单访问环境的列表的图像进行调整。选择"当前图像"选项，使用该机制的反应所显示的图像。 注:此选项假定受试者正在适应颜色当前正在观看的形象。否则，选择T的一个他预先计算环境或"用户自定义"选项加载测试环境。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.选择观测的光谱灵敏度注:对于不同的环境的适应效应，观察者通常会保持恒定，并且被设置为默认的"标准观察者"与平均光谱灵敏度。有3个菜单，用于设置一个单独的光谱灵敏度，其控制筛分颜料或观察者的光谱灵敏度的量。 <ol><li>点击"镜头"菜单上选择镜头色素的密度。不同的选项允许人们选择不同年龄的密度特性。 </li><li>点击"黄斑"菜单上选择同样黄斑色素的密度。观察颜料的峰值密度而言这些选项。 </li><li>点击"锥"菜单上没有观察者之间进行选择肾错构瘤三色视或不同类型的异常三色视的。 注意:基于程序定义观察者和一组26个postreceptoral通道直线状锥形信号组合到大致均匀样品不同的颜色和亮度的组合的圆锥光谱灵敏度的选择。 </li></ol> 5.调整图像<ol><li>点击"调整"按钮。 注意:此执行的代码，用于计算图像中的每个像素的视锥细胞和后receptoral机制的响应。该响应被缩放，使得平均响应于所述调整的颜色分布等于该参考分布的平均值的反应，或使平均反应是一种用于个体或参考观察者相同。缩放是乘模拟冯·克里斯适应35。新的图像然后通过求和该机制响应和转换回RGB值显示呈现。在ALG的详细信息orithm在26，27，28，29中给出。 </li><li>观察屏幕上的三个新的图像。这些被标记为1）"不适应" - 测试图像应该出现的人完全适应参考环境; 2）"锥形适配" - 这仅显示在受体适应地调节图像;和3）"全部适应" - 这示出了通过完成适应于环境或观察者的变化预测图像。 </li><li>点击"保存图像"按钮保存三个计算图像。观察屏幕上一个新的窗口，浏览文件夹并选择文件名。 </li></ol> 6.评估适应的后果注:原来的基准和调整图像模拟相同的图像应该如何建模空间Adapta的两种状态下出现重刑，而重要的是，不同之处仅适配状态的原因。在图像的差异从而提供洞察适应的后果。 <ol><li>目测看图像之间的差异。 注意:图片的简单检查可以帮助显示生活在不同颜色的环境中时多颜色视觉会如何变化，或有多少适应可能弥补在观测灵敏度变化。 </li><li>通过量化分析，使用或行为的测量与图像通过经验评估适应29所带来的后果，这些调整的效果。 <ol><li>如何测量颜色外观的变化。例如，比较在两个图像中的颜色来测量如何颜色类别或在不同的环境或观察者的感知显着性变化。例如，使用与适应的色彩变化分析，计算有多少独特的色调（ 如纯黄色或蓝色）理论上可以vARY因为观察者的色彩环境29变化。 </li><li>请问适应如何影响视觉灵敏度或性能。例如，使用经适配的图像进行比较提供一种新颖的色彩视觉搜索是否是快时观察员第一适配到背景的颜色。通过在图像上叠加的目标，并且用图像一起适于不同彩色干扰项阵列，其中，用于定位所述奇数目标29测得的反应时间进行实验。 </li></ol></li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

示出的协议演示如何适应于环境或观察者的变化的影响可以在图像被描绘。这写照需要将取决于模型所做的假设的形式 - 例如，颜色是如何编码，以及如何编码机制，应对和适应。因此，最重要的一步是决定模型上的色觉 - 比如哪些虚拟通道的特性，他们认为如何适应。另一个重要的步骤是设定合适的参数为两个环境，或两个观察员敏感的特性，您之间调整。 说明该模型非?...

可能世界是什么样子给他人，或者以自己为我们改变？这些问题的答案是理解的性质和感知的机制和感官编码正常和临床情况的后果至关重要的。各种各样的技术和方法已被开发用于模拟图像可能会出现以不同的视觉敏感度的个体。例如，这些包括可以由不同类型的颜色缺陷的被辨别颜色的模拟1，2，3，4，空间和彩色差异可以由婴儿或较旧的观察员5，6，7，8来解决，9 ，图像如何出现在周边视野<s<html>向上类= "外部参照"&gt; 10，和光学误差或疾病11，12，13，14的后果。他们也被应用到可视化是可能的其他物种的15，16，17歧视。通常情况下，这种模拟的使用在不同人群中的灵敏度损耗测量滤波器的图像，从而减少或消除它们难以看到的结构。例如，色盲的常见形式反映两个感光体为中等或长波长敏感的一个的损失，并过滤以除去它们的信号图像通常出现缺乏"红绿"的色调1。同样，婴儿具有更差的敏度，从而为他们的降低的空间灵敏度处理的图像出现模糊<html> 。F"&gt; 5这些技术提供了什么样一个人可以看到另一种可能不会宝贵的插图然而，他们不这样做-而且往往不打算-描绘观察者的实际感性经验，而且在某些情况下可能误传数量和类型的信息提供给观察者。 本文介绍用于模拟在视觉体验其中结合了视觉编码的基本特性差异的新颖技术-适配18,19。所有的感觉和运动系统不断调整，以它们暴露于环境。在一个房间里有刺激性气味很快消失，而视觉适应的房间怎么亮或变暗。重要的是，出现了几乎任何刺激属性这些调整，包括"高层次"的看法，例如某人的脸20的特点，类="外部参照"&gt; 21或它们的话音22，23，以及校准移动眼睛或达到的对象24，25时进行的马达的命令。事实上，改编很可能几乎所有的神经处理的重要属性。本文示出了如何将这些适应影响到图像的外观的仿真中，通过基本上"适应图像"来预测它会出现一个特定的适应观察者26，27，28，29的特定状态下。许多因素可以改变观察者的灵敏度，但往往适应可以补偿这些变化的重要方面，因此，灵敏度损失比没有假定系统适应被预测不那么显眼。相反，因为适应根据目前的刺激情境调节感光度，这些调整也纳入预测如何当环境变化很大的看法可能会有所不同很重要。 以下方案示出了通过调整图像的颜色内容的技术。色觉有颜色编码的初始阶段，神经都比较容易理解的优势，是适应30的图案。实际机制和调整是复杂的，多种多样，但适应的主要后果可以使用简单的和常规的两阶段模型（ 图1a）被捕获。在第一阶段中，彩色信号最初由三种类型的视锥光那些对短期，中期或长波长（S，M和L视锥细胞）最大限度敏感的编码。在第二阶段中，从不同的视锥细胞的信号被后receptoral细胞内结合，以形成"颜色对手"茶从不同锥体接收拮抗输入nnels（因此传达"颜色"的信息），并且加在一起的锥体输入"非对手"通道（因此编码"明亮度"的信息）。适应发生在两个阶段中，并且调整到颜色的两个不同方面-的平均值（在锥体）和方差（在-receptoral后通道）30，31。模拟的目标是将这些调整从其改编的输出应用到模型的机制，然后呈现图像。 适应图像的过程包括六个主要部件。这些1）选择图像; 2）选择用于图像光谱的格式; 3），其限定在环境中的颜色变化; 4）限定的观测器的灵敏度的变化; 5使用该程序来创建适于图像）; 6）利用图像来评价适应的后果。 Ť他认为以下各步骤加以详细说明。的基本模式和机构响应在图1中示出，而图2 - 5图像的实例与模型渲染。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Images to adapt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Programming language (e.g. Visual Basic or Matlab)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Program for processing the images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Observer spectral sensitivities (for applications involving observer-specific adaptation)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Device emmission spectra (for device-dependent applications)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing visual adaptation

许多技术已经发展到可视化图像是如何出现的个体有不同的视觉灵敏度: 例如 ，由于光学或年龄的差异，或颜色缺陷或疾病。这个协议描述了用于掺入感觉适应成模拟的技术。该协议被示为具有色觉的例子，但是一般适用于任何形式的视觉适应的。该协议使用基于关于视网膜和皮质机制编码的颜色以及如何将这些调整其灵敏度在当时的刺激的平均颜色和范围的颜色的标准和可信的假设人类颜色视觉的一个简单的模型。该机制的增益调整，使得下一个上下文他们的平均响应等同于不同的环境。仿真有助于揭示适应的理论极限，并产生"改编的图像"被最佳匹配到一个特定的ENVIRO市民明白或观察员。他们还探索适应不同的观察者或不同环境中的作用提供了一个通用指标。表征视觉感知和性能，这些图像为研究视觉或其他感觉系统长期适应的功能和后果的新颖工具。

<html> 图2 -图4示出自适应模拟在观察者或环境的变化。 图2比较了塞尚的静物与苹果的年轻和年长的观察者谁只在镜头色素28的密度不同的预测外观。通过年轻眼睛（ 图2a）中看到的原始图像通过更密集地着色透镜出现多少更黄和调光器（ 图2b）。 （在平均颜色和色度响应的相应位移在图1c</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Visual Adaptation at JoVE.com

可视化视觉适应|行为 |视频

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

本文介绍用于模拟和视觉系统学习适应的新方法。

可视化视觉适应

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Behavior

Human Biology

Sensory Systems

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.8K 次观看.  University of Nevada, Reno. 本文介绍用于模拟和视觉系统学习适应的新方法。 

视频: Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

科研

行为学

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic resonance imaging allows us to estimate voxel-based population receptive fields (pRF), i.e., the part of the visual field that activates the cells within each voxel. Prior, direct, pRF estimation methods1 suffer from certain limitations: 1) the pRF model is chosen a-priori and may not fully capture the actual pRF shape, and 2) pRF centers are prone to mislocalization near the border of the stimulus space. Here a new topographical pRF estimation method2 is proposed that largely circumvents these limitations. A linear model is used to predict the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal by convolving the linear response of the pRF to the visual stimulus with the canonical hemodynamic response function. PRF topography is represented as a weight vector whose components represent the strength of the aggregate response of voxel neurons to stimuli presented at different visual field locations. The resulting linear equations can be solved for the pRF weight vector using ridge regression3, yielding the pRF topography. A pRF model that is matched to the estimated topography can then be chosen post-hoc, thereby improving the estimates of pRF parameters such as pRF-center location, pRF orientation, size, etc. Having the pRF topography available also allows the visual verification of pRF parameter estimates allowing the extraction of various pRF properties without having to make a-priori assumptions about the pRF structure. This approach promises to be particularly useful for investigating the pRF organization of patients with disorders of the visual system.

It is important to obtain unbiased estimates of visual population receptive fields (pRFs) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We use mild regularization constraints to estimate pRF topography without a-priori assumptions about pRF shape, allowing us to choose specific pRF models post-hoc. This is particularly advantageous in subjects with visual-pathway lesions.

人口视觉感受野由功能磁共振成像地形估计

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Visualizing Motion Patterns in Acupuncture Manipulation

Acupuncture manipulation varies widely among practitioners in clinical settings, and it is difficult to teach novice students how to perform acupuncture manipulation techniques skillfully. The Acupuncture Manipulation Education System (AMES) is an open source software system designed to enhance acupuncture manipulation skills using visual feedback. Using a phantom acupoint and motion sensor, our method for acupuncture manipulation training provides visual feedback regarding the actual movement of the student's acupuncture manipulation in addition to the optimal or intended movement, regardless of whether the manipulation skill is lifting, thrusting, or rotating. Our results show that students could enhance their manipulation skills by training using this method. This video shows the process of manufacturing phantom acupoints and discusses several issues that may require the attention of individuals interested in creating phantom acupoints or operating this system.

Here, we present a protocol for using the Acupuncture Manipulation Education System (AMES) in the training of acupuncture manipulation skills using phantom acupoints.

可视化的运动模式在针刺手法

Acupuncture manipulation varies widely among practitioners in clinical settings, and it is difficult to teach novice students how to perform acupuncture ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

一种研究左右反试镜的适应方法

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

木蚁视觉经典调理

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired investigations into collective motion, specifically, their ability to integrate environmental and social information across ecological contexts. This demonstration illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses of fish, in this case, Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), to visual stimuli using computer visualization and digital image analysis. Recent advancements in computer visualization allow for empirical testing in the lab where visual features can be controlled and finely manipulated to isolate the mechanisms of social interactions. The purpose of this method is to isolate visual features that can influence the directional decisions of the individual, whether solitary or with groups. This protocol provides specifics on the physical Y-maze domain, recording equipment, settings and calibrations of the projector and animation, experimental steps and data analyses. These techniques demonstrate that computer animation can elicit biologically-meaningful responses. Moreover, the techniques are easily adaptable to test alternative hypotheses, domains, and species for a broad range of experimental applications. The use of virtual stimuli allows for the reduction and replacement of the number of live animals required, and consequently reduces laboratory overhead.
This demonstration tests the hypothesis that small relative differences in the movement speeds (2 body lengths per second) of virtual conspecifics will improve the speed and accuracy with which shiners follow the directional cues provided by the virtual silhouettes. Results show that shiners directional decisions are significantly affected by increases in the speed of the visual cues, even in the presence of background noise (67% image coherency). In the absence of any motion cues, subjects chose their directions at random. The relationship between decision speed and cue speed was variable and increases in cue speed had a modestly disproportionate influence on directional accuracy.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate a behavioral assay that quantifies how alternative visual features, such as motion cues, influence directional decisions in fish. Representative data are presented on the speed and accuracy where Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) follow virtual fish movements.

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...