This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Grant 1Z01 DK011006. We wish to thank Michele Allen for providing technical assistance, Eleni Solomos for editorial assistance, and the NIH veterinary and animal care staff for providing care for the mice used in developing this method.

这个过程被批准为国家糖尿病研究所，消化道和肾脏疾病的动物护理和使用委员会。 1.准备<ol><li>为了允许测试前各小鼠的快速识别，纹身所有小鼠的尾部进行培训，与识别标记检测。 注意:此步骤是可选的。永久性标记或其它识别方法可以用来作为替代纹身。 </li><li>对训练和测试小鼠之前，确保该跑步机是在一个平面上并设置为跑步机的倾斜所需的角度（倾斜的推荐角度:10°，以保持在整个训练和测试一致），并设置电击频率和强度适当的（推荐:2赫兹，1.22 mA）的。 注意:使用的电击应该产生比当由ungloved手指触摸，应以脉动烦恼传递一个轻微的刺痛感没有更多离子（每个震动持续200毫秒）。 </li><li>将屠夫的纸丢球或跑步机下的吸水垫的培训和测试过程中收集的粪便勃利和尿液。 </li><li>将纸从震惊中网格板或在跑步机外壳（ 即透明的塑料盖，涵盖了跑步机车道）的第三个的吸收垫最远。 注意:此步骤是可选的，但将创建一个暗空间，并且可以提供额外的鼓励，以避免在跑步机的下部。 </li><li>如果计划在训练期间使用钢丝刷来提供额外的动力，保证一个是开始训练课之前，一应俱全。 </li><li>确保用于诱导和/或减轻疲劳的任何药物或方法可与可以制备或步骤2.14中进行。 </li></ol> 2.培训小鼠使用跑步机注:训练是必要的，以确保小鼠熟悉跑步机和任务，并进行测试时，可以适当地进行。如果大多数老鼠被训练正在接受频繁的冲击或其他任何训练中表现不佳，更多的培训课程应该执行。在第一天，大多数小鼠会感到震惊几次。通过训练的第二天，将小鼠应该很少使与电网接触。如果老鼠显示训练表现持续欠佳，应该从研究中移除。对于雌性C57BL / 6NCr小鼠，这是一种罕见的发生（小于1％已从由于训练表现不佳研究移除），但应注意的是，其他菌株可以训练过程中执行不同。 <ol><li>与跑步机关闭（和速度设定为0米/分），个别地抬起的尾巴和地点的小鼠到小鼠的跑步机的单独车道小鼠。将每只小鼠在跑步机上后及时打开相应的网格。确保鼠标直接放置Øn中的跑步机带。 注:时间和距离每只小鼠的尾巴持有量应让渡老鼠在跑步机和/或允许老鼠站在一个坚实的平台上（ 例如 ，一个铁丝笼盖前放置跑步机靠近笼子最小化），直到他们在跑步机附近，实验者准备将它们放置在跑步机上。 </li><li>允许小鼠自由地探索跑步1-3分钟或直到每个鼠标已经探索了它的车道和/或从电网获得至少一个冲击。 </li><li>打开在跑步机上并慢慢提高速度，直到它开始移动（约1.5至3.0米/分）。监视所有小鼠，以确保他们开始行走。如果鼠标没有开始走路或向电网震荡行走，准备通过点击鼠标用钢丝刷或尾部发痒介入。 </li><li>缓慢增加跑步机的速度，以8米/分钟。启动一个定时器，并继续监控行为。 </li><li>增加跑步机的速度9米/分钟，在5分钟，10米/分钟，在7分钟，并在10分钟停止跑步机。 </li><li>让老鼠简要探讨跑步机，然后捞出每次回到笼子里。 </li><li>清洁跑步机和电网用酒精和替换跑步机下方的纸或吸水垫。 </li><li>要培养更多的老鼠，重复步骤2.1至2.7。 注:允许酒精来之前，把新的老鼠在跑步机上晾干。 </li><li>在培训的第二天，重复步骤2.1。打开在跑步机上并增加速度以10米/分钟。启动计时器。 注意:跑步机的速度可以快于对训练的第一天增加。 </li><li>增加跑步机的速度为11微米/分钟，在5分钟，12米/分钟，在10分钟，并在15分钟停止跑步机。 </li><li>取出小鼠和他们回到自己的笼子里。 </li><li>清洁跑步机和电网用酒精和替换跑步机下方的纸或吸水垫。要培养更多的老鼠，重复步骤2.9至2.12。 </li><li>以相同的方式与第二日进行的训练额外的天数（3天）。 注:此步骤是可选的，但强烈建议，如果大部分或所有小鼠（的同性和应变）接受培训与任务难度显示屏。小鼠通常可以在步骤3中表现良好时，他们已培训3天（ 即用的训练一个附加天），尽管训练更多或更少的天可以根据在第二训练日它们的性能和的持续时间是适当的步骤2.14。 </li><li>允许至少一整天来传递，其中所述的小鼠都没有接触到跑步机前进至步骤3之前。 注意:使用的任何药物（多个）以诱导和/或缓解疲劳应在该步骤中施用。 注意:此时间周期的长度可以变化，并且用于诱导疲劳和/或测试的干预以减少或消除疲劳。如果在完成训练后，小鼠的测试超过7天，试点研究建议验证所使用的老鼠测试过程中执行。 </li></ol> 3.跑步机疲劳试验注:在该试验中，疲劳样行为被定义为在"疲劳区"花连续5秒。疲劳区域被定义为区域包围休克网格大约为1的车身长度以及网格，自身内的跑步机带的部分。在测试之前，确保划定此区域中的一点是清楚的实验者，诸如通过施加标记到跑步机通道的顶部或侧面。 <ol><li>设置在跑步机速度以12米/分钟。不要启动跑步机。确保电网的冲击被关闭。 </li><li>单独放置到老鼠在跑步机上的单独车道。将每只小鼠在跑步机上后，立即打开对应的网格。 </li><li>同时开始在跑步机和秒表。 注:除了去除小鼠测试期间不要插手满足去除的标准（见步骤3.5）。 </li><li>增加跑步机的速度如表1所示。仔细观察所有小鼠在整个测试。 注:跑步机加快在表1中列出根据从成年雌性C57BL / 6NCr小鼠观察被选定。更高的跑步机的速度可能是适当的大（ 例如 ，远系繁殖的CD-1小鼠）或多个运动的小鼠。 </li><li>如果鼠标停留在5秒连续疲劳区，立即从跑步机移开鼠标并记录时间和距离它跑了。 </li><li>当没有老鼠依然在跑步机上，停止跑步机。清洁跑步机和电网用酒精和替换跑步机下方的纸或吸水垫。 </li><li>要测试其他小鼠，重复步骤3.1至3.6。 注意:此步骤是可选的。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

目前的协议将介绍如何使用鼠标跑步机来测量疲劳样行为。这种方法具有超过VWRA，疲劳样行为的共同的临床前试验的几个优点。 VWRA要求小鼠选择与试验装置进行交互。其结果是，小鼠的一些近交系很少与轮16相互作用，并运行这么少，这可能是困难的或不可能识别在活性的疲劳诱导降低。与此相反，在跑步机上的疲劳试验消除了这样的选择，因此，提供的疲劳样行为对不上运行车轮运行...

疲劳影响了各种各样的人，可以显着降低生活质量，并经常有不清楚或不明确的发病机制。癌症有关的疲劳（CRF），例如，是由多数癌症患者经历了接受治疗后的癌症治疗已经完成，并在不存在可检测的癌1的可长期持续。此外，疲劳也是在许多其它疾病和病症，包括慢性疲劳综合征，抑郁症，糖尿病，和纤维肌痛一个突出的症状。幸运的是，那些能够帮助一些人遇到了疲劳非药物干预措施（ 例如 ，运动可降低CRF对一些乳腺癌患者2,3），但许多人仍然缺乏有效的治疗方法。此外，对于CRF现有药物治疗都没有被发现是广泛地说，如果在所有有效的4-7。 尽管治疗需要和缺乏的DRU克的治疗方案，疲劳的临床前试验中的新颖疲劳的治疗缺乏的发现和开发帮助，尤其是在动物模型。一个啮齿类动物的研究疲劳的唯一临床试验的自愿轮运行活动（VWRA）9-15，其中小鼠或其他啮齿动物是给正在运行的车轮和日常运行的活动记录免费进入。在许多研究中，VWRA是疲劳样行为定义（在任VWRA或当前协议），为在所测量的身体活动，实验组的减少的唯一手段，具有疲劳样行为。虽然VWRA可以提供的疲劳样行为的有用纵向量度，这是一个相对低的通量测定法中，在运行的近交小鼠品系16之间变化相当大，并且它要求受试者进行单独圈养，这可能导致在行为和测试性能的变化17-19。其它测定法，如家笼行为监测和分析，也可以提供连续的数据收集和一些系统可以允许被容纳在成对20名受试者。这些测定具有实用性，但也可以是作为检测疲劳样行为的装置不太敏感，并且，象轮运行时，也有低的吞吐量。 在对比VWRA，小鼠跑步机测试不依赖于自愿活性，可在很短的时间框架内完成，允许更高的吞吐量。相比于VWRA，这些测试采用外部激励。具体而言，有通常位于所述移动带的后面，以提供与电击小鼠他们应该停止运行的带电金属网格。除了这个冲击的网格，小鼠可以积极地通过其他多种方法，包括催促，戳，或用一只手，刷子，或其它工具的接触，并在他们引导空气的短喷在跑步机上运行。代替疲劳，鼠标跑步机测试经常用于测量需氧和/或anaerOBIC运动能力21-25。小鼠的动机运行，直到他们是没有能力或不愿意继续在跑步机上作为逃避进一步的电击手段上运行。当小鼠满足疲惫的标准测试，然后结束。在这些协议，以确保小鼠达到真正的生理耗尽，对用尽的标准常常被定义为花连续5秒铺设在休克网格的顶部，并不能继续重复厌恶刺激的面运行。因此，疲劳般的行为可能会在跑步机的典型试验来掩盖由于外部动机和准则结束测试的强烈厌恶的性质。有趣的是，与此相反，使用啮齿类动物跑步机其他许多研究，最近的出版物描述了跑步机的疲劳试验，将其作为社会应激小鼠26的影响的检查的一部分的另一个版本。虽然这一组中使用的方法显着地从CU不同rrent协议（ 即 ，它们采用了单道跑步机需要电击的10秒作为标准来结束他们的测试），他们的研究强调了在开发使用鼠标跑步机一个快速，简单的疲劳试验的效用和利益。 疲劳很可能是由比车轮运行的其他装置，并在日常行为的变化检测的。 CRF使得患者用更少量的肌肉疲劳的感觉筋疲力尽，如肌电图分析，无CRF 27决定的，不是人。此外，主动性降低已注意到并是由几个秤计量人体疲劳28,29测量。因此，疲劳样行为一个有用的临床前试验应健康，疲劳小鼠之间不是生理功能等措施的基础上，积极性不应掩盖下降区别开来。为了实现这一目标，同时避免和VWRA的限制等检测，目前的方法WA■通过调整鼠标平板试验开发。该方法使用一个震动网格作为唯一外部动力，使在跑步机上运行的小鼠。老鼠很快就学会了电网提供了一个厌恶刺激，并从中放置时，在跑步机上，从它运行时，会及时搬走，并保持一定的距离。 当小鼠疲劳，他们花费逐步更多的时间向跑步机，而不是保持速度向前端的后面。因此，在本协议中的标准来测试完成花费在指定的区域疲劳连续5秒（ 即跑步机后，从从震惊电网约一个身体长度，包括震荡网格）。它利用了电网的厌恶性质，而不需要小鼠培训后，收到许多或任何实际的冲击。通过允许小鼠来完成用当前标准而非用尽测试（如上所定义），此方法提供了使用跑步机来测量疲劳样行为，而不是它的最大（或接近最大）生理功能的一种手段。因此，该方法可以提供的疲劳样行为在小鼠中的简单，高通量测定法，并且可以用作或者作为一个独立的或补充措施的疲劳样行为的其他测定法。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Exer 3/6 Animal Treadmill</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stopwatch</td>
			<td>Daigger</td>
			<td>EF24490M&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wire brush</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Compressed air</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Absorbent pads</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Butcher paper</td>
			<td>Newell Paper Company</td>
			<td>4620510</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alcohol (70%)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP82011</td>
			<td></td>
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the treadmill fatigue test: a simple, high-throughput assay of fatigue-like behavior for the mouse

疲劳是在许多疾病和障碍的一个突出的症状，并降低生活质量许多人。缺乏明确的发病机理和电流干预未能在所有患者充分地治疗疲劳叶需要新的治疗选择。尽管治疗需要，并帮助确定有前途的新疗法临床前研究的重要性，疲劳的几个临床前试验可用。此外，用于评估疲劳样行为，自愿车轮运行的最常见的临床前试验中，是不适合与小鼠某些菌株的使用，可能不是减少疲劳的药物敏感，并且具有相对低的吞吐量。当前协议描述了一种新颖的，疲劳样行为，在跑步机上的疲劳试验的非自愿的临床前试验，并提供了其效力的证据在与已知的化疗药物治疗的小鼠检测疲劳样行为引起疲劳在人类和疲劳在灵魂般的行为LS。该测定可以是有益的替代车轮运行，如疲劳样行为和潜在的干预可以在较短的时间帧的小鼠更大数目进行评估，因此允许的新的治疗选择更快发现。

该协议允许在使用跑步机的小鼠被测定疲劳样行为。在本节中给出的数据是通过训练和测试3个独立使用当前的协议（不包括图1A及1C）的小鼠组得到的。为了诱导疲劳，5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），已知的细胞毒性化疗药物引起人类30和小鼠-10,13-疲劳样行为疲劳，施用。中所有的数据来自成年雌性C57BL / 6NCr小鼠。小鼠9-10（ 图1和2）<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse at JoVE.com

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

跑步机疲劳试验:疲劳类似的行为，为鼠标操作简单，高通量检测

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

the-treadmill-fatigue-test-simple-high-throughput-assay-fatigue-like

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.4K 次观看.  National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

视频: The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

驻地入侵者范式:一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

PAW-拖动:一本小说，鼠标缸试验敏感性分析

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris水迷宫实验:优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

四山测试:空间记忆的一个简短的测试与高灵敏度的预痴呆诊断阿尔茨海默氏病

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal&#39;s free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

一种简便、低成本的肌营养不良小鼠步行模型的测定方法

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

小鼠主动和被动驯服的测定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...