We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ007969), Rural Development Administration, and the National Research Foundation (grant no. NRF-2015R1D1A1A01056639) of the Republic of Korea.

动物实验由动物中心生物医学实验在庆尚大学授权。 1.准备动物操作<ol><li>制备成年女性小型猪用于从骨髓和滑液MSCs的非侵入性集合。执行小型猪前一天麻醉和样品采集的临床检查。 <ol><li>为身体检查，包括体温，呼吸率，和心脏速率，以及用于猪的行为和血液状态的观察，使用全血计数测试提供临床正常的动物。 注意:对于临床健康小型猪参数间隔是11 - 29 /对呼吸速率分钟，68 - 98 /对心脏速率分钟，和37 - 38℃的体温。 </li></ol></li><li>除去在6术前禁食期间从笼子里食用的床上用品 - 12小时PRIOR以麻醉的年轻和成年小型猪的管理，禁食3小时应为新生儿进行观察。提供饮用水直到麻醉的时间。 </li></ol> 2.动物麻醉的制备<ol><li>麻醉与乙酰丙嗪（0.1毫克/千克），美托咪定（0.03毫克/千克），阿托品（0.04毫克/千克）给药前用药的小型猪。 <ol><li>注入使用21g的针与成人小型猪至少30毫米的长度的所有药物肌内（IM）。执行IM注射耳后1-3厘米的横向颈肌或进入大腿肌肉。 注:没有引发恐惧或紧张在动物或要求粗糙处理安全注射术前用药执行所有程序。 </li></ol></li><li>放置小型猪在背卧位。 </li><li>术前用药的的行政管理15分钟后，用启动1.5％异氟烷麻醉管理吸入istered。 <ol><li>继续异氟烷（1.5％），通过气管内管的吸入，随后至2.5％的增加的浓度，与氧气（1.5升/分钟）作为载气。 </li></ol></li><li>连续监测麻醉期间小型猪的心脏速率，体温，和经皮血氧饱和度（SPO 2）。在38的温度使用循环水毯 - 39℃，保持体温。应用眼科软膏，以保护眼睛免受麻醉过程中干燥。 </li><li>遵循Guedel的评估麻醉13的深度分类。 </li></ol> 3.筹备细胞分离培养<ol><li>培养从骨髓和滑液衍生的MSC，制成500毫升之先进的Dulbecco补充有10％胎牛血清（FBS）的改良Eagle培养基（ADMEM），1％Glutamax的，10纳克/毫升碱性成纤维细胞生长事实上的R（bFGF）的，和1.0％青霉素 - 链霉素（10,000 IU和10,000微克/毫升，分别青霉素 - 链霉素）。 <ol><li>孵育在38.5℃下的ADMEM中的5％的CO 2的CO 2培养箱内的潮湿气氛中。 </li></ol></li><li>根据制造商的细胞的分离和洗涤说明制成500毫升之Dulbecco磷酸盐缓冲盐水（DPBS）中。 </li></ol> 4.从小型猪采集骨髓<ol><li>选择一个区域约15×15厘米的上髂嵴（ 图1）的大小，并使用无菌安全剃刀或电动推剪此区域移除毛发。一旦小型猪被定位，交替地擦洗过程现场用下面灭菌剂三次:聚维酮碘和70％乙醇。该区域是完全干燥后，将无菌单。 </li><li>预涂层10毫升注射器用100 U / ml肝素通过与3漂洗 - 第4毫升肝素ejec前廷抗凝结剂。 注:执行此步骤，以避免骨髓穿刺过程中注射器凝固。 </li><li>提取最少5毫升从麻醉下的小型猪的髂骨的骨髓，采用了骨髓提取器（3.0×100毫米）紧紧地贴在肝素预涂-10毫升注射器。 </li></ol> 5.分离细胞从骨髓和体外培养提取<ol><li>隔离从提取骨髓细胞。 <ol><li>稀释所提取的骨髓与等体积的DPBS中的15毫升锥形管中，在室温。 </li><li>添加3毫升密度离心介质（菲可 - 帕克）与15毫升锥形管中。 </li><li>稀释骨髓用DPBS，它被放置在密度离心介质上不混合的4ml的层，和离心机它在400×g下在室温下40分钟。 </li><li>收获的单核细胞的层由含有等离子体（顶层）和密度离心培养基（下层）的两层之间的血沉棕黄层（跨国公司）和跨国公司转移入15ml锥形管中。 </li><li>稀释转印跨国公司7 - 8毫升DPBS中，并在500×g下离心它们在室温下10分钟。弃去上清液并用DPBS洗涤细胞两次。 </li><li>暂停在2ml ADMEM的细胞沉淀，并将其转移到35毫米组织培养皿中。孵育在38.5℃下的培养皿中，5％CO 2的潮湿气氛中。 </li></ol></li><li> 在从骨髓中分离细胞的体外培养。 <ol><li> 48小时后，吸与未附着到培养皿的细胞的培养基，并更换2毫升ADMEM的和在5％CO 2的潮湿气氛中，在38.5℃培养了。改变介质的每第三天。 </li><li>在70 - 80％汇合，洗细胞用DPBS，用1ml的0.25％离解他们胰蛋白酶/ EDTA，并在37℃下进行3孵育他们 - 5分钟，直到细胞分离。 </li><li>收获用10ml ADMEM的细胞，将它们转移到15毫升锥形管，并在300×g下离心它们在室温下5分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>暂停收获的细胞在1ml新鲜ADMEM并使用血细胞计数器计数。 </li><li>放置细胞在5 -含4毫升ADMEM的7.5×10 5 / 25T烧瓶中并在5％CO 2的潮湿气氛中，在38.5℃培养它们。改变介质每三天。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.收集滑膜从小型猪流<ol><li>类似于骨髓穿刺的过程中，选择大约15×10厘米（长/宽）在股关节适当的区域，并用消毒安全剃刀或电动推子除去毛，用消毒过程（步骤4.1）跟随。 </li><li>将3毫升注射器用23​​政进针触诊地标（髌骨和胫骨嵴）后的联合。 <ol><li>适用于温和抽吸到注射器滑液在关节的愿望。从关节收集滑液的近似体积为0.5 - 1毫升，但根据该小型猪或接头的大小这一变化。通过DPBS中的滑膜腔冲洗如果滑液的收集体积太小。 </li><li>立即撤销注射器以避免血液污染。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.从收集的滑液和体外培养细胞分离<ol><li>隔离从送气滑液细胞。 <ol><li>稀释吸滑液与等体积的DPBS中的15毫升锥形管中，在室温。 </li><li>要清除杂物，使用40微米尼龙细胞滤网过滤稀释的滑液。 </li><li> 10毫升DPBS添加到含有过滤滑膜管流体并在400×g下在室温下10分钟离心它。弃去上清液并用DPBS洗涤细胞两次。 </li><li>暂停在2ml ADMEM的细胞沉淀，将细胞在2 - 3×10 5细胞/ 35mm组织培养皿用2ml ADMEM中，并在5％CO 2的潮湿气氛中，在38.5℃下孵育他们。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤5.2隔离滑液间充质干细胞体外培养。 </li></ol>在小型猪的8后过程护理<ol><li>如果需要的话，关闭皮肤在骨髓提取注射部位用一皮肤缝合器的单个缝合，骨髓采集后。 </li><li>在这个步骤完成后，辖恩诺沙星（5毫克/千克）和美洛昔康（0.2毫克/千克）的肌内注射到小型猪每天一次连续3天。 </li><li>在这个步骤完成后，消毒骨髓和滑液采集部位用0.1％聚维酮碘一次，连续3天。仔细观察每天监测并发症的迹象（ 如红肿，脓，或发红）。 </li></ol> 9.细胞表型采用流式细胞仪<ol><li>当干细胞是70 - 在通道3 80％汇合 - 5，用DPBS洗涤细胞并用1ml的0.25％（V / V）胰蛋白酶/ EDTA处理它们。然后，在37℃下进行3孵育他们 - 5分钟，直到细胞分离。 </li><li>收获用10ml DPBS的细胞，将它们转移到15毫升锥形管，并在300×g下离心它们在室温下5分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>以固定细胞，悬浮在10毫升3.7％的甲醛溶液的细胞沉淀并保持在4℃下用于分析的前一天。 <ol><li>定影后一天，洗涤细胞用DPBS两次使用离心分离，在300×g下，每次5分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>暂停在4ml细胞沉淀的DPBS，其补充有1％（重量/体积）牛血清白蛋白（BSA），并孵育沉淀1小时，在4℃下以阻止非特异性的Fc介导的相互作用。 </li><li>分发的细胞悬液500μl的等分入1.5毫升管中。 </li><li>对于非共轭抗体（CD29和波形蛋白），在300×g下洗涤细胞离心3分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>暂停在500微升1的细胞团:100稀释的第一抗体，并在4℃下孵育其1小时。 </li><li>在300×g下离心，用1％牛血清白蛋白洗涤细胞两次，每次5分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>暂停在500微升1的细胞团:100稀释的异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）的缀合的二级抗体并在4℃下孵育其1小时在黑暗中。 </li></ol></li><li>在FITC标记的抗体（同种型，CD34，CD44和CD45），由centrifu洗细胞gation在300×g下3分钟。弃去上清液。 <ol><li>暂停在500微升1的细胞团:100 FITC缀合的抗体，并在4℃下孵育其1小时在黑暗中。 </li><li>对于这两种染色的条件下，在300×g下通过离心洗涤细胞两次用DPBS，每次5分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>悬浮细胞于500μl的DPBS，将它们转移到一个5毫升的圆底管中，并使用流式细胞仪8分析结果。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Woodbury, D., Schwarz, E. J., Prockop, D. J., Black, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+rat+and+human+bone+marrow+stromal+cells+differentiate+into+neurons.">Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons.</a> J Neurosci Res. 61 (4), 364-370 (2000).</li><li>Sakaguchi, Y., Sekiya, I., Yagishita, K., Muneta, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+human+stem+cells+derived+from+various+mesenchymal+tissues:+Superiority+of+synovium+as+a+cell+source.">Comparison of human stem cells derived from various mesenchymal tissues: Superiority of synovium as a cell source.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 52 (8), 2521-2529 (2005).</li><li>De Coppi, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amniotic+fluid+and+bone+marrow+derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+can+be+converted+to+smooth+muscle+cells+in+the+cryo-injured+rat+bladder+and+prevent+compensatory+hypertrophy+of+surviving+smooth+muscle+cells.">Amniotic fluid and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells can be converted to smooth muscle cells in the cryo-injured rat bladder and prevent compensatory hypertrophy of surviving smooth muscle cells.</a> J Urol. 177 (1), 369-376 (2007).</li><li>Arufe, M. C., De la Fuente, A., Fuentes, I., de Toro, F. J., Blanco, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chondrogenic+potential+of+subpopulations+of+cells+expressing+mesenchymal+stem+cell+markers+derived+from+human+synovial+membranes.">Chondrogenic potential of subpopulations of cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell markers derived from human synovial membranes.</a> J Cell Biochem. 111 (4), 834-845 (2010).</li><li>Patil, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilineage+potential+and+proteomic+profiling+of+human+dental+stem+cells+derived+from+a+single+donor.">Multilineage potential and proteomic profiling of human dental stem cells derived from a single donor.</a> Exp Cell Res. 320 (1), 92-107 (2013).</li><li>Hatsushika, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra+articular+injection+of+synovial+stem+cells+promotes+meniscal+regeneration+in+a+rabbit+massive+meniscal+defect+model.">Intra articular injection of synovial stem cells promotes meniscal regeneration in a rabbit massive meniscal defect model.</a> J Orthop Res. 31 (9), 1354-1359 (2013).</li><li>Hagmann, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+bone+marrow-+and+synovium-derived+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+from+osteoarthritis+patients+on+regulatory+T+cells+in+co-culture.">The influence of bone marrow- and synovium-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from osteoarthritis patients on regulatory T cells in co-culture.</a> ClinExpImmunol. 73 (3), 454-462 (2013).</li><li>Lee, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+source-dependent+in+vivo+immunosuppressive+properties+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+the+bone+marrow+and+synovial+fluid+of+minipigs.">Cell source-dependent in vivo immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow and synovial fluid of minipigs.</a> Exp Cell Res. 333 (2), 273-288 (2015).</li><li>Su, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogenetic+distinction+of+iNOS+and+IDO+function+in+mesenchymal+stem+cell-mediated+immunosuppression+in+mammalian+species.">Phylogenetic distinction of iNOS and IDO function in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression in mammalian species.</a> Cell Death Differ. 21 (3), 388-396 (2014).</li><li>Jones, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synovial+fluid+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+health+and+early+osteoarthritis:+Detection+and+functional+evaluation+at+the+single-cell+level.">Synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cells in health and early osteoarthritis: Detection and functional evaluation at the single-cell level.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 58 (6), 1731-1740 (2008).</li><li>Morito, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synovial+fluid-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+increase+after+intra-articular+ligament+injury+in+humans.">Synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells increase after intra-articular ligament injury in humans.</a> Rheumatology (Oxford). 47 (8), 1137-1143 (2008).</li><li>Sekiya, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+synovial+fluid+increase+in+the+knee+with+degenerated+cartilage+and+osteoarthritis.">Human mesenchymal stem cells in synovial fluid increase in the knee with degenerated cartilage and osteoarthritis.</a> J Orthop Res. 30 (6), 943-949 (2011).</li><li>John, T., Lerche, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Anesthesia and analgesia for veterinary technicians. , (2011).</li><li>Cooper, D. K., Gollackner, B., Sachs, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Will+the+pig+solve+the+transplantation+backlog.">Will the pig solve the transplantation backlog.</a> Annu Rev Med. 53, 133-147 (2002).</li><li>Millard, A. L., Mueller, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+issues+related+to+porcine+xenograft+exposure+to+human+viruses:+Lessons+from+allotransplantation.">Critical issues related to porcine xenograft exposure to human viruses: Lessons from allotransplantation.</a> CurrOpin Organ Transplant. 15 (2), 230-235 (2010).</li><li>Ringe, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porcine+mesenchymal+stem+cells.+Induction+of+distinct+mesenchymal+cell+lineages.">Porcine mesenchymal stem cells. Induction of distinct mesenchymal cell lineages.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 307 (3), 321-327 (2002).</li><li>Petersen, B., Carnwath, J. W., Niemann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perspectives+for+porcine-to-human+xenografts.">The perspectives for porcine-to-human xenografts.</a> Comp Immunol Micro biol Infect Dis. 32 (2), 91-105 (2009).</li><li>Zeng, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+adult+progenitor+cells+from+swine+bone+marrow.">Multipotent adult progenitor cells from swine bone marrow.</a> Stem Cells. 24 (11), 2355-2366 (2006).</li><li>Zeng, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioenergetic+and+functional+consequences+of+bone+marrow-derived+multipotent+progenitor+cell+transplantation+in+hearts+with+postinfarction+left+ventricular+remodeling.">Bioenergetic and functional consequences of bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cell transplantation in hearts with postinfarction left ventricular remodeling.</a> Circulation. 115 (14), 1866-1875 (2007).</li><li>Sekiya, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+synovial+fluid+increase+in+the+knee+with+degenerated+cartilage+and+osteoarthritis.">Human mesenchymal stem cells in synovial fluid increase in the knee with degenerated cartilage and osteoarthritis.</a> J Orthop Res. 30 (6), 943-949 (2012).</li><li>Mochizuki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Higher+chondrogenic+potential+of+fibrous+synovium-+and+adipose+synovium-derived+cells+compared+with+subcutaneous+fat-derived+cells:+Distinguishing+properties+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+humans.">Higher chondrogenic potential of fibrous synovium- and adipose synovium-derived cells compared with subcutaneous fat-derived cells: Distinguishing properties of mesenchymal stem cells in humans.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 54 (3), 843-853 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

小型猪被用于从骨髓及关节液的MSCs建立隔离。为了消除各种生理条件，诸如年龄，性别和疾病，从同基因背景供体小型猪被选为正确地评价单元源依赖表征。猪是已知的解剖学，生理学和基因与人类相似，并且特别地，小型猪可以产生大小匹配器官;因此，它们可以作为一个替代供体物种为异种移植14,15。关于干细胞，吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶（IDO）和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的最近建议的免疫调节?...

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be classified into mesenchymal cell lineages, and MSCs have been established and isolated from various tissue sources, such as from bone marrow, umbilical cords, placentas, adipose tissue, dermal skin, skeletal muscle, hair follicles, synovial membranes, and teeth1-5. Currently, attention has been given to synovial-derived MSCs because these cells may help treat joint diseases, such as bone fraction, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and due to the regenerative potential of MSCs in damaged cartilage or bone, they may also help treat immune modulation or autoimmune diseases6-8. The majority of research of MSCs derived from synovial sources have employed MSCs from the synovial membrane rather than from synovial fluid2,9; thus, the biological understanding of synovial-fluid-derived MSCs is limited.
Synovial fluid is an easily accessible source of MSCs, which can be aspirated during the diagnoses or treatments of patients and during diagnostic confirmations of various arthritis conditions that do not require invasive procedures, such as osteoarthritis or RA. The population of synovial-fluid-derived MSCs in the synovial cavity is significantly increased in arthritic patients compared to non-arthritic patients10-12. Therefore, synovial fluid is an excellent source candidate for MSCs, particularly for autologous stem cell therapy in patients with inflamed or injured joints. Additionally, synovial-fluid-derived MSCs have a chondrogenic capacity, immunomodulation abilities, and a high rate of proliferation. This study established protocols for bone marrow extraction and synovial fluid aspiration from minipigs using non-invasive methods and for the in vitro expansion of isolated cells and analysis of cell phenotypes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="499">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="70">
			<td height="70" style="height:70px;width:136px;">Advanced Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (ADMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">12491-023</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">MSC culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:136px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell washing medium, free of Ca2+/Mg2+,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="53">
			<td height="53" style="height:53px;width:136px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">16000-044</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Component of MSCs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:136px;">Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Component of MSCs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:136px;">Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">10378-016</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Component of MSCs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:136px;">Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Simga</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">F0291</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Component of MSCs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">A6003</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Component of MSCs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:136px;">Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">25200-072</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell dissociation reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:136px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">M7522</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Component of MSCs medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:136px;">Isotype antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">BD 550616</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Isotype Control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:136px;">CD29 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">BD 552369</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Integrin beta-1 MSCs marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="70">
			<td height="70" style="height:70px;width:136px;">CD44 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">BD 553133</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell surface glycoprotein MSCs marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">CD45 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">BD 340664</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hematopoietic stem cells marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">CD34 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">BD 555821</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hematopoietic stem cells marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:136px;">CD90 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">BD 555595</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein MSCs marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:136px;">MHC Class II antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">SC-32247</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Antigen presenting cells marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:136px;">Vimentin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">Sigma-S6389</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Type III intermediate filament MSCs marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="115">
			<td height="115" style="height:115px;width:136px;">Alkaline phosphatase</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">S3841</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Mixture of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate (BCIP) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:136px;">Ficoll-Paque</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">17-1440-02</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Density gradient centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">Cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">40&#181;m nylon cell strainer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">15-mL polystyrene conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">351095</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sample collection and cell isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:136px;">35 mm dishes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Nunc</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">153066</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell culture dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="88">
			<td height="88" style="height:88px;width:136px;">Bone marrow extractor</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">GmbH Medizintechnologie, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">1145-1W010</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">TrokaBone, 3.0x100mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">Hematocritchamber</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Marinfeld</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">640130</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell counting chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:136px;">Atropine</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Jeil Pharmaceutical Co, South Korea</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Atropine sulfate Hydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="76">
			<td height="76" style="height:76px;width:136px;">Acepromazine</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Samu Median, South Korea</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Pre-anaesthetic sedative and antiemetic drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:136px;">Medetomidine</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Anesthetic and analgesic drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:136px;">Enrofloxacin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Bayer Healthcare, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Anti-biotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:136px;">Meloxicam</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Over Veterinary Medicine, Argentina</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hana pharm, South Korea</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Inhalational anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:136px;">Povidone iodine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Korea Pharma, South Korea</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sterilization agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:136px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">E7023</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sterilization agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:136px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">H3393</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Anti-coagulating agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:136px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">F8775</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell fixation agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:136px;">Ophthalmologic ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Oxytetracycline HCL with polymyxin B sulfate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:136px;">Circulating water blanket</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gaymar Industries</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Warming system during and after anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:136px;">Skin stapler</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Covidien, USA</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Suture skin closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:136px;">CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Forma</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">3111</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell culture Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:136px;">Flow cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cell analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:136px;">Minipig</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">PWG Genetics Korea, Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">T-type</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Miniature pig</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and cellular phenotyping of mesenchymal stem cells derived from synovial fluid and bone marrow of minipigs

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been established after isolation from various tissue sources, including bone marrow and synovial fluid. Recently, synovial-fluid-derived MSCs were reported to have multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory features, which indicates that these cells can be used for tissue engineering and systemic treatments. This study presents a protocol for simple and non-invasive isolation of MSCs derived from the bone marrow and synovial fluid of minipigs to analyze cell surface markers for cell phenotyping and in vitro culturing. Using sexually mature six-month-old minipigs, bone marrow was extracted from the iliac crest bone using a bone marrow extractor, and the synovial fluid was aspirated from the femorotibial joint. Procedures for the collection of samples from both sources were non-invasive. The protocols for effective isolation of MSCs from harvested cell sources and for creating in vitro culture conditions to expand stable MSCs from minipigs and the application of systemic autologous treatments are provided. For cell phenotyping, the cell surface markers of both cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. In the results, the MSCs were isolated from the synovial fluid of the minipigs and showed that synovial-fluid-derived MSCs have a similar morphology and cell phenotype to bone-marrow-derived MSCs. Therefore, non-invasively obtained synovial fluid is a valuable source of MSCs.

从骨髓和小型猪的关节液充质干细胞的建立 的MSC已成功地从骨髓和小型猪的关节滑液关节中分离，并在体外扩增（ 图2）。滑液的注射器抽吸简单，并且有可能在原代细胞的体外培养过程中，以获得足够的粘附细胞。滑膜液衍生的MSC的形态类似于骨髓衍生的MSC的，两者的MSC具有成?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Cellular Phenotyping of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Synovial Fluid and Bone Marrow of Minipigs at JoVE.com

Isolation and Cellular Phenotyping of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Synovial Fluid and Bone Marrow of Minipigs

A protocol establishing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the synovial fluid and bone marrow of minipigs and non-invasively collected using syringe aspiration is presented. Cellular phenotyping was performed using flow cytometry after cell isolation and in vitro cultivation of bone marrow and synovial fluids derived from MSCs.

从小型猪关节液和骨髓间充质干细胞的分离和细胞表型

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been established after isolation from various tissue sources, including bone marrow and synovial fluid. Recently, ...

isolation-cellular-phenotyping-mesenchymal-stem-cells-derived-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.3K 次观看.  Gyeongsang National University. A protocol establishing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the synovial fluid and bone marrow of minipigs and non-invasively collected using syringe aspiration is presented. Cellular phenotyping was performed using flow cytometry after cell isolation and in vitro cultivation of bone marrow and synovial fluids derived from MSCs.

视频: Isolation and Cellular Phenotyping of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Synovial Fluid and Bone Marrow of Minipigs

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

人牙髓干细胞的分离，鉴定和比较性恒牙使用两种不同的方法，得出

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

科研

医学

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

来自患者的细胞培养和分离的CD133<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;假定的肿瘤干细胞的恶性黑色素瘤

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的临床前评价急性白血病的治疗

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest improved outcome measures in both experimental and clinical studies. Although the BMMSC are implanted into the tendon lesion in large numbers (usually 10 - 20 million cells), only a relatively small number survive (&#60;10%) although these can persist for up to 5 months after implantation. This appears to be a common observation in other species where BMMSC have been implanted into other tissues and it is important to understand when this loss occurs, how many survive the initial implantation process and whether the cells are cleared into other organs. Tracking the fate of the cells can be achieved by radiolabeling the BMMSC prior to implantation which allows non-invasive in vivo imaging of cell location and quantification of cell numbers.
This protocol describes a cell labeling procedure that uses Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), and tracking of these cells following implantation into injured flexor tendons in horses. Tc-99m is a short-lived (t1/2 of 6.01 hr) isotope that emits gamma rays and can be internalized by cells in the presence of the lipophilic compound hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO). These properties make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine clinics for the diagnosis of many different diseases. The fate of the labeled cells can be followed in the short term (up to 36 hr) by gamma scintigraphy to quantify both the number of cells retained in the lesion and distribution of the cells into lungs, thyroid and other organs. This technique is adapted from the labeling of blood leukocytes and could be utilized to image implanted BMMSC in other organs.

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

This protocol describes the radiolabeling of equine mesenchymal stem cells and their implantation into tendon injuries in the horse in order to determine cell survival and tissue distribution using gamma scintigraphy.

在锝-99m在马腱末端标记的骨髓间充质干细胞的体内成像和跟踪

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest ...

Isolation of Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy

Stem cells are used in many research areas within regenerative medicine in part because these treatments can be curative rather than symptomatic. Stem cells can be obtained from different tissues and several methods for isolation have been described. The presented method for the isolation of adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) can be used within many therapeutic areas because the method is a general procedure and, therefore, not limited to erectile dysfunction (ED) therapy. ED is a common and serious side effect to radical prostatectomy (RP) since ED often is not well treated with conventional therapy. Using ADRC&#8217;s as treatment for ED has attracted great interest due to the initial positive results after a single injection of cells into the corpora cavernosum. The method used for the isolation of ADRC&#8217;s is a simple, automated process, that is reproducible and ensures a uniform product. Furthermore, the sterility of the isolated product is ensured because the entire process takes place in a closed system. It is important to minimize the risk of contamination and infection since the stem cells are used for injection in humans. The whole procedure can be done within 2.5-3.5 hours and does not require a classified laboratory which eliminates the need for shipping tissue to an off-site. However, the procedure has some limitations since the minimum amount of drained lipoaspirate for the isolation device to function is 100 g.

Precise disclosure of methods and protocols is crucial for large scale uptake of stem cell therapies. Here, we present a protocol to isolate adipose-derived regenerative cells, used for a single intracavernous injection as treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) following radical prostatectomy (RP).

分离脂肪衍生的再生细胞用于治疗根治性前列腺切除术后的勃起功能障碍

Stem cells are used in many research areas within regenerative medicine in part because these treatments can be curative rather than symptomatic. Stem ...

An Enzyme-free Method for Isolation and Expansion of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of multipotent cells that can be isolated from various adult and fetal tissues, including adipose tissue. As a clinically relevant cell type, optimal methods are needed to isolate and expand these cells in vitro. Most methods to isolate adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs) rely on harsh enzymes, such as collagenase, to digest the adipose tissue. However, while effective at breaking down the adipose tissue and yielding a high ADSC recovery, these enzymes are expensive and can have detrimental effect on the ADSCs &#8212; including the risks of using xenogeneic components in clinical applications. This protocol details a method to isolate ADSCs from fresh lipoaspirate and abdominoplasty samples without enzymes. Briefly, this method relies on mechanical disassociation of any bulk tissue followed by an explant-type culture system. The ADSCs are permitted to migrate out of tissue and onto the tissue culture plate, after which the ADSCs can be cultured and expanded in vitro for any number of research and/or clinical applications.

This protocol provides an enzyme-free method for isolating mesenchymal stem cells from abdominoplasty and lipoaspirate samples using an explant method. The absence of harsh enzymes or centrifugation steps provides for clinically relevant stem cells that can be used for studies in vitro or transferred back to the clinic.

一种分离和扩增人类脂肪衍生的美源性干细胞的无酶方法

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of multipotent cells that can be isolated from various adult and fetal tissues, including adipose tissue. ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent evidence indicates a potential inflammatory component of the disease, with both T-cells and monocytes/macrophages potentially associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further studies postulated an important role for subsets of both inflammatory cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, and M1, M2, and synovium-tissue-resident macrophages. However, the interaction between the local synovial and systemic inflammatory cellular response and the structural changes in the joint is unknown. To fully understand how T-cells and monocytes/macrophages contribute towards OA, it is important to be able to quantitively identify these cells and their subsets simultaneously in synovial tissue, secondary lymphatic organs and systemically (the spleen and bone marrow). Nowadays, the different inflammatory cell subsets can be identified by a combination of cell-surface markers making multi-color flow cytometry a powerful technique in investigating these cellular processes. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps regarding the harvest of synovial tissue and secondary lymphatic organs as well as generation of single cell suspensions. Furthermore, we present both an extracellular staining assay to identify monocytes/macrophages and their subsets as well as an extra- and intra-cellular staining assay to identify T-cells and their subsets within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue. Each step of this protocol was optimized and tested, resulting in a highly reproducible assay that can be utilized for other surgical and non-surgical OA mouse models.

Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible flow cytometry protocol to identify monocyte/macrophage and T-cell subsets using both extra- and intracellular staining assays within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue, utilizing an established surgical model of murine osteoarthritis.

骨关节炎模型中骨髓、骨髓、淋巴结和合成组织内免疫细胞子集的流动细胞测量分析

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent ...

Isolation and Cultivation of Mandibular Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rats

Here we present an efficient method for isolating and culturing mandibular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) in vitro to rapidly obtain numerous high-quality cells for experimental requirements. mBMSCs could be widely used in therapeutic applications as tissue engineering cells in case of craniofacial diseases and cranio-maxillofacial regeneration in the future due to the excellent self-renewal ability and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Therefore, it is important to obtain mBMSCs in large numbers.
In this study, bone marrow was flushed from the mandible and primary mBMSCs were isolated through whole bone marrow adherent cultivation. Furthermore, CD29+CD90+CD45&#8722; mBMSCs were purified through fluorescent cell sorting. The second generation of purified mBMSCs were used for further study and displayed potential in differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Utilizing this in vitro model, one can obtain a high number of proliferative mBMSCs, which may facilitate the study of the biological characteristics, the subsequent reaction to the microenvironment, and other applications of mBMSCs.

This article presents a method that combines whole bone marrow adherence and flow cytometry sorting for isolating, cultivating, sorting, and identifying bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rat mandibles.

大鼠骨髓骨髓的隔离和培养

Here we present an efficient method for isolating and culturing mandibular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) in vitro to rapidly obtain numerous ...

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

Synovial fluid (SF) analysis is important in diagnosing osteoarthritis (OA). Macroscopic and microscopic features, including total and differential white blood cell (WBC) count, help define the non-inflammatory nature of SF, which is a hallmark of OA. In patients with OA, WBC in SF samples usually does not exceed 2000 cells per microliter, and the percentage of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, is very low or absent. Calcium crystals are frequent in SF collected from OA patients. Although their role in the pathogenesis of OA remains unclear, they have been associated with a mild inflammatory process and a more severe disease progression. Recently, calcium crystals have been described in both the early and late stages of OA, indicating that they may play a vital role in diagnosing different clinical subsets of OA and pharmacological treatment. The overall goal of SF analysis in OA is two-fold: to ascertain the non-inflammatory degree of SF and to highlight the presence of calcium crystals.

Synovial fluid analysis under transmitted, polarized, and compensated light microscopy is used to evaluate the inflammatory or non-inflammatory nature of a sample through simple steps. It is particularly useful in osteoarthritis to detect calcium crystals and identify a more severe subset of osteoarthritis.

滑液分析以识别骨关节炎

Synovial fluid (SF) analysis is important in diagnosing osteoarthritis (OA). Macroscopic and microscopic features, including total and differential white ...

Isolation and Culture of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells With an Innovative Xenogeneic-Free Method for Human Therapy

Considering the increasing impact of stem cell therapy, biosafety concerns have been raised regarding potential contamination or infection transmission due to the introduction of animal-derived products during in vitro manipulation. The xenogeneic components, such as collagenase or fetal bovine serum, commonly used during the cell isolation and expansion steps could be associated with the potential risks of immune reactivity or viral, bacterial, and prion infection in the receiving patients. Following good manufacturing practice guidelines, chemical tissue dissociation should be avoided, while fetal bovine serum (FBS) can be substituted with xenogeneic-free supplements. Moreover, to ensure the safety of cell products, the definition of more reliable and reproducible methods is important. We have developed an innovative, completely xenogeneic-free method for the isolation and in vitro expansion of human adipose-derived stem cells without altering their properties compared to collagenase FBS-cultured standard protocols. Here, human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were isolated from abdominal adipose tissue. The sample was mechanically minced with scissors/a scalpel, micro-dissected and mechanically dispersed in a 10 cm Petri dish, and prepared with scalpel incisions to facilitate the attachment of the tissue fragments and the migration of hASCs. Following the washing steps, hASCs were selected due to their plastic adherence without enzymatic digestion. The isolated hASCs were cultured with medium supplemented with 5% heparin-free human platelet lysate and detached with an animal-free trypsin substitute. Following good manufacturing practice (GMP) directions on the production of cell products intended for human therapy, no antibiotics were used in any culture media.

Xenogeneic (chemical or animal-derived) products introduced in the cell therapy preparation/manipulation steps are associated with an increased risk of immune reactivity and pathogenic transmission in host patients. Here, a complete xenogeneic-free method for the isolation and in vitro expansion of human adipose-derived stem cells is described.

使用创新的无异种方法进行人类治疗，分离和培养人脂肪来源的干细胞

Considering the increasing impact of stem cell therapy, biosafety concerns have been raised regarding potential contamination or infection transmission ...