This research has been partially funded by a grant (Beca de Investigaci&#242;n Ambiental) from the Servicio de Medio Ambiente de la Diputaci&#242;n Provincial de Toledo (gran number 133/10) and the research project PEII-2014-025-P of the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.

1.收集，干燥，过筛试验样品<ol><li>收集在该领域的土壤样品（用铲子或镘）并将其存储在一个聚乙烯袋中。 注:样品的体积取决于土壤的类型而变化:在100至1000 g的细土（粘土和淤泥）通常是足够的，但在沙质土壤和那些含有砾石和卵石，可能需要大量的，由几到几千克。 </li><li>通过在实验室四分法降低采样，如果这是过于冗长（如果有必要使用的土壤分离器）。 </li><li>放置在托盘上的样品，并在不超过60℃的温度下干燥的土壤中。 注意:两个烘干和风干都是有效的。即使在干燥步骤可以在非常细的土壤被忽略，如果它们包含在测试（含水量高于塑性极限而不实际是粘性的）合适的天然水分。 </li><li>通过研钵手动分解土壤。小心不要折断沙粒，所以最好是用橡皮覆盖杵。 </li><li>通过0.40毫米（或0.425毫米）筛子通过样品。只保留下0.40毫米或0.425毫米馏分（删除由筛上的土壤分数）。 </li></ol> 2.准备两个湿土球<ol><li>用洗涤瓶以约20-40克土壤的添加上一个非吸收性平滑玻璃板蒸馏水，直到获得均匀的土壤 - 水混合物用金属铲揉。 </li><li>形状用手土球从土壤 - 水混合物，该混合物是厘米，直径约3和5之间（最好是穿乳胶手套）。 </li><li>重复步骤2.1和2.2相同的土壤样品，获得不同含水量的另一球。 <ol><li>土壤添加更多或更少的水在步骤2.1得到这个含水量不同，或者只是在步骤2.2比这一步表明形成较大的土球（例如直径6-7厘米的），取一个部分OF该并用手轻轻擦干，或加水至该得到不同含水量的土球。 注:关于步骤2.1至2.3，在粘性土壤（主要是粘质土），加入适量水应该提供一个土壤可以不拘一格手被卷一致性。这是在讨论进一步阐述。 </li></ol></li><li>裹保鲜膜每个土球，并把它们密封的袋子里封闭式的条件下24小时。 </li></ol> 3.进行弯曲试验<ol><li>称重空容器，重量记录到至少为0.01克精度。 </li><li>回火期间后，取土壤球之一，并用手压平的吸收性平滑玻璃板（使用乳胶手套以防止水分损失），直至厚度超过3mm略高。在这一点上，完成与螺纹成形机（ 图2A，B，C）的平坦化，以获得一个厚度正好3毫米。 注意:螺纹成形机被设计成这样一种方式，有哪些形状土壤螺纹和玻璃板（ 图2A）之间的部分恰好3mm的空间。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54118/54118fig2.jpg" /> 图2.图纸和螺纹成型机和钢推杆毫米尺寸 （A）侧视图，（B）俯视图，（C）螺纹成型机的底视图。 （D）前视图和钢推杆（E）俯视图。这个数字已经从莫雷诺- Maroto 与阿隆索Azcárate25修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54118/54118fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看本图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="3"><li>切变平土体的锯齿状边缘用抹刀（切口一定要挺直）。 </li><li>切割用刮铲土条是在至少52毫米长和大约3×3毫米的正方形截面。 </li><li>形状直径正好3毫米，长52毫米圆柱形土壤线程。 <ol><li>卷圆与螺纹成型机的3×3毫米a土壤条:用手移动螺纹成型机相继向前和向后直到其土壤线程的最初方形截面变圆的确切时刻，所以现在它必须为3mm直径。 <ol><li>如果初始土壤条是很难用螺纹成型机（ 例如，在低粘性土壤，甚至在接近PL含水量塑料土壤）推出，一开始，圆方形截面的手很小心（使用手套） 。只是后，如在步骤3.5.1描述直到获得直径土壤螺纹的准确3毫米滚动与螺纹成形机的土壤线程。 </li><li>放置土壤螺纹和螺纹摩尔的前侧明镜并拢。使用线程成型机作为模板的宽度和切断的土壤螺纹用金属铲的尖端，以获得的长度恰好52毫米土壤圆柱体。 注意: 如图2 B，C的螺纹成形机测量52毫米宽。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>弯曲土壤线程，直到裂解（ 图3）的点。 <ol><li>打开螺纹成型机倒挂，以至于现在它是由它的圆柱形件和设备后部的支持。把圆筒形件的螺纹成形机的在与3毫米直径×52毫米长的土壤螺纹的中央部分接触。 </li><li>放置钢推杆（ 图2D，E），与土壤螺纹（ 图3A）的中心的接触，使土壤螺纹位于（这些工作移动支点）和的圆柱形部分在两个钢推动器之间螺纹成型机（这可以作为一个固定的支点）。 </li><li>为大致圆形路径小心移动从中心到土壤螺纹（ 图3B）的尖端的钢推动器。重复这个动作，直到开裂（ 图3C）的点;在这一点上，停止弯曲。 <ol><li>如果裂纹出现了土壤线（ 图3D）， 即接近螺纹秘诀之一的中央第三，保持周围的其他尖端弯曲，直到另一个出现裂缝（ 图3D，E）。通过这种方式，沿着土壤线程获得的两个裂纹。 </li></ol></li><li>右后，取出螺纹成形机和测量线的尖端（D）之间的距离用卡尺并将它记录到0.1mm的精确度。出自发梢（ 图3C中的E）的中央部采取这种测量。 <ol><li>把土线程进入它的重量是以前记录（步骤3.1）的容器盖，以防止水分流失。 </li><li>如果高清弯曲ormations是如此之大，甚至在线程前端抵接， 即，D = 0毫米（ 图3F），除去按压件和螺纹成形机和弯曲用手土壤线程，直到裂纹如在图3G示意性示出的点。测量螺纹尖端之间的距离， 如图3H和带负号记录下来。最后，重复步骤3.6.4.1。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54118/54118fig3.jpg" /> 图3示意图，其中弯曲和提示距离测量技术是详细。（A）中的钢推动器的初始位置，土壤螺纹和在玻璃板上的螺纹成形机的筒状的部分。 （B）由从中心向其中进行非常carefu尖端的大致圆形路径的装置一般弯曲技术LLY（见箭头路径）。在其中央部分破获一个线程（C）通常的顶端距离测量技术。已经破解其中央第三及弯曲技术（D）的土壤螺纹应遵循周围的其他尖端（即由箭头指示）。 （E）已经破解了它的中央第三的线程的常见顶端距离测量技术。 （F）土壤螺纹，其中提示接触，并且可以形成一个封闭的环。当土壤线程能够弯曲超出一个封闭环和（H）前端的距离测量技术为最后这种情况下要进行（G）的弯曲的技术。这个数字已经从莫雷诺- Maroto 与阿隆索Azcárate25修改。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54118/54118fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看本图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="7"><li>形状等土壤THRE从相同的广告按步骤3.4，3.5.1，3.5.1.1扁平土体。不要削减他们的提示。最后，把它们放入容器和覆盖它（步3.6.4.1）。 注意:这些线程的作用是简单地以获得足够的材料来正确地确定水分含量。如果接触表面（玻璃板和螺纹成型机）为塑造一个线程后变脏，请他们用湿布和一张纸迅速干燥。 </li><li>至少在土线程重复步骤3.4至3.6.4.2。形状这些线程具有一定交替相对于在步骤3.7获得的那些。如果顶端距离（D）的第二测量是相同或非常相似，在第一土壤线程获得，不弯多个线程。如果不是，形状和弯曲的至少一个另外的土壤线程。 注意:术语"某交替"指的是，建议弯曲线程不形一前一后， 也就是说，它们应不能从扁平土体的相同区域，以获得整个土体的代表性的测量作出。因此，一些人土线程未剪切和弯曲（步骤3.7）应该弯曲的人之间形成的。如果有一个在展平土体的不均匀湿气分布（这是不可能的），将它纠正这种方式。 </li><li>权衡与土壤线程容器至少为0.01克精度。形状和根据步骤3.4，3.5.1，3.5.1.1添加更多的线程，如果土壤线程的重量小于5克，直到超过该重（5之间的重量和7 g是合适的）。 </li><li>重复步骤3.1至3.9的其它土球（球形，在步骤2.3）。 <ol><li>在非常低的可塑性的土壤的情况下，省略步骤3.10如果土壤的可塑性太低而不能正确进行的测试为两个球具有不同的水含量（使得仅土球将被测试）。 </li></ol></li></ol><ol><li>放置两个容器（对应于测试的两种土壤球）与它们各自的土壤线程在烘箱中在105±5℃下至少18小时（如果施加步骤3.10.1，存在与土壤只有一个容器变干）。在此之后，留下干燥的土壤容器在干燥器中，当他们冷静，它们的权重记录到至少为0.01 g的精度。 </li><li>再次放置容器与干土成在105±5℃的烘箱中至少6小时的。然后让它们先冷却并如在步骤4.1指示再次记录其重量。如果重量是恒定的， 即，如果此重量在本质上是一样的在步骤4.1获得，所述土壤是完全干燥，因此使用该数据来计算在步骤5.2中的水分含量（W）。 <ol><li>如果重量是不同的，重复步骤4.2根据需要多次，直到重量与干土容器是恒定的。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.计算弯曲处开裂（B）和水分（W）的<ol><li>计算弯曲在如下开裂（B）以mm: B = 52.0-D 其中，52.0是指长度在土壤螺纹毫米，D是在毫米裂化时的末端之间测得的平均距离: D =（D 1 + D 2 ... + D N）/ N 其中，n为至少2（参见步骤3.8） </li><li>以百分比计算出水分含量（W）如下: W =（M1-M2）/（M2-M3）×100 哪里: M1为与湿土壤的容器的重量（参见步骤3.9） M2是与干土容器的重量（参见步骤4.2） M3是容器的重量（参见步骤3.1） </li></ol> 6.计算塑限（PL） <ol><li>计算第一个土球的限塑令，如下所示: PL 1= W×（B / 2.135）-0.108 其中，2.135是指在PL在24土壤按原弯曲试验中得到的弯曲曲线上的平均B，而-0.108指平均弯曲斜率（m），这些24土壤（弯曲曲线表1和图4）。 </li><li>重复步骤6.1的第二个土球，并取得2 PL。 </li><li>计算PL作为平均PL 1和PL 2的 PL =（PL 1 + PL 2）/ 2 注意:如果已经获得两个以上的实验点，对PL也是PL结果的平均值， 即，PL =（PL 1 + PL 2 ... + PL n）的 / N。 </li><li>省略步骤6.2和6.3，如果已获得唯一一个实验点（见步骤3.10.1），因此在这种情况下: PL PL = 1 注:突出，在本研究中的PL通过步骤6计算具有蜂是很重要Ñ ​​名为PL nb的以从与原始的弯曲试验和标准滚丝试验，已分别命名为PL 的ob和PL ST取得的PL结果区分开。 </li></ol>

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<li>Haigh, S. K., Vardanega, P. J., Bolton, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+plastic+limit+of+clays%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22G%C3%A9otechnique%22%5BJournal%5D)">The plastic limit of clays.</a> Géotechnique. 63 (6), 435-440 (2013).</li>
<li>Barnes, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+apparatus+for+the+plastic+limit+and+workability+of+soils%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22P.+I.+Civil+Eng.+-+Geotec%22%5BJournal%5D)">An apparatus for the plastic limit and workability of soils.</a> P. I. Civil Eng. - Geotec. 162 (3), 175-185 (2009).</li>
<li>Barnes, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+apparatus+for+the+determination+of+the+workability+and+plastic+limit+of+clays%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl.+Clay+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">An apparatus for the determination of the workability and plastic limit of clays.</a> Appl. Clay Sci. 80-81, 281-290 (2013).</li>
<li>Moreno-Maroto, J. M., Alonso-Azcárate, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+accurate%2C+quick+and+simple+method+to+determine+the+plastic+limit+and+consistency+changes+in+all+types+of+clay+and+soil%3A+The+thread+bending+test%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Appl.+Clay+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">An accurate, quick and simple method to determine the plastic limit and consistency changes in all types of clay and soil: The thread bending test.</a> Appl. Clay Sci. 114, 497-508 (2015).</li>
<li>Bain, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+plasticity+chart+as+an+aid+to+the+identification+and+assessment+of+industrial+clays%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clay+Miner%22%5BJournal%5D)">A plasticity chart as an aid to the identification and assessment of industrial clays.</a> Clay Miner. 9 (1), 1-17 (1971).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

阿太堡限塑令1在土壤中一个非常重要的参数，主要是因为它被广泛用于土工目的10,11,12。为PL测定标准滚丝测试已被广泛批评，因为它是高度依赖于谁是进行测试，因此新的方法来获得PL声称操作者的技能和判断6,7,9,13,15- 20，23-25。然而，简单性，低成本和标准的PL测试的快速性能给它优于提议迄今为止的不成功的替代品，尽管事实上，操作者的主观性在大多数的替代方法?...

液限（LL）和塑限（PL）是那些由阿太堡于1911年定义的两个最重要的土壤一致性限制1。LL标志着液塑状态之间的边界，以及塑料和半固体状态之间PL。 LL是根据通过卡萨格兰方法2,3或渗透试验4几个标准在世界各地获得的。这两种方法都是通过机械装置进行;因此，最少的操作干扰参与。在PL的情况下，所谓的"搓丝测试"是决心2,5最流行 ​​的和标准化的方法。此测试是基于直到操作员认为该土壤被破碎手工压延土壤成3mm线程。出于这个原因，它已被广泛批评，因为操作者的技能和判断起到测试的结果的关键作用。标准滚动试验是重要的受多种不可控因素，如作为所施加的压力，该接触几何，摩擦，轧制速度，样品的大小和土壤6,7的类型。美国社会测试和材料协会（ASTM）制定的ASTM D 4318标准，它包括一个简单的装置，以便最小化操作员干涉2,8，但是根据测试比较手册轧制试验时显著差异已经报道了一些土壤通过ASTM D4318装置9进行。 PL是岩土工程的目的非常重要的参数，因为塑性指数（PI）是由它（PI = 11 - PL）获得; PI用于按照ASTM D 2487 10所示的塑性图的土壤，基础卡萨格兰德11,12研究的基础上进行分类。在PL错误影响负这种分类13，因为这个原因，需要用于PL测定一个新的测试。 普费弗科恩测试，锥penetrome之三，毛细管流变仪，转矩流变仪或者应力-应变测试的测量土壤可塑性14的替代方法的一些示例，但这些都不是足够获得的PL。用落锥试验的特殊情况下，大量的研究人员已经试图定义为使用不同的透度计的PL测定的新方法设计15-20，但没有达到任何真正的协议。此外，所有的它是基于这样的假设，在PL中的剪切强度是LL处21，这是不正确的22的100倍。 巴恩斯23,24开发了模拟土壤气缸的轧制条件，企图放下对PL确定一个明确的标准的装置。尽管如此，一些缺点识别用这种方法，如它的复杂性，试验时间和主要计算的PL 25的可疑的装置。标准碾压试验成功在于它的简单，快速的性能和成本较低，因此没有别的选择方法将能够替代它，除非它满足这三个要求和其他的，诸如高的精度和低的操作者的干扰。 在由作者先前的研究中，一个新的PL方法被提议25:原始线程弯曲试验（或简单弯曲试验）允许从在其被表示含水量和弯曲变形的关系的曲线图获得的PL。获得并绘制了几个试验点，每个土壤作者（协议遵循以获得这些点的相同，在本纸表示），以使点的相关性可以用两种方式来定义，而不以任何方式损害点路径的正确定义:作为一个抛物线，命名为弯曲曲线（ 图1A），并作为两条相交直线与不同坡度，命名为硬塑料线和软塑料线。刚性塑料线是最陡之一，和PL从它计算为对应于这与y轴（ 图1B）的分界点的含水率。在此截止点产生的弯曲是零，这是按照塑性极限的概念， 即 ，PL为在该土壤不能经受低于该阈值（半固体状态）变形的水分含量，但它确实熊他们上面（塑料状态）。虽然在最初的研究中，PL不能直接由弯曲曲线（这不相交y轴）中得到，这条线是非常有用的，因为考虑到弯曲曲线和交叉线遵循非常相似的路径，弯曲从实验数据获得的曲线方程来获得额外的点，首先，修正任何偏差，其次，进行只数点测试， 如图1B所示 。&lt;<html> / P&gt; <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54118/54118fig1.jpg" /> 图1.在由原始的弯曲测试一个测试土壤的BW点的图形表示。（A）中的点的相关性被表示为抛物线曲线，命名为弯曲曲线的方程被包括。 （B）中的点的相关性是由两条相交线和其他加分相加（它们从弯曲曲线公式计算出）限定。 B值都为B = 52.0-D（其中D是在毫米裂化时的末端之间测得的平均距离）获得，对PL被计算为对应于硬​​塑料线与截止点的水含量y轴。这个数字已经从莫雷诺- Maroto 与阿隆索Azcárate25修改。K"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 所有结果与那些经验丰富的操作人员通过传统的螺纹轧制方法取得了优异的协议。但是，原来的弯曲试验仍比标准螺纹滚压测试慢。在试图进一步节省试验时间，单点版本被提出。它是基于在24试土壤中得到的平均弯曲斜率（m），这是0.108（m是当在双对数刻度表示的弯曲曲线的斜率，M出现在图1A中弯曲曲线方程） 。通过在那里被列入此因子的方程的装置，无论是硬塑料和软塑料线被以图形绘制，并因此对PL估计。这些结果也高度同时与多点弯曲试验的标准轧制测试相关。尽管这一个点versio的n是速度甚至比传统的测试中，PL的计算比较复杂，因为策划是必要的。出于这个原因，统计标准的基础上用于PL计算一个新的方程已经开发在这项研究中，所以不要求绘图和结果只能与一个点来实现的，而实验方案是相同的原始弯曲测试。这个新版本满足必要的要求，以取代过时的螺纹轧制方法。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Shovel</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>It is preferable a round point metal shovel so that it can penetrate easily in the soil.</td></tr><tr><td>Trowel</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>It should be easy to handle both in field and laboratory, so approximately 500 g of soil should be the maximum of soil that could pick up.</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene bags</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>The size of the bags depends on the collected soil volume. If we were interested in preserving the natural moisture, use sealing tape to close the bag.</td></tr><tr><td>Soil splitter</td><td>PROETISA</td><td>S0012</td><td>It is not mandatory, because the quartering can be performed with the shovel, but in case of using it: it must be big enough to split several kg of sample in the cases of soils with large amounts of gravel or pebbles.</td></tr><tr><td>Oven</td><td>SELECTA</td><td>2001254</td><td>The oven must be able to maintain constant temperature and should have some sort of slot or outlet opening to facilitate the release of water vapor.</td></tr><tr><td>Lab trays</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Metal trays are preferred over plastic because the first ones tolerate the oven temperatures better than the second ones.</td></tr><tr><td>Mortar and pestle</td><td>MECACISA</td><td>V112-02</td><td>A ceramic mortar is valid.&amp;nbsp; It is recommended to use a rubber covered pestle because if the pestle was of other different materials (like metal or a ceramic), it could break the sand particles.</td></tr><tr><td>0.40 mm sieve (or 0.425&amp;nbsp;mm sieve)</td><td>FILTRA</td><td>0,400 (or 0,425)</td><td>Make sure that the sieve mesh is in perfect conditions of use (it should not be neither broken or worn).</td></tr><tr><td>Brush</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>It is useful for passing the soil during the sieving.</td></tr><tr><td>Wash-bottle</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>It should have an approximate capacity of one litre and it should be easy to control the amount of water that it releases.</td></tr><tr><td>Distilled water</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Distilled water can be purchased or obtained by filtering from tap water (in this last case, a filtering system is necessary).</td></tr><tr><td>Nonabsorbent smooth glass plate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>The plate should have a minimum area of approximately 30 &amp;times; 30&amp;nbsp;cm.</td></tr><tr><td>Metal spatula</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>The metal blade of the spatula must be flexible. Dry it with a paper after water-cleaning to prevent rusting.</td></tr><tr><td>Latex gloves</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Latex, vinyl, nitrile or other impermeable materials are valid. They should be thin enough to sense the soil with the hands.</td></tr><tr><td>Cling film</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Normal cling film is valid.</td></tr><tr><td>Airtight bags</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Remove the air before closing them.</td></tr><tr><td>Thread molder</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>It is a tool designed in this experiment (drawings with dimmensions are included in this paper).</td></tr><tr><td>Steel pushers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>It is a tool designed in this experiment (drawings with dimmensions are included in this paper).</td></tr><tr><td>Damp cloth</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>A normal damph cloth is valid.</td></tr><tr><td>Roll of paper</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Normall rolls of paper used to dry hands are valid.</td></tr><tr><td>Caliper</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>It must have an accuracy of at least 0.1 mm.</td></tr><tr><td>Paper and pen</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Paper and pen are used to write the results.</td></tr><tr><td>Containers with covers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Small cylindrical glass containers are valid. If they do not have covers, watch glasses can be used as covers. Covers are useful to avoid the loss of water during the test and also to prevent the dry soil absorbs moisture from the air after oven drying.</td></tr><tr><td>Precision or analytical balance</td><td>BOECO</td><td>BPS 52 PLUS</td><td>It must have an accuracy of at least 0.01 g.</td></tr><tr><td>Protective gloves</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Protective gloves are used to catch the metal trays from the oven.</td></tr><tr><td>Tongs</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td>Tongs are used to catch the hot containers from the oven.</td></tr><tr><td>Desiccator</td><td>MECACISA</td><td>A036-01</td><td>A normal glass desiccator with silica gel is valid to prevent the dry soil absorbs moisture from the air after oven drying.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a bending test for determining the atterberg plastic limit in soils

螺纹轧制试验是最常用的方法，以确定土壤中的塑性极限（PL）。它已被广泛批评，因为从执行的测试其性能时所涉及的运营商，这可能显著影响最终结果相当的主观判断。不同的替代方法已经提出，但他们不能在速度，简单性和成本的标准碾压试验竞争。 在由作者先前的研究，提出了一个简单的装置，以确定PL一个简单的方法（"线弯曲试验"或简称为"弯曲试验"）;以最小的操作者的干扰来获得允许对PL此方法。在本文件的原始弯曲试验的一个版本被示出。实验依据相同的原始弯曲试验:土壤线程它们是3毫米直径和52毫米长的弯曲，直到他们开始产生裂纹，所以，无论是bendiNG生产及其相关的水分含量被确定。但是，这种新的版本使PL的从方程式的计算，所以，没有必要来绘制任何曲线或直线，以获得该参数，并且在事实上，PL只能与一个试验点（但是两个试验点来实现推荐使用）。 这个新的版本获得的PL结果非常相似，由经验丰富的操作者通过原始的弯曲试验和标准轧制试验获得的那些。仅在高塑性粘性土的特定情况下，有在结果较大的差异。尽管如此，弯曲试验非常适用于所有类型的土壤，无论是凝聚力和非常低的可塑性的土壤，后者是最难通过的标准螺纹轧制方法测试。

在该协议的步骤6.1中所示的PL方程是通过在作者25（ 表1）的先前研究中测试的24个土壤的统计研究实现。其目的是要知道的最可能的弯曲斜率（弯曲曲线方程中的术语米 ，这显示在图1A）和B中的哪PL被按照原始的弯曲测试中得到的弯曲曲线上的平均值（原试验使用3个以上的实验点进行，并需要有图表来获得的PL， 如图1）。</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils at JoVE.com

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

用于确定土壤中塑性极限传统标准化测试是由手工进行，其结果取决于操作人员。基于弯曲测量的另一种方法，提出了这项研究。这使得具有明确和客观的标准得到了限塑令。

弯曲试验在土壤确定阿太堡限塑

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a ...

a-bending-test-for-determining-the-atterberg-plastic-limit-in-soils

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Unit 1

Bending

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20.3K 次观看.  University of Castilla-La Mancha. 用于确定土壤中塑性极限传统标准化测试是由手工进行，其结果取决于操作人员。基于弯曲测量的另一种方法，提出了这项研究。这使得具有明确和客观的标准得到了限塑令。 

视频: A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional experimental approaches, such as out-of-plane and in-plane tests, are not applicable to the determination of forming limits when heating and rapid cooling processes are introduced prior to forming for tests conducted under hot stamping conditions. A novel in-plane biaxial testing system was designed and used for the determination of forming limits of sheet metals at various strain paths, temperatures, and strain rates after heating and cooling processes in a resistance heating uniaxial testing machine. The core part of the biaxial testing system is a biaxial apparatus, which transfers a uniaxial force provided by the uniaxial testing machine to a biaxial force. One type of cruciform specimen was designed and verified for the formability test of aluminum alloy 6082 using the proposed biaxial testing system. The digital image correlation (DIC) system with a high-speed camera was used for taking strain measurements of a specimen during a deformation. The aim of proposing this biaxial testing system is to enable the forming limits of an alloy to be determined at various temperatures and strain rates under hot stamping conditions.

This protocol proposes a novel biaxial testing system used on a resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine in order to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions.

一种新型双轴试验设备的成形极限的下烫印条件的决定

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

科研

工程学

Monitoring Pedogenic Inorganic Carbon Accumulation Due to Weathering of Amended Silicate Minerals in Agricultural Soils.

The present study aims to demonstrate a systematic procedure for monitoring inorganic carbon induced by enhanced weathering of comminuted rocks in agricultural soils. To this end, the core soil samples taken at different depth (including 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-60 cm profiles) are collected from an agriculture field, the topsoil of which has already been enriched with an alkaline earth metal silicate containing mineral (such as wollastonite). After transporting to the laboratory, the soil samples are air-dried and sieved. Then, the inorganic carbon content of the samples is determined by a volumetric method called calcimetry. The representative results presented herein showed five folded increments of inorganic carbon content in the soils amended with the Ca-silicate compared to control soils. This compositional change was accompanied by more than 1 unit of pH increase in the amended soils, implying high dissolution of the silicate. Mineralogical and morphological analyses, as well as elemental composition, further corroborate the increase in the inorganic carbon content of silicate-amended soils. The sampling and analysis methods presented in this study can be adopted by researchers and professionals looking to trace pedogenic inorganic carbon changes in soils and subsoils, including those amended with other suitable silicate rocks such as basalt and olivine. These methods can also be exploited as tools for verifying soil inorganic carbon sequestration by private and governmental entities to certify and award carbon credits.

The verification method described here is adaptable for monitoring pedogenic inorganic carbon sequestration in various agricultural soils amended with alkaline earth metal silicate-containing rocks, such as wollastonite, basalt, and olivine. This type of validation is essential for carbon credit programs, which can benefit farmers that sequester carbon in their fields.

监测农业土壤中经修正的硅酸盐矿物风化造成的致病性无机碳积累。

The present study aims to demonstrate a systematic procedure for monitoring inorganic carbon induced by enhanced weathering of comminuted rocks in ...

环境科学

Separation and Identification of Conventional Microplastics from Farmland Soils

Microplastics (MPs) pollution in the terrestrial environment has received increasing attention over the last decade, with increasing studies describing the numbers and types of MPs in different soil systems and their impacts on soil and crop health. However, different MPs extraction and analytical methods are used, limiting opportunities to compare results and generate reliable evidence for industry advice and policymakers. Here, we present a protocol that describes the methodology for sampling, separation, and chemical identification of conventional MPs&#160;from soil. The method is low-cost, and the materials are readily available. This enhances operational ease and may help with widespread adoption. The protocol provides detailed information on sample collection from the top 0-30 cm of soil using plastic-free utensils; simulation of different soil types through the use of various solid media (such as bentonite clay, silicon dioxide, and non-contaminated soil), with the addition of the same mass&#160;of polyethylene(PE)-MPs for subsequent quantification; density separation of plastic particles utilizing saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and digestion of organic impurities in the supernatant using 4 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution; quantification of particles using fluorescent microscopy after Nile Red staining; and polymer identification using micro&#160;Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (&#956;-FTIR) or Laser-Direct Infrared (LDIR) spectroscopy. The MPs recovery rate ranged from 83% - 90% for the abovementioned media. This protocol presents an efficient method for soil MPs analysis that is optimized for feasibility, applicability, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, the video accompanied can guide the process of analyzing the soil MPs step-by-step virtually. This study is dedicated to standardizing the methods for soil MPs analysis, enhancing the connectivity and comparability of measurements, and establishing a foundation for more standardized and scientific research.

Presented here is a method for extracting microplastics from soil and identifying their polymer types. The method has been optimized for execution, applicability, and cost-effectiveness. It lays a scientific foundation for standardizing the analytical method to identify microplastics in soils.

农田土壤中常规微塑料的分离和鉴定

Microplastics (MPs) pollution in the terrestrial environment has received increasing attention over the last decade, with increasing studies describing ...

A Millimeter Scale Flexural Testing System for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Marine Sponge Spicules

Many load bearing biological structures (LBBSs)&#8212;such as feather rachises and spicules&#8212;are small (&#60;1 mm) but not microscopic. Measuring the flexural behavior of these LBBSs is important for understanding the origins of their remarkable mechanical functions.
We describe a protocol for performing three-point bending tests using a custom-built mechanical testing device that can measure forces ranging from 10-5 to 101 N and displacements ranging from 10-7 to 10-2 m. The primary advantage of this mechanical testing device is that the force and displacement capacities can be easily adjusted for different LBBSs. The device&#39;s operating principle is similar to that of an atomic force microscope. Namely, force is applied to the LBBS by a load point that is attached to the end of a cantilever. The load point displacement is measured by a fiber optic displacement sensor and converted into a force using the measured cantilever stiffness. The device&#39;s force range can be adjusted by using cantilevers of different stiffnesses.
The device&#39;s capabilities are demonstrated by performing three-point bending tests on the skeletal elements of the marine sponge Euplectella aspergillum. The skeletal elements&#8212;known as spicules&#8212;are silica fibers that are approximately 50 &#181;m in diameter. We describe the procedures for calibrating the mechanical testing device, mounting the spicules on a three-point bending fixture with a &#8776;1.3 mm span, and performing a bending test. The force applied to the spicule and its deflection at the location of the applied force are measured.

We present a protocol for performing three-point bending tests on sub-millimeter scale fibers using a custom-built mechanical testing device. The device can measure forces ranging from 20 &#181;N up to 10 N and can therefore accommodate a variety of fiber sizes.

测量海洋海绵针力学性能的毫米尺度弯曲试验系统

Many load bearing biological structures (LBBSs)&#8212;such as feather rachises and spicules&#8212;are small (&#60;1 mm) but not microscopic. Measuring the ...

生物工程

Isolation of Native Soil Microorganisms with Potential for Breaking Down Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Films Used in Agriculture

Fungi native to agricultural soils that colonized commercially available biodegradable mulch (BDM) films were isolated and assessed for potential to degrade plastics. Typically, when formulations of plastics are known and a source of the feedstock is available, powdered plastic can be suspended in agar-based media and degradation determined by visualization of clearing zones. However, this approach poorly mimics in situ degradation of BDMs. First, BDMs are not dispersed as small particles throughout the soil matrix. Secondly, BDMs are not sold commercially as pure polymers, but rather as films containing additives (e.g. fillers, plasticizers and dyes) that may affect microbial growth. The procedures described herein were used for isolates acquired from soil-buried mulch films. Fungal isolates acquired from excavated BDMs were tested individually for growth on pieces of new, disinfested BDMs laid atop defined medium containing no carbon source except agar. Isolates that grew on BDMs were further tested in liquid medium where BDMs were the sole added carbon source. After approximately ten weeks, fungal colonization and BDM degradation were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Isolates were identified via analysis of ribosomal RNA gene sequences. This report describes methods for fungal isolation, but bacteria also were isolated using these methods by substituting media appropriate for bacteria. Our methodology should prove useful for studies investigating breakdown of intact plastic films or products for which plastic feedstocks are either unknown or not available. However our approach does not provide a quantitative method for comparing rates of BDM degradation.

Plastic films labeled "biodegradable" are commercially available for agricultural use as mulches. Tillage represents an attractive disposal method, but degradation under field conditions is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to develop methods for isolating native soil fungi and bacteria that colonize plastic mulch films after field burial.

隔离原住民土壤微生物潜力打破生物降解塑料地膜应用于农业

Fungi native to agricultural soils that colonized commercially available biodegradable mulch (BDM) films were isolated and assessed for potential to ...

生物学

骨折易感性机械测试的原则和方案

Practical Considerations for the Design, Execution, and Interpretation of Studies Involving Whole-Bone Bending Tests of Rodent Bones

Skeletal fragility leading to fracture is an American public health crisis resulting in 1.5 million fractures each year and $18 billion in direct care costs. The ability to understand the mechanisms underlying bone disease and the response to treatment is not only desired, but critical. Mechanical testing of bone serves as a valuable technique for understanding and quantifying a bone&#39;s susceptibility to fracture. While this method appears simple to perform, inappropriate and inaccurate conclusions may be reached if governing assumptions and key steps are disregarded by the user. This has been observed across disciplines as studies continue to be published with misuse of methods and incorrect interpretation of results. This protocol will serve as a primer for the principles associated with mechanical testing along with the application of these techniques-from considerations of sample size through tissue harvesting and storage, to data analysis and interpretation. With this in hand, valuable information regarding a bone&#39;s susceptibility to fracture may be obtained, furthering understanding for both academic research and clinical solutions.

作者聚焦：提高全骨弯曲测试的准确性和可重复性 

Mechanical testing of rodent bones is a valuable method for extracting information regarding a bone's susceptibility to fracture. Lacking proper practical understanding, the results may be overinterpreted or lack validity. This protocol will serve as a guide to ensure mechanical tests are performed accurately to provide valid and functional data.

设计、执行和解释涉及啮齿动物骨骼全骨弯曲试验的研究的实际考虑因素

Skeletal fragility leading to fracture is an American public health crisis resulting in 1.5 million fractures each year and $18 billion in direct care ...

Tension Tests of Polymers

Source:&#160;Roberto Leon, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Polymeric materials are widely used in civil structures, with uses ranging from very soft sealants to more rigid pipes in water and wastewater systems. The most basic definition of a polymer is a molecular structure with repeating subunits. The term polymer comes from Greek, where &#34;poly&#34; means many, and &#34;-mer&#34; means basic unit. Monomers, or single mers, are the specific repeating units. With polymers, the structure, including the length of the carbon backbone and the varying flexibility, will dictate the properties of the polymer. Polymers are classified into 3 subcategories: plastics, elastomers, and rigid rod polymers. Plastics are further subdivided into thermosets, which do not soften on heating, and thermoplastics, which do soften when heated and harden on cooling. Additionally, thermoplastics are mostly linear or branched polymers with little to no cross-linking, whereas thermosets exhibit 3D structure and have extensive cross-linking. Elastomers, or rubbers, are long, coiled chains and can be stretched to twice the original length, but will contract back to the original size when released, whereas rigid rod polymers do not stretch and are strong, crystalline structures.
In this laboratory, we will look at several different polymeric materials, including high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), nylon, and methyl methacrylate (acrylic) in order to understand the breadth and diversity of the stress-strain curves for these materials and how their mechanical properties affect their performance.

Uniaxial Tensile Test Strength for Polymers

聚合物拉伸试验

Source:&#160;Roberto Leon, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Polymeric materials are widely used in civil ...

教育

JoVE Science Education

结构工程

Ceramic-matrix Composite Materials and Their Bending Properties

Source: Sina Shahbazmohamadi and <a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Peiman_Shahbeigi-Roodposhti">Peiman Shahbeigi-Roodposhti-Roodposhti</a>, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
Bones are composites, made of a ceramic matrix and polymer fiber reinforcements. The ceramic contributes compressive strength, and the polymer provides tensile and flexural strength. By combining ceramic and polymer materials in different amounts, the body can create unique materials tailored for a specific application. As biomedical engineers, having the ability to replace and replicate bone due to disease or traumatic injury is a vital facet of medical science.
In this experiment we will create three different ceramic-matrix composites with plaster of Paris (which is a calcium sulfate compound), and allow them to undergo three-point bending test in order to determine which preparation is the strongest. The three composites are as follows: one comprised only of plaster of Paris, one with chopped glass shards mixed in a plaster matrix and lastly a plaster matrix with a fiberglass network embedded within it.

弯曲试验在土壤确定阿太堡限塑

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陶瓷基质复合材料及其弯曲特性