This work was supported by the Auburn University fund FOP 101002-139294-2050.

所有的实验程序，由奥本大学IACUC，阿拉巴马州奥本市批准。 1，文化传媒，餐具和细菌培养的制备<ol><li>接种10毫升营养肉汤的与枯草芽孢杆菌 BSB3培养物的单个菌落，在营养琼脂平板上生长过夜的烧瓶中。 </li><li>使500毫升孢子形成介质19（每升:细菌用营养肉汤，8克10％（重量/体积）的KCl，10毫升，1.2％（重量/体积）用MgSO 4×7H 2 O，10毫升，琼脂，15克），在121℃下20分钟的高压釜。允许冷却至50℃，并添加以下无菌溶液:1米的Ca（NO 3）2，1毫升， 0.01M的氯化锰2,1毫升， 1 mM的硫酸亚铁1毫升。 </li><li>至40℃，在室温下20分钟凉爽准备介质和将25 ml接种入各在无菌柜20的无菌培养皿中。让中等固化过夜。 </li><li>传播0.5毫升的B过夜培养芽孢杆菌BSB3到在培养皿中的介质的表面上。文化孵育在37℃5天，直到90％孢子。显示高分辨率显微镜相亮孢子。 </li><li>收获细菌加入1毫升无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）的到板，并使用无菌细胞吊具从表面刮细菌。直到需要存储该悬浮液在冰箱中。 </li><li>在37℃。24小时-通过电镀0.1毫升上孢子形成培养基平板细菌悬浮液的合适的稀释液（10 -5〜10 -6），随后温育18的确认菌的生存能力</li><li>指望平板菌落使用菌落计数器并计算测试悬挂细菌的滴度。制备细菌悬浮液与最终浓度为1×10 8 CFU / ml，在PBS中。 </li></ol> 2.动物<ol><li>使用32只雄性SD大鼠（250 - 300克）。保持与免费获取标准颗粒饲料和水无特定病原体条件下的动物。建立一个平均温度（21±1℃），湿度（50±5％）和12小时光照-黑暗周期。 </li></ol> 3.实验设计<ol><li>经口灌胃11开始治疗的动物，驯化后的2天。使用注射器用口管饲针头。治疗16大鼠B.枯草 BSB3悬浮（1毫升，每鼠）两次两天每天（ 枯草芽孢杆菌组）。治疗16只大鼠用PBS（1毫升，每鼠）两天（PBS组）（图1），每天两次。 </li><li>治疗后，各细分组（每组8只）:1组对照组（PBS /无应力），2-组B.枯草芽孢杆菌 （ 枯草芽孢杆菌 /无应力），3组应力（PBS /热应激）和组4- B.枯草芽孢杆菌 +应力（ 枯草芽孢杆菌 /热应激）。 </li><li>使用电子角测量每只大鼠的直肠温度TRONIC数字温度计。保持组1和2的大鼠在室温下25分钟。在45℃下在气候室组3和4以及相对湿度为25分钟的55％的地方动物。 </li><li>然后，测量使用电子数字温度计各组每只大鼠的直肠温度。放置在室温下的所有动物4小时。 </li><li>在密封的罐子麻醉 - （4％2）观察，直到大鼠深度麻醉（无响应脚趾捏的）麻醉异氟醚老鼠。通过用断头台斩首迅速安乐死只。 </li><li>从每只大鼠20收集主干血（15 - 15毫升）与无热原进入移液器无热原管，以获得血清，并立即采取与镜检吸管的血液样本（每只大鼠7微升）。 </li><li>放管与血液在冰箱中至少30分钟，以允许凝固。离心管中，在20℃7000 XG 10分钟，迅速除去血清吸管。在-20℃下，直到检测每只大鼠成50微升体积和存储获得的分装血清。 </li></ol> 4.手术过程<ol><li>剪切/修剪从电动剪板机尸体的下面的腹部和胸部都皮毛。放置胎体在无菌柜和治疗用70％酒精胎体的剃表面。 </li><li>用无菌解剖刀创建腹部中线切开。使用无菌镊子各组大鼠肝脏取出，肠系膜淋巴结，脾，小肠。 </li></ol> 5.细菌移位分析<ol><li>肝，肠系膜淋巴结和脾的每个样品放入预先称重的无菌管和权衡。计算出样品的重量与样品的管的重量和空管的重量之间的差异。 </li><li>添加无菌PBS到管以得到1:10稀释（重量/体积）的样品和homogenize每个样品用无菌玻璃组织匀浆器以获得均匀的悬浮液21。 </li><li>使在无菌PBS各样品的连续稀释液（10 -1〜10 -4）。板0.1各组织的所有稀释到麦康凯的表面和5％血琼脂和布鲁氏菌血琼脂血红素（0.005克/ L）和维生素K1（0.01克/升）板毫升。 </li><li>孵育麦康凯的5％血琼脂平板和好氧布鲁氏菌血琼脂平板厌氧条件下在37℃22。 </li><li>算需氧细菌的菌落后24小时，并使用菌落计数器48小时温育后厌氧菌菌落。表达结果作为在一克组织的菌落形成单位（CFU）的数目。 </li></ol> 6.组织学分析<ol><li>通过外科手术从每只大鼠中取出小肠样品（步骤4.1 - 4.2）。修复布安固定液的样品，石蜡嵌入，制备6微米的部分和染色部分，使用标准程序23苏木精和曙红。 </li><li>用高分辨率显微镜系统，用于测量每个样品（倍率100倍）24在肠绒毛和总粘膜厚度的高度。分析来自各大鼠4个样品，并在每个样品中至少二十测量。表达微米的结果。 </li></ol> 7.细胞因子检测<ol><li>使用IL-1β商业大鼠ELISA试剂盒; IL-6; TNF-α; INF-γ，IL-10，以根据制造商的协议测量血清中的细胞因子的水平。 </li><li>生成每个组使用标准的相关试剂盒测定样品的标准曲线。通过与合适的标准曲线的实验数据进行比较确定每个样品中的细胞因子的水平。 </li></ol> 8.脂多糖含量<ol><li>使用根据大​​鼠脂多糖ELISA试剂盒分析血清中的LPS水平制造商的协议。通过与标准曲线的值所获得的值的比较，判断样品中的LPS浓度。 </li></ol> 9.血液的高分辨率光学显微镜<ol><li>使用先前描述25,26显微镜系统。使用一个隔振平台作为用于显微镜系统中的基站和摄像机和计算机25来记录实时图像。校准使用理查森滑动如前所述27测试图像。 </li><li>放置7微升新鲜抽取的血液从载玻片上，盖玻片，照片各大鼠和每个样品（倍率1,700X）中记录的72×53.3微米2将 10图像帧。 </li><li>测量使用软件，它提供实时高分辨率直视光学图象囊泡的浓度。检查每个实验条件28最小20的图像帧。 </li></ol> 10. STATIS抽动<ol><li>表达的所有值以平均值和标准偏差。进行统计分析和图形绘制。分析与两样本t检验的结果，在0.05设置显着性水平确定统计学意义。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

暴露在高温下会导致严重的健康状况29。预防和早期发现与热应激的并发症是至关重要的30。 所提出的协议可以用来评估用于预防热应力的不良影响的各种方法的功效。 这个协议中的关键步骤包括:在热处理过程（45℃，25分钟）;无热原的材料的收集和血液以防止肠毒素污染处理期间的使用;保持血清等分在-20℃至避免反复冻融;和?...

Different stressors affect human and animal health. Temperature is one of the most stressful factors, causing chronic, acute and even lethal illnesses1. Changes in intestinal morphology and a loss of gut barrier integrity after heat stress were documented in many cases2,3. This protective barrier is responsible for defense against translocation of gut bacteria and their toxins, in particular lipopolysaccharides (LPS), from the lumen to the internal circulation4,5. Stability of the gut microbiota significantly influences intestinal barrier function, the immune response of the host, and tolerance to stress conditions6. Thus, modulation of the intestinal microbiota can provide a novel approach for prevention of stress-related adverse effects. 
Beneficial bacteria have been used as a promising strategy to modify the gut microbiota for successful management of various clinical conditions, such as diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, metabolic disorders7-10. Probiotic effects of beneficial bacteria include production of essential metabolites to support intestinal health, stimulation of the immune system, promotion of lactose tolerance, restoration of epithelial dysfunction. Probiotics were effective in prevention of the stress-related complications in vitro and in animal models11,12. 
Researchers have given more attention to Bacillus bacteria as probiotics because these bacteria support intestinal homeostasis13 and have beneficial effects on the host14. Our previous data demonstrated high efficacy of Bacillus probiotics against pathogens in vitro15,16 and in clinical trials17,18. Here, we aim to evaluate the preventive effect of B. subtilis BSB3 strain against complications after heat stress.

&#160;
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			<td rowspan="2">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich,&#160;St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td rowspan="2">P4417</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td>Pharmco products Inc. Brookfield, CT, USA&#160;</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97064-334</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>MacConkey agar plates</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470180-742</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>5% blood agar plates</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89405-024</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Brucella blood with Hemin, and Vitamin K, 
			&#160;plates</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89405-032</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Bouin&#8217;s Fixative</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA</td>
			<td>15990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-10 Rat ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC0101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-1beta Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6 Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC0061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INF-gamma Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC4021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNF-alpha Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC3011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat LPS ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>NeoBioLab, MA, USA</td>
			<td>RL0275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Environmental Chamber 6020-1</td>
			<td>Caron, Marietta, OH, USA</td>
			<td>6020-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, USA</td>
			<td>Optima L-90K</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light microscope optical system</td>
			<td>CitoViva Technology Inc., Auburn, AL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colony counter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific , Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>RE-3325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer</td>
			<td>Haier, Brooklyn, NY, USA</td>
			<td>HCMO50LA</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Ultra microplate reader</td>
			<td>Bio-Tek Instrument, Winooski, VT, USA</td>
			<td>ELx 808</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto Strip Washer</td>
			<td>Bio-Tek Instrument, Winooski, VT, USA</td>
			<td>ELx50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Gilson, Pipetman, France</td>
			<td>P100, P200, P1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C24 Incubator Shaker</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific, Enfield, CT, USA</td>
			<td>Classic C24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking Shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>Reliable Scientific, Inc., Nesbit, MS, USA</td>
			<td>55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>875713</td>
			<td>100mmX15mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SterilGard III Advance</td>
			<td>The Baker Company, Sanford, ME, USA</td>
			<td>SG403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Growing Flasks</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA</td>
			<td>4995</td>
			<td>PYREX 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Spectrometer Genesys 20</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA.</td>
			<td>4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sony DXC-33 Video camera</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Richardson test slide</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science, Hatfield, PA, USA</td>
			<td>80303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore water purification system</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>Direct-Q</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Image-Pro Plus software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics, MD, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triple Beam Balance</td>
			<td>OHAUS Corporation, Parsippany, NJ, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">Tissue Homogenizer, Dounce</td>
			<td rowspan="3">VWR</td>
			<td rowspan="3">71000-518</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
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prevention of heat stress adverse effects in rats by bacillus subtilis strain

此研究的目的是评估对热应力有关的并发症的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株的保护作用。三十二个的Sprague-Dawley大鼠用于该研究。动物口服治疗，一天两次两天与B枯草芽孢杆菌菌株BSB3或PBS。第二天在最后一次治疗后，各组被划分和两个实验组（一个用PBS处理和一个与枯草芽孢杆菌处理的）被放置在45℃下25分钟。两个对照组留在室温下25分钟。所有大鼠安乐死，并在各组不同的参数进行了分析。热应力的不良影响是由绒毛高度，并在肠上皮细胞总粘膜厚度的减小登记;从管腔细菌易位;增加红细胞的囊泡和仰角的脂多糖（LPS）在血液中的水平。治疗的保护效力是通过预评估这些副作用公约。该协议被设定为大鼠细菌预防热应力并发症的口服治疗，但该协议可以被修改，并用于其它给药途径和不同的化合物的分析。

热应激后的动物之前，立即的平均体温为36.7±0.07℃，40.3±0.17℃，分别为（P &lt;0.05）。大鼠暴露于热（第3组）导致绒毛高度的显著抑制和总粘膜厚度（图2,3）。 BSB3应变口服从热量的有害影响的应力保护肠道之前。 从肠道细菌易位通过肠系膜淋巴结的细菌分析（MLN），肝脏和各大鼠的脾脏来确定?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain at JoVE.com

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

We described a protocol for prevention of heat stress effects in rats by oral pre-treatment with beneficial bacteria. This protocol can be modified and used for various routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

热火预防应激在大鼠不利影响<em&gt;枯草芽孢杆菌</em&gt;应变

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two ...

prevention-heat-stress-adverse-effects-rats-bacillus-subtilis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

7.4K 次观看.  Auburn University. We described a protocol for prevention of heat stress effects in rats by oral pre-treatment with beneficial bacteria. This protocol can be modified and used for various routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

视频: Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

Orthotopic Hind-Limb Transplantation in Rats

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel therapeutic entity in reconstructive surgery. However, long term high-dose multi-drug immunosuppressive therapy is required to ensure graft survival, bearing the risk of serious side effects which halters broader application. Further progression in this field may depend on better understanding of basic immunology and ischemia reperfusion injury in composite tissue grafts.
To date, orthotopic hind limb transplantation in rats has been the preferred rodent model for reconstructive transplantation (RT), however, it is an extremely demanding procedure that requires extraordinary microsurgical skills for reattachment of vasculature, bones, muscles and nerves.
We have introduced the vascular cuff anastomosis technique to this model, providing a rapid and reliable approach to rat hind limb transplantation. This technique simplifies and shortens the surgical procedure and enables surgeons with basic microsurgical experience to successfully perform the operation with high survival and low complication rates. The technique seems to be well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) studies.

Here we describe the orthotopic rat hind-limb transplantation procedure, which seems to be the gold standard in vivo model for composite tissue allotransplantation research.

原位大鼠后肢移植

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) now represents a valid therapeutic option after the loss of a hand, forearm or digits and has become a novel ...

科研

免疫与感染

Live Cell Imaging of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae using Automated Time-lapse Microscopy

During the last few years scientists became increasingly aware that average data obtained from microbial population based experiments are not representative of the behavior, status or phenotype of single cells. Due to this new insight the number of single cell studies rises continuously (for recent reviews see 1,2,3). However, many of the single cell techniques applied do not allow monitoring the development and behavior of one specific single cell in time (e.g. flow cytometry or standard microscopy).
Here, we provide a detailed description of a microscopy method used in several recent studies 4, 5, 6, 7, which allows following and recording (fluorescence of) individual bacterial cells of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae through growth and division for many generations. The resulting movies can be used to construct phylogenetic lineage trees by tracing back the history of a single cell within a population that originated from one common ancestor. This time-lapse fluorescence microscopy method cannot only be used to investigate growth, division and differentiation of individual cells, but also to analyze the effect of cell history and ancestry on specific cellular behavior. Furthermore, time-lapse microscopy is ideally suited to examine gene expression dynamics and protein localization during the bacterial cell cycle. The method explains how to prepare the bacterial cells and construct the microscope slide to enable the outgrowth of single cells into a microcolony. In short, single cells are spotted on a semi-solid surface consisting of growth medium supplemented with agarose on which they grow and divide under a fluorescence microscope within a temperature controlled environmental chamber. Images are captured at specific intervals and are later analyzed using the open source software ImageJ.

Live Cell Imaging of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae using Automated Time-lapse Microscopy

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to monitor single cell behavior of different bacteria in time using automated fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. Furthermore, we provide guidelines how to analyze the microscopy images.

活细胞成像枯草芽孢杆菌肺炎链球菌使用自动定时显微镜

During the last few years scientists became increasingly aware that average data obtained from microbial population based experiments are not ...

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

在细菌粘附的研究剪应力

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly constituted by proteins and exopolysaccharides, among other factors 7-10. The microbial community encased within the biofilm often shows the differentiation of distinct subpopulation of specialized cells 11-17. These subpopulations coexist and often show spatial and temporal organization within the biofilm 18-21.
Biofilm formation in the model organism Bacillus subtilis requires the differentiation of distinct subpopulations of specialized cells. Among them, the subpopulation of matrix producers, responsible to produce and secrete the extracellular matrix of the biofilm is essential for biofilm formation 11,19. Hence, differentiation of matrix producers is a hallmark of biofilm formation in B. subtilis.
We have used fluorescent reporters to visualize and quantify the subpopulation of matrix producers in biofilms of B. subtilis 15,19,22-24. Concretely, we have observed that the subpopulation of matrix producers differentiates in response to the presence of self-produced extracellular signal surfactin 25. Interestingly, surfactin is produced by a subpopulation of specialized cells different from the subpopulation of matrix producers 15.
We have detailed in this report the technical approach necessary to visualize and quantify the subpopulation of matrix producers and surfactin producers within the biofilms of B. subtilis. To do this, fluorescent reporters of genes required for matrix production and surfactin production are inserted into the chromosome of B. subtilis. Reporters are expressed only in a subpopulation of specialized cells. Then, the subpopulations can be monitored using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (See Fig 1).
The fact that different subpopulations of specialized cells coexist within multicellular communities of bacteria gives us a different perspective about the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. This protocol addresses this phenomenon experimentally and it can be easily adapted to any other working model, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic heterogeneity within a microbial community.

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Microbial biofilms are generally constituted by distinct subpopulations of specialized cells. Single-cell analysis of these subpopulations requires the use of fluorescent reporters. Here we describe a protocol to visualize and monitor several subpopulationswithin B. subtilis biofilms using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

单细胞分析枯草芽孢杆菌生物膜，用荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in diameter. In addition to a characterization of forward and sideward scatter properties, it enables the use of fluorescent labeled markers like antibodies to detect respective structures. Using indirect antibody staining, flow cytometry is employed here to quantify birch pollen allergen (precisely Bet v 1)-loaded particles of 0.5 to 10 &#181;m in diameter in inhalable particulate matter (PM10, particle size &#8804;10 &#181;m in diameter). PM10 particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens possibly transporting them to the lower respiratory tract, where they could trigger allergic reactions.
So far the allergen content of PM10 has been studied by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and scanning electron microscopy. ELISA measures the dissolved and not the particle-bound allergen. Compared to scanning electron microscopy, which can visualize allergen-loaded particles, flow cytometry may additionally quantify them. As allergen content of ambient air can deviate from birch pollen count, allergic symptoms might perhaps correlate better with allergen exposure than with pollen count. In conjunction with clinical data, the presented method offers the opportunity to test in future experiments whether allergic reactions to birch pollen antigens are associated with the Bet v 1 allergen content of PM10 particles &#62;0.5 &#181;m.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify allergen-loaded particles by flow cytometry. Ambient particulate matter particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens. We show here that flow cytometry, a method widely used to characterize suspended solids &#62;0.5 &#181;m in diameter, can be used to measure these allergen-loaded particles.

粒子结合Bet v 1的变应原PM10的流式细胞分析

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the development and persistence of many health related infections. One of the most well described and studied biofilms in human disease occurs in chronic pulmonary infection of cystic fibrosis patients. When studying biofilms in the context of the host, many factors can impact biofilm formation and development. In order to identify how host factors may affect biofilm formation and development, we used a static chambered coverglass method to grow biofilms in the presence of host-derived factors in the form of sputum supernatants. Bacteria are seeded into chambers and exposed to sputum filtrates. Following 48 hr of growth, biofilms are stained with a commercial biofilm viability kit prior to confocal microscopy and analysis. Following image acquisition, biofilm properties can be assessed using different software platforms. This method allows us to visualize key properties of biofilm growth in presence of different substances including antibiotics.

This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

可视化痰生物膜发展影响使用腔室盖玻片型号

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. However, we still lack a detailed picture of the pathogenesis of this disease. Thus, it is of importance to develop appropriate animal models for elucidating the progression of atopic dermatitis. Moreover, investigating the effect of environmental factors such as air pollutants on atopic dermatitis expands understanding of the disease. Here, we describe a method for inducing atopic dermatitis in rats with neonatal capsaicin treatment and a protocol for exposure of a constant concentration of formaldehyde to rats to reveal effects on the development of atopic dermatitis in infantile and adolescent periods. These protocols have been successfully applied to several experiments and can be used for other substances.

We describe here methods for neonatal capsaicin treatment to induce atopic dermatitis in rats and exposure of vaporized formaldehyde to investigate the effects of formaldehyde inhalation on atopic dermatitis.

甲醛暴露对大鼠新生辣椒素致过敏性皮炎模型的影响

Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between ...

Measuring Influenza Neutralizing Antibody Responses to A(H3N2) Viruses in Human Sera by Microneutralization Assays Using MDCK-SIAT1 Cells

Neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses are considered the main immune mechanism that correlates with protection for influenza infections. Microneutralization (MN) assays are often used to measure neutralizing antibody responses in human sera after influenza vaccination or infection. Madine Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are the commonly used cell substrate for MN assays. However, currently circulating 3C.2a and 3C.3a A(H3N2) influenza viruses have acquired altered receptor binding specificity. The MDCK-SIAT1 cell line with increased &#945;-2,6 sialic galactose moieties on the surface has proven to provide improved infectivity and more faithful replications than conventional MDCK cells for these contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. Here, we describe a MN assay using MDCK-SIAT1 cells that has been optimized to quantify neutralizing antibody titers to these contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. In this protocol, heat inactivated sera containing neutralizing antibodies are first serially diluted, then incubated with 100 TCID50/well of influenza A(H3N2) viruses to allow antibodies in the sera to bind to the viruses. MDCK-SIAT1 cells are then added to the virus-antibody mixture, and incubated for 18 - 20 h at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 to allow A(H3N2) viruses to infect MDCK-SIAT1 cells. After overnight incubation, plates are fixed and the amount of virus in each well is quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) monoclonal antibodies. Neutralizing antibody titer is defined as the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that provides &#8805;50% inhibition of virus infectivity.

Measuring Influenza Neutralizing Antibody Responses to AH3N2 Viruses in Human Sera by Microneutralization Assays Using MDCK-SIAT1 Cells

Influenza neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection of influenza infections. Microneutralization assays measure neutralizing antibodies in human sera and are often used for influenza human serology. We describe a microneutralization assay using MDCK-SIAT1 cells to measure neutralizing antibody titers to contemporary 3C.2a and 3C.3a A(H3N2) viruses following influenza vaccination or infection.

用 MDCK-SIAT1 细胞 Microneutralization 法测定人血清中中和 (H3N2) 病毒的流感中和抗体反应

Neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses are considered the main immune mechanism that correlates with protection for ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

巨噬细胞中含有吞噬的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分离

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Substances in Human Precision-cut Lung Slices

Respiratory diseases in their broad diversity need appropriate model systems to understand the underlying mechanisms and enable development of new therapeutics. Additionally, registration of new substances requires appropriate risk assessment with adequate testing systems to avoid the risk of individuals being harmed, for example, in the working environment. Such risk assessments are usually conducted in animal studies. In view of the 3Rs principle and public skepticism against animal experiments, human alternative methods, such as precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), have been evolving. The present paper describes the ex vivo technique of human PCLS to study the immunomodulatory potential of low-molecular-weight substances, such as ammonium hexachloroplatinate (HClPt). Measured endpoints include viability and local respiratory inflammation, marked by altered secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), and interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1&#945;) were significantly increased in human PCLS after exposure to a sub-toxic concentration of HClPt. Even though the technique of PCLS has been substantially optimized over the past decades, its applicability for the testing of immunomodulation is still in development. Therefore, the results presented here are preliminary, even though they show the potential of human PCLS as a valuable tool in respiratory research.

In view of the 3Rs principle, respiratory models as alternatives to animal studies are evolving. Especially for risk assessment of respiratory substances, there is a lack of appropriate assays. Here, we describe the use of human precision-cut lung slices for the assessment of airborne substances.

热火预防应激在大鼠不利影响

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