This work was supported by the Auburn University fund FOP 101002-139294-2050.

All experimental procedures were approved by IACUC of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
1. Preparation of Culture Media, Dishes and Bacterial Culture
<ol>
	<li>Inoculate 10 ml of nutrient broth in a flask with a single colony of Bacillus subtilis BSB3 culture, grown overnight on a nutrient agar plate.</li>
	<li>Make 500 ml of sporulation medium19 (per liter: Bacto Nutrient Broth, 8 g; 10% (w/v) KCl, 10 ml; 1.2% (w/v) MgSO4 x 7H2O, 10 ml; agar, 15 g) and autoclave at 12...

<ol>
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Rev. 32, 185-190 (2004).</li><li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+heat+stress+on+the+porcine+small+intestine:+A+morphological+and+gene+expression+study.">Effect of heat stress on the porcine small intestine: A morphological and gene expression study.</a> Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. 156, 119-128 (2010).</li><li>Moseley, P. L., Gisolfi, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Frontiers+in+Thermoregulation+and+Exercise.">New Frontiers in Thermoregulation and Exercise.</a> Sports Med. 16, 163-167 (1993).</li><li>Lambert, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress-induced+gastrointestinal+barrier+dysfunction+and+its+inflammatory+effects.">Stress-induced gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction and its inflammatory effects.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 87, 101-108 (2009).</li><li>Berg, A., Muller, H. M., Rathmann, S., Deibert, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gastrointestinal+system+-+An+essential+target+organ+of+the+athlete's+health+and+physical+performance.">The gastrointestinal system - An essential target organ of the athlete's health and physical performance.</a> Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 5, 78-95 (1999).</li><li>Khan, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbes,+intestinal+inflammation+and+probiotics.">Microbes, intestinal inflammation and probiotics.</a> Expert Rev Gastroent. 6, 81-94 (2012).</li><li>Quigley, E. M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prebiotics+and+Probiotics:+Their+Role+in+the+Management+of+Gastrointestinal+Disorders+in+Adults.">Prebiotics and Probiotics: Their Role in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Adults.</a> Nutr Clin Pract. 27, 195-200 (2012).</li><li>Gore, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+and+secondary+prevention+effects+of+the+probiotics+Lactobacillus+paracasei+or+Bifidobacterium+lactis+on+early+infant+eczema:+randomized+controlled+trial+with+follow-up+until+age+3+years.">Treatment and secondary prevention effects of the probiotics Lactobacillus paracasei or Bifidobacterium lactis on early infant eczema: randomized controlled trial with follow-up until age 3 years.</a> Clin Exp Allergy. 42, 112-122 (2012).</li><li>Gomes, A. C., Bueno, A. A., de Souza, R. G. M., Mota, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gut+microbiota,+probiotics+and+diabetes.">Gut microbiota, probiotics and diabetes.</a> Nutr. J. 13, (2014).</li><li>Eutamene, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergy+between+Lactobacillus+paracasei+and+its+bacterial+products+to+counteract+stress-induced+gut+permeability+and+sensitivity+increase+in+rats.">Synergy between Lactobacillus paracasei and its bacterial products to counteract stress-induced gut permeability and sensitivity increase in rats.</a> J. 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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+anti-Helicobacter+pylori+activity+of+the+probiotic+strain+Bacillus+subtilis+3+is+due+to+secretion+of+antibiotics.">In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of the probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis 3 is due to secretion of antibiotics.</a> Antimicrob Agents Ch. 45, 3156-3161 (2001).</li><li>Sorokulova, I. B., Kirik, D. L., Pinchuk, I. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probiotics+against+Campylobacter+pathogens.">Probiotics against Campylobacter pathogens.</a> J. Travel Med. 4, 167-170 (1997).</li><li>Gracheva, N. 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J., Vodyanoy, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Methods+for+Storage+Stability+and+Release+of+Bacillus+Spores.">Novel Methods for Storage Stability and Release of Bacillus Spores.</a> Biotechnol. Prog. 24, 1147-1153 (2008).</li><li>Vogel, H. G., Vogel, W. H., Vogel, H. G., Vogel, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+Discovery+and+Evaluation:+Pharmacological+Assays.">Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays.</a> eds H.G. Vogel &amp; W.H. Vogel. , 658-659 (1997).</li><li>Bailey, M. T., Engler, H., Sheridan, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+induces+the+translocation+of+cutaneous+and+gastrointestinal+microflora+to+secondary+lymphoid+organs+of+C57BL/6+mice.">Stress induces the translocation of cutaneous and gastrointestinal microflora to secondary lymphoid organs of C57BL/6 mice.</a> J. Neuroimmunol. 171, 29-37 (2006).</li><li>Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+commensal+microflora+by+toll-like+receptors+is+required+for+intestinal+homeostasis.">Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis.</a> Cell. 118, 229-241 (2004).</li><li>Leon, L. R., Blaha, M. D., DuBose, D. 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Paulo. 59, 349-356 (2004).</li><li>Vainrub, A., Pustovyy, O., Vodyanoy, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolution+of+90+nm+(lambda/5)+in+an+optical+transmission+microscope+with+an+annular+condenser.">Resolution of 90 nm (lambda/5) in an optical transmission microscope with an annular condenser.</a> Opt Lett. 31, 2855-2857 (2006).</li><li>Moore, T., Globa, L., Pustovyy, O., Vodyanoy, V., Sorokulova, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+administration+of+Bacillus+subtilis+strain+BSB3+can+prevent+heat+stress-related+adverse+effects+in+rats.">Oral administration of Bacillus subtilis strain BSB3 can prevent heat stress-related adverse effects in rats.</a> J Appl Microbiol. 117, 1463-1471 (2014).</li><li>Richardson, T. 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Exposure to high temperature results in serious health conditions29. Prevention and early detection of complications related to heat stress are of vital importance30. The presented protocol can be used to evaluate the efficacy of various approaches for the prevention of heat stress adverse effects.
Critical steps within this protocol include: the heat treatment procedure (45 oC, 25 min); the usage of apyrogenic materials during collection and p...

Different stressors affect human and animal health. Temperature is one of the most stressful factors, causing chronic, acute and even lethal illnesses1. Changes in intestinal morphology and a loss of gut barrier integrity after heat stress were documented in many cases2,3. This protective barrier is responsible for defense against translocation of gut bacteria and their toxins, in particular lipopolysaccharides (LPS), from the lumen to the internal circulation4,5. Stability of the gut microbiota significantly influences intestinal barrier function, the immune response of the host, and tolerance to stress conditions6. Thus, modulation of the intestinal microbiota can provide a novel approach for prevention of stress-related adverse effects. 
Beneficial bacteria have been used as a promising strategy to modify the gut microbiota for successful management of various clinical conditions, such as diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, metabolic disorders7-10. Probiotic effects of beneficial bacteria include production of essential metabolites to support intestinal health, stimulation of the immune system, promotion of lactose tolerance, restoration of epithelial dysfunction. Probiotics were effective in prevention of the stress-related complications in vitro and in animal models11,12. 
Researchers have given more attention to Bacillus bacteria as probiotics because these bacteria support intestinal homeostasis13 and have beneficial effects on the host14. Our previous data demonstrated high efficacy of Bacillus probiotics against pathogens in vitro15,16 and in clinical trials17,18. Here, we aim to evaluate the preventive effect of B. subtilis BSB3 strain against complications after heat stress.

&#160;
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich,&#160;St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td rowspan="2">P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Alcohol&#160;</td>
			<td>Pharmco products Inc. Brookfield, CT, USA&#160;</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97064-334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MacConkey agar plates</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470180-742</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% blood agar plates</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89405-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brucella blood with Hemin, and Vitamin K, 
			&#160;plates</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89405-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bouin&#8217;s Fixative</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA</td>
			<td>15990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-10 Rat ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC0101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-1beta Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6 Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC0061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INF-gamma Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC4021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNF-alpha Rat ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA, USA</td>
			<td>KRC3011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat LPS ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>NeoBioLab, MA, USA</td>
			<td>RL0275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Environmental Chamber 6020-1</td>
			<td>Caron, Marietta, OH, USA</td>
			<td>6020-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, USA</td>
			<td>Optima L-90K</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light microscope optical system</td>
			<td>CitoViva Technology Inc., Auburn, AL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colony counter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific , Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>RE-3325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer</td>
			<td>Haier, Brooklyn, NY, USA</td>
			<td>HCMO50LA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra microplate reader</td>
			<td>Bio-Tek Instrument, Winooski, VT, USA</td>
			<td>ELx 808</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auto Strip Washer</td>
			<td>Bio-Tek Instrument, Winooski, VT, USA</td>
			<td>ELx50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Gilson, Pipetman, France</td>
			<td>P100, P200, P1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C24 Incubator Shaker</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific, Enfield, CT, USA</td>
			<td>Classic C24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking Shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>Reliable Scientific, Inc., Nesbit, MS, USA</td>
			<td>55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>875713</td>
			<td>100mmX15mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SterilGard III Advance</td>
			<td>The Baker Company, Sanford, ME, USA</td>
			<td>SG403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Growing Flasks</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA</td>
			<td>4995</td>
			<td>PYREX 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Spectrometer Genesys 20</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA.</td>
			<td>4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sony DXC-33 Video camera</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Richardson test slide</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science, Hatfield, PA, USA</td>
			<td>80303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore water purification system</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>Direct-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image-Pro Plus software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics, MD, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triple Beam Balance</td>
			<td>OHAUS Corporation, Parsippany, NJ, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">Tissue Homogenizer, Dounce</td>
			<td rowspan="3">VWR</td>
			<td rowspan="3">71000-518</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

prevention of heat stress adverse effects in rats by bacillus subtilis strain

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Animals were orally treated twice a day for two days with B. subtilis BSB3 strain or PBS. The next day after the last treatment, each group was divided and two experimental groups (one treated with PBS and one treated with B. subtilis) were placed at 45 oC for 25 min. Two control groups stayed for 25 min at room temperature. All rats were euthanized and different parameters were analyzed in all groups. Adverse effects of heat stress are registered by the decrease of villi height and total mucosal thickness in the intestinal epithelium; translocation of bacteria from the lumen; increased vesiculation of erythrocytes and elevation of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) level in the blood. The protective efficacy of treatment is evaluated by prevention of these side effects. The protocol was set up for the oral treatment of rats with bacteria for prevention of heat stress complications, but this protocol can be modified and used for other routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

The mean body temperature of animals before and immediately after heat stress was 36.7 &#177; 0.07 oC and 40.3 &#177; 0.17 oC, respectively (P &#60; 0.05). Exposure of rats to heat (group 3) resulted in significant inhibition of villi height and total mucosal thickness (Figures 2, 3). Oral administration of BSB3 strain before stress protected intestine from the harmful effect of heat.
Trans...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain at JoVE.com

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

We described a protocol for prevention of heat stress effects in rats by oral pre-treatment with beneficial bacteria. This protocol can be modified and used for various routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to evaluate the preventative effect of the B.subtilis BSB3 strain against complications after heat stress. This method can help answer key questions in the prevention of adverse effect from heat stress. The main advantage of this technique is that it can be used to evaluate different approaches to mitigate the complications of heat stress.Demonstrating this procedure will be Ludmila Globa. And Oleg Pusovyy, research associates from our laboratory. To begin, with a single colony of Bacillus subtilis BSB3 that was grown overnight on a nutrient agar plate.Inoculate ten milliliters of nutrient broth in a flask. Grow the culture overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. Prepare 500 milliliters of sporulation medium according to the recipe shown here.And autoclave at 121 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Allow the medium to cool to 50 degrees Celsius before adding the following sterile solutions. In a sterile cabinet, cool the prepared medium at room temperature to 40 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes.And pour 25 milliliters into each of 20 sterile petri dishes. Allow the medium to solidify overnight. Next, spread 0.5 milliliters of the overnight Bacillus subtilis BSB3 culture onto the surface of the sporulation medium plates.Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius for five days until 90%sporulation. Then use high resolution microscopy to check for phase-bright spores. To harvest the bacteria, add one milliliter of PBS to the plates, and use a sterile cell spreader to scrape the bacteria from the surface.Store the suspension at four degrees Celsius until needed. Confirm the viability of the bacteria by plating 0.1 milliliter of the appropriate dilution of a bacterial suspension on sporulation medium plates and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 18 to 24 hours. Use a colony counter to count bacterial colonies and calculate the titer of bacteria in the tested suspension.Then prepare a bacterial suspension in PBS at a final concentration of one times ten to the eighth CFUs per milliliter. After treating rats by oral gavage with B.subtilis BSB3 or PBS for two days, then subdividing the animals and taking their temperature, keep rats from groups one and two at room temperature for 25 minutes. Place animals of groups three and four in a climate chamber at 45 degrees Celsius and 55%relative humidity for 25 minutes.Following the measurement of the rectal temperatures of each rat again, place all animals at room temperature for four hours. Then, after euthanizing the animals, collecting the trunk blood, and isolating organs according to the text protocol, place each organ sample into pre-weighed sterile tubes and weigh. Add sterile PBS to each tube to obtain a one to ten weight per volume dilution of the sample, and use a sterile glass tissue homogenizer to generate homogeneous tissue suspensions.Next, use sterile PBS to make serial dilutions of each sample. Then plate 0.1 milliliters of all dilutions onto the surface of MacConkeys and 5%blood agar. And brucella blood agar with Hemin and Vitamin K1.After incubating the plates, use a colony counter to count the colonies on each group of plates.Express the results as the number of colony forming units, or CFUs, per gram of tissue. After preparing and staining sections of the small intestines according to the text protocol, use a high resolution microscope to measure the intestinal villi and total mucose wall thickness. Analyze at least four samples from each rat and make at least 20 measurements in each sample.To carry out high resolution light microscopy of blood samples, use the vibration isolation platform as a base for the microscope system with a video camera and computer to record live images. After calibrating test images according to the text protocol, place seven microliters of freshly drawn blood from each rat on a glass slide and add a coverslip. Then photograph and record ten image frames of 72 by 53.3 micrometers squared in each sample.Finally, using software that provides high resolution direct view optical images in real time, measure the concentration of vesicles. The mean body temperature of animals before and immediately after heat stress was 36.7 plus or minus 07 degrees Celsius and 40.3 plus or minus 0.17 degrees Celsius respectively. Exposure of rats to heat resulted in significant inhibition of villi height and total mucosal thickness.However, treatment with the BSB3 strain before stress, protected the intestine from the harmful effect of heat. For translocation of bacteria from the gut, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen were analyzed. As illustrated here, bacteria were isolated at a concentration of 1.7 times ten to the three plus or minus 4.6 times ten to the two CFUs per gram of tissue only in samples from mesenteric lymph nodes and liver of PBS treated rats exposed to heat.On the other hand, all tested samples from control and heat stressed animals that received the BSB3 strain were sterile. No change in IL 1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha, or interferon gamma cytokine levels were registered in heat stressed rats. However, IL-10 and LPS levels were elevated in PBS treated animals before heat treatment.Therefore, B.subtilis BSB3 pre treatment prevented the rise of IL-10 and LPS in serum after heat treatment. Finally, a significant increase in the concentration of free vesicles was found in the blood of rats that received PBS before heat stress, but not in the BSB3 treated animals. It's important to remember to use a pyrogenic materials for blood collections and precision to keep serum liquids at minus 20 degrees Celsius that with repeated freezing and thawing, and to follow a sterile procedure during analysis of bacterial translocation.Following this procedure like administration of bacteria after heat stress can be performed in order to answer additional questions about complications of heat stress.

prevention-heat-stress-adverse-effects-rats-bacillus-subtilis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.4K ビュー.  Auburn University. The overall goal of this experiment is to evaluate the preventative effect of the B.subtilis BSB3 strain against complications after heat stress. This method can help answer key questions in the prevention of adverse effect from heat stress. The main advantage of this technique is that it can be used to evaluate different approaches to mitigate the complications of heat stress.Demonstrating this procedure will be Ludmila Globa. And Oleg Pusovyy, research associates from our laboratory....

ビデオ: Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

We described a protocol for prevention of heat stress effects in rats by oral pre-treatment with beneficial bacteria. This protocol can be modified and used for various routes of administration and for analysis of different...

single-cell microfluidic analysis of bacillus subtilis

Single-cell Microfluidic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis

We present a method for the microfluidic analysis of individual bacterial cell lineages using Bacillus subtilis as an example. The method overcomes shortcomings of traditional analytical methods in microbiology by allowing observation of hundreds of cell generations under tightly controllable and uniform growth...

Single-cell Microfluidic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis

intracameral injection in rats with low risk of adverse effects

Author Spotlight: A Novel Protocol for Intracameral Injections to Enhance Precision in Rodent Ophthalmology

This protocol describes a technique for intracameral injection in rats using a central corneal incision and a long tunnel into the anterior chamber. This injection method minimizes the risk of inducing inadvertent tissue damage and thereby improves precision and...

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

improvement of bacillus subtilis spore enumeration and label analysis in flow cytometry

Improvement of Bacillus subtilis Spore Enumeration and Label Analysis in Flow Cytometry

This protocol focuses on the use of flow cytometry and counting beads to quantify bacterial spores labeled with ethidium bromide. The method is also efficient for analyzing the covalent coupling of proteins on the surface of intact spores.

Improvement of Bacillus subtilis Spore Enumeration and Label Analysis in Flow Cytometry

visualization of germinosomes and the inner membrane in bacillus subtilis spores

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

Germinant receptor proteins cluster in &#8216;germinosomes&#8217; in the inner membrane of Bacillus subtilis spores. We describe a protocol using super resolution microscopy and fluorescent reporter proteins to visualize germinosomes. The protocol also identifies spore inner membrane domains that are preferentially stained with the membrane dye...

Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

investigating the detrimental effects of low pressure plasma sterilization on the survival of bacillus subtilis spores using live cell microscopy

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

This protocol illustrates the important consecutive steps required to assess the relevance of monitoring vitality parameter and DNA repair processes in reviving Bacillus subtilis spores after treatment with low pressure plasma by tracking fluorescence-labelled DNA repair proteins via time-resolved confocal microscopy and scanning electron...

Investigating the Detrimental Effects of Low Pressure Plasma Sterilization on the Survival of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Live Cell Microscopy

imaging mismatch repair and cellular responses to dna damage in bacillus subtilis

Imaging Mismatch Repair and Cellular Responses to DNA Damage in Bacillus subtilis

A detailed protocol is described for imaging the real time formation of DNA repair complexes in Bacillus subtilis...

Imaging Mismatch Repair and Cellular Responses to DNA Damage in Bacillus subtilis

single-cell analysis of bacillus subtilis biofilms using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Microbial biofilms are generally constituted by distinct subpopulations of specialized cells. Single-cell analysis of these subpopulations requires the use of fluorescent reporters. Here we describe a protocol to visualize and monitor several subpopulationswithin B. subtilis biofilms using fluorescence microscopy and flow...

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

live cell imaging of bacillus subtilis and streptococcus pneumoniae using automated time-lapse microscopy

Live Cell Imaging of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae using Automated Time-lapse Microscopy

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to monitor single cell behavior of different bacteria in time using automated fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. Furthermore, we provide guidelines how to analyze the microscopy...

Live Cell Imaging of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae using Automated Time-lapse Microscopy

investigating the alleviating effects of bacillus cereus administration on colitis through gut microbiota modulation

Investigating the Alleviating Effects of Bacillus cereus Administration on Colitis through Gut Microbiota Modulation

Here, we present a protocol to establish the antibiotic-induced pseudo-germ-free dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model to investigate the role of gut microbiota in regulating the positive effects of Bacillus cereus on colitis.

Investigating the Alleviating Effects of Bacillus cereus Administration on Colitis through Gut Microbiota Modulation

restraint to induce stress in mice and rats

Author Spotlight: Neurobiological Mechanisms Linking Stress, Noradrenergic Signaling and Substance Use

This article covers the procedures to induce stress responses using physical restraint stress in mice and rats. Additional considerations that should be observed when selecting and using restraint stress in rodent models are...

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

translation efficiency test using polysome profiles under heat stress

Author Spotlight: Polysome Profiling Protocol for Studying Translational Regulation in Arabidopsis Under Heat Stress

The protocol presented here involves polysomal profiling to isolate translatome, mRNAs associated with ribosomes, into non-polysomal and polysomal RNAs from Arabidopsis through sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This method demonstrates the translation efficiency of heat-stressed...

Translation Efficiency Test Using Polysome Profiles Under Heat Stress

Analyzing Translational Regulation in Heat-Stressed Arabidopsis

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identification of fatty acids in bacillus cereus

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

We propose a protocol to identify fatty acids without the need to purify them. It combines information on the retention times with the mass spectra of three types of fatty acid derivatives: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 4,4-dimethyl oxazoline derivatives (DMOX), and 3-pyridylcarbinyl esters (picolinyl).

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

induction of nephrotic syndrome in mice by retrobulbar injection of doxorubicin and prevention of volume retention by sustained release aprotinin

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Here, we describe the induction of experimental nephrotic syndrome in 129S1/SvImJ mice by rapid retrobulbar injection of doxorubicin. We also treat nephrotic mice with sustained release pellets containing aprotinin to inhibit urinary serine protease activity and prevent sodium...

chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats based on the mongolian medicine

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Rodent Model for Investigating Depression Factors in Traditional Mongolian Medicine

This protocol outlines a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model for depression based on Mongolian medical theory, along with methods for validating behavioral...

Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats based on the Mongolian medicine

assessing the effects of music listening on psychobiological stress in daily life

Assessing the Effects of Music Listening on Psychobiological Stress in Daily Life

A study protocol is presented on how to assess associations between music listening and psychobiological stress (as measured by subjective stress levels, salivary cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase) in daily life. Advice on study design, materials, methods, selection of participants, and statistical handling is provided. Representative results are presented and discussed.

gap junctional intercellular communication: a functional biomarker to assess adverse effects of toxicants and toxins, and health benefits of natural products

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels. Gap junctional intercellular communication is a major cellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained and disruption of this cell signaling has adverse health...

the antihypertensive effects and mechanisms of huotan jiedu tongluo decoction in rats with h-type hypertension

Author Spotlight: Exploring Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction as an Antihypertensive Drug

Here, we present a protocol to induce H-type hypertension and evaluate the antihypertensive effects of Huotan Jiedu Tongluo decoction (HTJDTLD) administered intragastrically. In rats with H-type hypertension, HTJDTLD had effective antihypertensive effects, possibly associated with inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis pathway activation.

The Antihypertensive Effects and Mechanisms of Huotan Jiedu Tongluo Decoction in Rats with H-Type Hypertension

effects of different connection modes of electroacupuncture on electrocardiogram and nerve discharge in rats

Until now, there is no uniform method for electroacupuncture connection in clinical and fundamental research. We present a protocol that attempted to compare the effects of different connection methods on electrocardiogram (ECG) and neural discharge in rats to explore the most appropriate way to connect the electroacupuncture instrument.

Effects of Different Connection Modes of Electroacupuncture on Electrocardiogram and Nerve Discharge in Rats

During the last few years scientists became increasingly aware that average data obtained from microbial population based experiments are not representative of the behavior, status or phenotype of single cells. Due to this new insight the number of single cell studies rises continuously (for recent reviews see 1,2,3). However, many of the single cell techniques applied do not allow monitoring the development and behavior of one specific single cell in time (e.g. flow cytometry or standard microscopy).
Here, we provide a detailed description of a microscopy method used in several recent studies 4, 5, 6, 7, which allows following and recording (fluorescence of) individual bacterial cells of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae through growth and division for many generations. The resulting movies can be used to construct phylogenetic lineage trees by tracing back the history of a single cell within a population that originated from one common ancestor. This time-lapse fluorescence microscopy method cannot only be used to investigate growth, division and differentiation of individual cells, but also to analyze the effect of cell history and ancestry on specific cellular behavior. Furthermore, time-lapse microscopy is ideally suited to examine gene expression dynamics and protein localization during the bacterial cell cycle. The method explains how to prepare the bacterial cells and construct the microscope slide to enable the outgrowth of single cells into a microcolony. In short, single cells are spotted on a semi-solid surface consisting of growth medium supplemented with agarose on which they grow and divide under a fluorescence microscope within a temperature controlled environmental chamber. Images are captured at specific intervals and are later analyzed using the open source software ImageJ.

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to monitor single cell behavior of different bacteria in time using automated fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. Furthermore, we provide guidelines how to analyze the microscopy images.

During the last few years scientists became increasingly aware that average data obtained from microbial population based experiments are not ...

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly constituted by proteins and exopolysaccharides, among other factors 7-10. The microbial community encased within the biofilm often shows the differentiation of distinct subpopulation of specialized cells 11-17. These subpopulations coexist and often show spatial and temporal organization within the biofilm 18-21.
Biofilm formation in the model organism Bacillus subtilis requires the differentiation of distinct subpopulations of specialized cells. Among them, the subpopulation of matrix producers, responsible to produce and secrete the extracellular matrix of the biofilm is essential for biofilm formation 11,19. Hence, differentiation of matrix producers is a hallmark of biofilm formation in B. subtilis.
We have used fluorescent reporters to visualize and quantify the subpopulation of matrix producers in biofilms of B. subtilis 15,19,22-24. Concretely, we have observed that the subpopulation of matrix producers differentiates in response to the presence of self-produced extracellular signal surfactin 25. Interestingly, surfactin is produced by a subpopulation of specialized cells different from the subpopulation of matrix producers 15.
We have detailed in this report the technical approach necessary to visualize and quantify the subpopulation of matrix producers and surfactin producers within the biofilms of B. subtilis. To do this, fluorescent reporters of genes required for matrix production and surfactin production are inserted into the chromosome of B. subtilis. Reporters are expressed only in a subpopulation of specialized cells. Then, the subpopulations can be monitored using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (See Fig 1).
The fact that different subpopulations of specialized cells coexist within multicellular communities of bacteria gives us a different perspective about the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. This protocol addresses this phenomenon experimentally and it can be easily adapted to any other working model, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic heterogeneity within a microbial community.

Microbial biofilms are generally constituted by distinct subpopulations of specialized cells. Single-cell analysis of these subpopulations requires the use of fluorescent reporters. Here we describe a protocol to visualize and monitor several subpopulationswithin B. subtilis biofilms using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture.
Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult1, pharmacological compounds2-6, and bacterial7-9 and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome - associated coronavirus10-14. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE15,16 . Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells.
To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments17,18 . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 &Omega;&times;cm2, Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in diameter. In addition to a characterization of forward and sideward scatter properties, it enables the use of fluorescent labeled markers like antibodies to detect respective structures. Using indirect antibody staining, flow cytometry is employed here to quantify birch pollen allergen (precisely Bet v 1)-loaded particles of 0.5 to 10 &#181;m in diameter in inhalable particulate matter (PM10, particle size &#8804;10 &#181;m in diameter). PM10 particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens possibly transporting them to the lower respiratory tract, where they could trigger allergic reactions.
So far the allergen content of PM10 has been studied by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and scanning electron microscopy. ELISA measures the dissolved and not the particle-bound allergen. Compared to scanning electron microscopy, which can visualize allergen-loaded particles, flow cytometry may additionally quantify them. As allergen content of ambient air can deviate from birch pollen count, allergic symptoms might perhaps correlate better with allergen exposure than with pollen count. In conjunction with clinical data, the presented method offers the opportunity to test in future experiments whether allergic reactions to birch pollen antigens are associated with the Bet v 1 allergen content of PM10 particles &#62;0.5 &#181;m.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify allergen-loaded particles by flow cytometry. Ambient particulate matter particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens. We show here that flow cytometry, a method widely used to characterize suspended solids &#62;0.5 &#181;m in diameter, can be used to measure these allergen-loaded particles.

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the development and persistence of many health related infections. One of the most well described and studied biofilms in human disease occurs in chronic pulmonary infection of cystic fibrosis patients. When studying biofilms in the context of the host, many factors can impact biofilm formation and development. In order to identify how host factors may affect biofilm formation and development, we used a static chambered coverglass method to grow biofilms in the presence of host-derived factors in the form of sputum supernatants. Bacteria are seeded into chambers and exposed to sputum filtrates. Following 48 hr of growth, biofilms are stained with a commercial biofilm viability kit prior to confocal microscopy and analysis. Following image acquisition, biofilm properties can be assessed using different software platforms. This method allows us to visualize key properties of biofilm growth in presence of different substances including antibiotics.

This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. However, we still lack a detailed picture of the pathogenesis of this disease. Thus, it is of importance to develop appropriate animal models for elucidating the progression of atopic dermatitis. Moreover, investigating the effect of environmental factors such as air pollutants on atopic dermatitis expands understanding of the disease. Here, we describe a method for inducing atopic dermatitis in rats with neonatal capsaicin treatment and a protocol for exposure of a constant concentration of formaldehyde to rats to reveal effects on the development of atopic dermatitis in infantile and adolescent periods. These protocols have been successfully applied to several experiments and can be used for other substances.

We describe here methods for neonatal capsaicin treatment to induce atopic dermatitis in rats and exposure of vaporized formaldehyde to investigate the effects of formaldehyde inhalation on atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is chronically relapsing pruritic eczema and prevails around the world especially in developed countries. Complex interactions between ...

Measuring Influenza Neutralizing Antibody Responses to A(H3N2) Viruses in Human Sera by Microneutralization Assays Using MDCK-SIAT1 Cells

Neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses are considered the main immune mechanism that correlates with protection for influenza infections. Microneutralization (MN) assays are often used to measure neutralizing antibody responses in human sera after influenza vaccination or infection. Madine Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are the commonly used cell substrate for MN assays. However, currently circulating 3C.2a and 3C.3a A(H3N2) influenza viruses have acquired altered receptor binding specificity. The MDCK-SIAT1 cell line with increased &#945;-2,6 sialic galactose moieties on the surface has proven to provide improved infectivity and more faithful replications than conventional MDCK cells for these contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. Here, we describe a MN assay using MDCK-SIAT1 cells that has been optimized to quantify neutralizing antibody titers to these contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. In this protocol, heat inactivated sera containing neutralizing antibodies are first serially diluted, then incubated with 100 TCID50/well of influenza A(H3N2) viruses to allow antibodies in the sera to bind to the viruses. MDCK-SIAT1 cells are then added to the virus-antibody mixture, and incubated for 18 - 20 h at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 to allow A(H3N2) viruses to infect MDCK-SIAT1 cells. After overnight incubation, plates are fixed and the amount of virus in each well is quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) monoclonal antibodies. Neutralizing antibody titer is defined as the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that provides &#8805;50% inhibition of virus infectivity.

Measuring Influenza Neutralizing Antibody Responses to AH3N2 Viruses in Human Sera by Microneutralization Assays Using MDCK-SIAT1 Cells

Influenza neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection of influenza infections. Microneutralization assays measure neutralizing antibodies in human sera and are often used for influenza human serology. We describe a microneutralization assay using MDCK-SIAT1 cells to measure neutralizing antibody titers to contemporary 3C.2a and 3C.3a A(H3N2) viruses following influenza vaccination or infection.

Neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses are considered the main immune mechanism that correlates with protection for ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Substances in Human Precision-cut Lung Slices

Respiratory diseases in their broad diversity need appropriate model systems to understand the underlying mechanisms and enable development of new therapeutics. Additionally, registration of new substances requires appropriate risk assessment with adequate testing systems to avoid the risk of individuals being harmed, for example, in the working environment. Such risk assessments are usually conducted in animal studies. In view of the 3Rs principle and public skepticism against animal experiments, human alternative methods, such as precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), have been evolving. The present paper describes the ex vivo technique of human PCLS to study the immunomodulatory potential of low-molecular-weight substances, such as ammonium hexachloroplatinate (HClPt). Measured endpoints include viability and local respiratory inflammation, marked by altered secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), and interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1&#945;) were significantly increased in human PCLS after exposure to a sub-toxic concentration of HClPt. Even though the technique of PCLS has been substantially optimized over the past decades, its applicability for the testing of immunomodulation is still in development. Therefore, the results presented here are preliminary, even though they show the potential of human PCLS as a valuable tool in respiratory research.

In view of the 3Rs principle, respiratory models as alternatives to animal studies are evolving. Especially for risk assessment of respiratory substances, there is a lack of appropriate assays. Here, we describe the use of human precision-cut lung slices for the assessment of airborne substances.