这项研究是由安东尼·马尔基翁内先生基金会（70256-23284），并与TCU补助资金进行了IS。作者感谢丹尼尔DelPriore，阿曼达莫林，和克里斯托弗Rodeheffer他们对塑造这些方法的有益贡献。作者也想感谢汉娜布拉德肖和兰迪Proffitt莱瓦他们与拍摄这个协议的援助。

伦理学声明:程序和涉及人类受试者的激励机制已经批准了在得克萨斯州基督教大学机构审查委员会（IRB）。 1.参赛者入选系数和招聘<ol><li>排除谁拥有敏感的糖或其他任何健康状况，这样的损害糖代谢调节糖尿病或其他疾病的人，那将是因为能够安全地消耗加糖或人造甜味饮料阻止他们。排除参与者与身体质量指数（BMI）30，如肥胖与能量失调31相关联。 注意:如果任何在研究下列行为因变量涉及食品或饮料的消费，确保参与者不会从对计划使用的食品或饮料食物过敏症。 </li><li>计划参与者几天提前会议。 注:参加招聘和塞西在调度不必亲自完成。这些程序可以通过电子邮件联系或电话进行。 <ol><li>在安排参加这样的研究，请参与者占用所有食品和非水饮料的预定会话时间32前至少8小时投弃权票。 注:另外，许多临床医生和研究人员，而不是需要一个通宵禁食他们的标准禁食期间测定血液中葡萄糖耐受1。 </li><li>安排在一天中的一个一致的时间，以帮助血糖的自然波动的昼夜变化，而不是禁食的结果，可能会出现控制所有参与者的会话。 注:早晨（上午8和11之间）是安排的会话的理想时间，因为它增加遵守禁食过程和从延长禁食最小参与者的不适（ 例如光头晕）。 </li><li>安排一个参与者的会话或一组参与者会话，这取决于如何敏感的话题选择的因变量反映。 注:例如，如果测量饮食行为作为主要因变量，它可能会更加谨慎，让参与者消费食品私下而不是公开的，因为组存在和大小是已知影响食品消费33,34。当使用一个词汇决策任务，基于调查相关的措施，它可能会更务实的半私人，分区实验室空间运行在小团体的参与者。 </li><li>参与者发送电子邮件提醒24小时提前计划约会提醒的预定会议时间和空腹要求参加者。 注:确保参与者有办法联系研究者并取消或者如果有必要重新安排而不受处罚。请参阅附录A样本提醒电子邮件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.调查和词汇决策任务编程<ol><li>硒牛逼了，包括任何基于问卷因变量，调节变量和中介检验假设需要变量的调查。 <ol><li>首先同意书调查和述职发言结束。 </li><li>创建使用调查建设软件35调查。划分满调查到足够的独立调查部分，以适应休息参与者完成词汇判断任务。 注:目前的研究调查编入使用调查建筑软件两部分。要做到这一点，两个独立的调查是建立再后来通过批处理文件链接到一起。上半年包含步骤2.1.3.1-2.1.3.6。第二次调查包含步2.1.4。与会者两半的调查之间的差距在完成词汇判断任务。 </li><li>创建第一调查半，以便它包含的同意文件，并在步骤2.1.3.1-2.1.3.6描述的项目。 注意:如果采集血液glucosË数据，一些研究机构可能会要求研究人员还包括HIPAA（健康保险流通与责任法案）的形式为与会者签署授权任何血糖值的记录。 <ol><li>近一半的调查，评估多久参与者禁食的开始，以及如何饿参与者感觉创建一个页面。 注:请参阅附录B在作者的研究中使用的确切问题和规模点。 </li><li>将"停止"指令，告诉参与者发出停止并联系实验者开始调查的下一部分。 注:请参阅附录C样本集的停止指令。 </li><li>程序中的饮料消费的任务。以供消费的饮料为此，第一程序的一组指令。遵循包括2分钟中性填料的观测任务，参与者可以在2分钟饮料消费期间遵守指令。计划到这个任务，表明参与者有30秒的30秒警告留下来完成的饮料。 注意:在目前的研究，作者编程在他们的调查中块1分钟30秒（见附录D进行精确编码和如何实现它）所采取的哈勃太空望远镜先进的自动图片。其次指示参与者，有30秒留给完成他们的饮料30秒警告。 </li><li>在调查中创建一个页面，提示参与者率（一）愉悦的饮料2分钟饮酒过程中，（二）饮料的喜好​​和（c）可取为购买未来产品后完成。 （有关详细提问和规模点见附录B）。 </li><li>创建一个10分钟的中性填充物的任务，参与者将消费和评估后的饮料完成。 注:此10分钟中性填料任务的目的是允许足够的时间来通过对血液发生葡萄糖的变化。因此，包括该任务的具体内容是到实验者选择。在目前的研究中，参与者被要求名称的办公用品，家居清洁产品，和学习用品，他们可以在3分钟的间隔（编程为包括指令的另外1分钟）所认为的许多品牌，与消费者保持产品测试诡计。同样的JavaScript编码用于血糖操作任务是用来程序中打开的答案回应块出现了整整3分钟（ 附录C）。 注意:如果关心参与者疲劳由于填料任务，另一幻灯片呈现中性物体的照片（不需要字代）可以代替更积极的任务（如上面提到的品牌名称生成任务）。 注:另外，如果有兴趣测量认知功能， 本身任务可以被修改为如果需要更多的认知要求的;鉴于使用各种认知范式的研究已经表明，血糖波动可以便于高负载1,10,36的条件下某些类型的认知。 </li><li>如果测量操作后血糖，程序停止指令第二，处理后的中性填料任务结束后立即阅读，让血糖评估协议的执行情况。 </li></ol></li><li>创建第二个调查的一半包含了所有的词汇决策任务之后，将去的问题，以及与会者被告知任何欺骗的述职陈述（ 例如，在当前的研究行:消费产品测试诡计）。 注:在研究当前行，这部分要求参与者对各种社会人口因素，如报告:年龄，身高，体重，社会经济地位可选，其中一项措施在该部分的心情将允许控制用于 ​​在认知辅助可能导致的情绪14的变化的差异的能力。 </li></ol></li><li>程序中的词汇判断任务，使用任务建设行为的软件37，能够记录的反应时间精确到毫秒的计算机任务。 注意:用于此任务的方案将取决于用来执行该词汇判断软件而变化的编码的信息。请参阅附录E为选择的作者的任务，建设软件样本编码模板，词与非词的样本名单，编入任务20。 <ol><li>程序中的字母串词/在词汇决策任务的非词出现在随机顺序，而不是通过操纵标记为"块"，并在行为任务构建软件"试用"编码的部分重复。 注:随机化，将有助于控制潜在的吸从看到词/非词的字母串的特定顺序对参与者的行为影响。请参阅附录E示例模板为该确切的代码可用于随机字母串的顺序。 注意:在目前的研究中，作者编程每个字母串，以显示在计算机屏幕为250毫秒上。任务被编程使得参与者指示每个字母串是否是通过分别按键盘上的"z"或"M"键，一个字或非字。该任务也被编程，以便有一个实践试验，参与者分为15中性价字和15个非词的字母串的任务来获得熟悉。在刺激呈现时间，响应键，以及任务的长度都可以很容易地通过改变模板代码操纵列入附录E. </li></ol></li><li>整合调查和词汇判断任务。 注:整合与COMPUT计算机化调查的一种方式erized行为的任务是编程的，是一个批处理文件，在记事本应用，将其保存为.bat文件。这种方法有助于消除对实验者打开每个调查部分和手动词汇决策任务，需要减少程序尴尬。请参阅附录F在作者的当前研究使用批处理文件示例代码。 <ol><li>如果运行的计算机上的调查，确保在打开一个网络浏览器（或测量软件程序）打开并定向到包含第一次调查的一半的超级链接批处理文件。 </li><li>程序中的批处理文件，在第一次调查的接近自动打开词汇判断任务。 </li><li>程序中的批处理文件来自动打开一个网络浏览器的词汇决策任务完成后定向到上次调查的一半。 注:附录F样品批处理文件提供的代码来执行步骤2.3.1-2.3.3。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3日研究设置<ol><li>参与者之前到达实验室，利用参与者日志分配每个计划的参与者唯一的ID号（ 如 "101，102"......）。写在一个会话中使用对个人便条每个参与者的ID号。 注意:给一个便条给参与者当参与者进入试验室，输入号码进入电脑调查。以后使用参与者的数量将数据从所有调查的地区和任务联系起来。 </li><li>随机每个计划的参与者分配到之前，他们在实验室到来饮品操作条件。倒入每个参与者的冷饮进入会议之前所有的饮料与参与者的参与者ID number.Pour标记一个不透明的一次性杯，而房间是空的参与者，让参与者无视已分配饮料的类型。 注:确保实验者（或研究助理）忽视实验的假设。为了使程序充分双盲，添加第二个研究助理的程序。研究助理会倒饮料，数杯，然后用手饮料的实验者，谁再其分发到参与者。 <ol><li>记录参与者的饮料条件参与者日志对应的参与者的ID号旁边。 <ol><li>为了测试非热量甜味剂相对于所产生的独特的效果自然增甜的饮料，要求每个与会者喝任一个"糖甜"石灰苏打饮料，"零热量甜"石灰苏打饮料，或"非甜"石灰味的苏打水饮料。 </li><li>为了测试高能量的对比效果需要与低能源需求，让每位参与者饮用无论是"加糖"石灰苏打饮料或"普通泉水"。 注:参加者应给予分配的12盎司喝（约1即可）。 注:在作者以前的研究，"苏打水"20,38也被用来代替温泉水，以控制在可能不必提出与普通的水碳酸饮料发生适口性差异。 注意:如果喝选区的一致性提出了一个关注读者的研究，非碳酸饮料可使用3。这样做，在实验条件下混合25克纯葡萄糖的成水。在无热量的甜味剂条件混合无热量的甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜或糖精）等量的水中1,2。无糖壁球纸浆混合可在这些条件下改善适口性饮料。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>准备管理计算机化的调查。在电脑上，打开文件夹的研究，在批处理文件双击图标并选择运行打开了调查。 注意:如果无法运行调查一台电脑和调查是在纸张格式，写上各种形式的顶部的参与者ID。 </li><li>如果使用血糖仪测量血糖，血液聚集带的测试（1元读），柳叶刀（1元读），血糖仪和参与者日志，内置于记录读数点。 <ol><li>有创可贴，洗手液，医用检查手套，消毒湿巾存在并准备好读之后清理。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.协议通过研究参与者运行<ol><li>把参与者进入实验室。给予简要介绍了研究的目的。分发一份同意书（数字或在纸上），让参加者在开始试验之前签署。一旦同意给予，手参与者包含适当的，指定的参与者的ID号码的便条。 注:这是确定用一些欺骗最初时解释研究目的的参与者（ 例如，一个封面故事。）如果告诉他们真正的目的会影响参与者的调查和任务响应。如果使用欺骗，需要时汇报通知的真正研究目的的参与者。 </li><li>如果服用操纵前血糖读数，引导参与者到无菌点从调查的路程。戴上手套考试同时采取血糖读数曝光的任何机会，以减少血液。清洁参与者的手指，用无菌之前阅读血糖擦拭。 <ol><li>使用柳叶刀（或柳叶刀放倒血液测试条），轻轻挑破参与者的食指的侧面。挤压的少量血液到血液测试条和插入血糖仪。 </li><li>写下对应的血糖读数和时间的血糖读数是采取在参与者日志。擦拭面积与消毒擦拭。 </li><li>提供参与者洗手液和纸巾擦拭自己的手指。提供一个小的，粘性绷带如果T他参与的欲望，以支付他们的手指。 </li></ol></li><li>直接的所有参与者采取席位，他们的饮料和调查所在的计算机终端。 <ol><li>指导每个参与者放置便条与旁边的地方是给研究者和参与者都可以看到的电脑桌上的参与者ID号。 <ol><li>指导参与者时，在调查之初，提示信息，以确保以后调查回复链接到参与者的饮料条件的能力在便笺中键入参与者的ID号。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>指示参与者完成一个消费者评估任务，并且作为结果，消耗了品牌盲饮料。 <ol><li>到手的参与者包括参与者的分配实验饮料杯。仔细检查杯子记录在日志参与分配的条件和参与者的数量相匹配。 </li><li>告诉参与者ŧ帽子电脑会提示他们到消费整个饮料在两分钟内，而这之后将进行调查。 </li><li>请参与者采取杯，并开始喝饮料。此时，点击调查页面上的下一个箭头以开始定时饮料消费的任务。 注:可通过研究者用秒表手动进行2分钟时间，或可被编程到使用JavaScript编程语言（见附录C），计算机调查，使得在单击"开始按钮"的调查就不会进步，直到两分钟过去了，它已责成参与完成的饮料，并告知研究人员来收集杯。 <ol><li>两分钟的时间过去后，学员将被计算机指示点击"开始"按钮，开始对他们喝的印象的调查。 注:学员将首先询问其impressio饮料的NS来支持的封面故事。这个简短的调查是紧跟着一个10分钟的中性填料的任务，以便有时间更改为血糖发生16。 </li></ol></li><li>收集所有使用的饮料杯，从参与者的工作区，但不要扔掉。 </li><li>注意:在实验日志旁边的一个参与者的ID号，如果参与者没有完成整个饮料。 </li></ol></li><li>如果记录血糖，立即采取另一种血糖在进行词汇决策任务之前，在10分钟填料任务结束阅读。重复步骤4.2，4.2.1，4.2.2，4.2.3。 注意:记录的第一和第二血糖读数的两个时间，因为总是有变异的跨参与者读数之间的某个时间量小，由于在需要完成调查的部分的时间差是很重要的。记录读数的时间允许研究者邻在控制了输入它作为在以后的统计分析协变量读数之间的时间ption。 </li><li>一旦10分钟填料任务和血糖读数完成后，提交并关闭了调查。 注:允许该批处理文件，确保一旦调查提交运行调查的互联网浏览器完全关闭自动打开行为的任务，然后验证该批处理文件已成功打开（ 例如，不要简单地最小化窗口。）通过检查，看是否有窗口，提示与会者输入学员身份证号码出现行为任务的软件。 </li></ol> 5.协议通过词汇决策任务运行的参与者<ol><li>双击并打开运行任务的软件。输入出席者的ID号到由行为任务软件给出的参与者ID提示，点击"运行和启动程序词汇判断任务＃34;提示窗口上的按钮。 </li><li>以口头指示或通过包括指令上，在计算机化的任务开始时简要介绍了词汇决策任务的参与者。 </li><li>允许参与者的时间来完成计算机上的词汇决策任务，并指示参与者，当任务完成后通知研究员。 注:通常需要参加大约3-4分钟即可完成词汇判断任务。 </li><li>完成任务后，关闭词汇判断出完全打空格键，并确保该批处理文件打开包含在步骤2.1.4中概述的社会人口和述职问题的最终调查部分。 </li><li>在整个研究的结论，听取汇报的参与者。在给予赔偿参与商定的参与者和从会话释放他们。 </li><li>如果饮料消费的任务期间，参与者没有完成饮料，使用量杯在实验期结束时，测量并记录多少饮料的留在液体盎司，在参与者日志。 </li><li>旗地为谁没有完成分配的饮料，为与会者谁提出的高于100毫克/分升（5.6毫摩尔/升），空腹血糖水平的任何参与者的数据。 注意:丢弃参与者对于那些通过这个血糖阈值数据则建议，因为空腹血糖水平高于100毫克/分升被认为是糖耐量处理/糖尿病前期39的标志。提高血糖在一读也可以是参与者不符合会前禁食的指示，吃之前会话的东西的一个指标。 </li></ol> 6.评分结果，并准备分析数据<ol><li>利用参与者的身份证号码，匹配参与者的手记录的日志数据（ 例如 :Blood血糖读数，饮料条件，饮料的量离开如有任何注意学习会问题），与会者的调查数据和计算机化的词汇判断任务数据。 </li><li>在导入40选择任何统计分析软件格式的所有数据（日志，调查和词汇决策任务）到一个单一的数据集。放弃任何标记的会话数据。 <ol><li>通过手动将数据输入到一个计算机化的电子表格，并将其导入的统计分析软件，或通过直接输入到由统计软件支持的文件格式实现此目的。 </li></ol></li><li>代码和词汇决策任务修剪反应时间数据，离群被称为扭曲的反应时间数据24,29。 <ol><li>无论是通过删除落在外面的先验任何个人响应修剪反应时间数据决定切断延迟，或者通过重新编码用一个词类别的所有反应到一个新的修剪可变不包括先验切断窗口之外的反应。 注:作者建议采取以下先验标准，以微调的反应时间数据:是小于100毫秒，长于1000毫秒消除单个项目的反应，并消除不正确的反应30。 </li></ol></li><li>使用修剪反应潜伏期，创建回答实验假设24,29所需要的所有相关变量。 <ol><li>创建了被列入词汇决策任务（ 如高脂肪的话，低脂肪的话，非字）在每个字类别中的所有正确反应的平均反应时间复合材料。创建的每个字类别24,29,30正确反应总数之和复合材料。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Behav. 52, 749-754 (1992).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Qualtrics Research Suite. , (2015).</li><li>Van Dillen, L., Papies, E., Hofmann, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Turning+a+blind+eye+to+temptation:+how+cognitive+load+can+facilitate+self-regulation.">Turning a blind eye to temptation: how cognitive load can facilitate self-regulation.</a> J Pers. Soc. Psychol. 104, 427-443 (2013).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inquisit 4.0.8.0. , (2014).</li><li>Hill, S. E., Prokosch, M. L., DelPriore, D. J., Griskevicius, V., Kramer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+childhood+socioeconomic+status+promotes+eating+in+the+absence+of+energy+need.">Low childhood socioeconomic status promotes eating in the absence of energy need.</a> Psychol Sci. , (2016).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standards of medical care in diabetes-2014. Diabetes Care. 37, (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. , (2013).</li><li>Abdi, H., Salkind, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics. , (2007).</li><li>Zhang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Costs+of+Screening+for+Pre-diabetes+Among+U.S.+Adults:+A+comparison+of+different+screening+strategies.">Costs of Screening for Pre-diabetes Among U.S. Adults: A comparison of different screening strategies.</a> Diabetes Care. 26, 2536-2542 (2003).</li><li>Hill, S. E., Prokosch, M. L., DelPriore, M. L., Griskevicius, V., Kramer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+childhood+socioeconomic+status+promotes+eating+in+the+absence+of+energy+need.">Low childhood socioeconomic status promotes eating in the absence of energy need.</a> Psychol. Sci. , (2016).</li><li>Flegal, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiologic+aspects+of+overweight+and+obesity+in+the+United+States.">Epidemiologic aspects of overweight and obesity in the United States.</a> Physiol Behav. 86, 599-602 (2005).</li><li>Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Ogden, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+obesity+and+trends+in+the+distribution+of+body+mass+index+among+US+adults,+1999-2010.">Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010.</a> J.A.M.A. 307, 491-497 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fact Sheet No 311: Obesity and Overweight. , (2014).</li><li>Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., Reed, G. W., Peters, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+and+the+environment:+Where+do+we+go+from+here.">Obesity and the environment: Where do we go from here.</a> Science. 299, 853-855 (2003).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

该原稿概述了操纵血糖，以及用于测量的目标字和概念的认知辅助产生的变化的过程的简单的，廉价的过程。以上介绍的方法可以适用于广泛的研究领域包括社会心理学，认知心理学和营养科学。鉴于这种方法可能在多个研究领域的人（一些通常不使用调查数据）一起使用，本节将提出关键步骤和故障排除的一些提示，以帮助那些希望在他们的研究来实现这个过程的研究人员。 <p class="jove_conte...

在认知心理学和神经科学的研究人员长期研究血糖波动对大脑，认知和行为的影响1。例如，研究人员已经发现，在血糖波动对认知需求2的不同水平的任务预测在存储器中的差异（数字广度口头，工作，和偶发）1-5，关注6,7，解谜8和性能，9,10。这项研究发现，提高血糖增强注意力和记忆力，而这些影响工作的认知时，苛刻的任务，并在这些1,3年龄是最强的。 近几十年来，对人的心理血糖波动的影响研究也成为社会心理学11-13领域感兴趣的话题。 在血糖波动都与情绪变化14，动机&lt;SUP&gt; 15，自我控制11-13，态度16,17，18的偏见，以及在决策消费19，吃20,21和金融领域的变化22。由于这些结果超越了各种各样的因变量，对血糖在决策中的作用的信息是明确的:血糖能量大脑的关键形式，而枯竭血糖导致认知重要的变化和自律11,13,15。 鉴于血糖各种心理和行为结果发挥的重要作用，目前手稿提供用于操作血糖研究人员可以使用用于测试的范围内的认知和行为的简单方法。此外，目前的手稿提供一种方法，用于评估的目标字或概念的认知无障碍可在响应中血糖使用改变的波动词汇决策任务。本方法的效率，使其理想用于实验研究，因为它们有效地操纵血糖，使用价格相对低廉，市售产品测量认知改变。本血糖操纵的承受力可以更容易地运行大量获得，以检测所引起的血糖值23的任何操纵改变行为统计学显著差异所需要的足够的电力需要的参与者。此外，词汇判断是有用的，因为它可以揭示认知隐变化不容易通过更明确的措施，如自我报告调查了24访问。 所描述的血糖操纵任务涉及8小时禁食时期之后是热量或无热量的饮料22的定向消耗。禁食八小时后，参与者随机分配至消耗EIT她含糖饮料或水。这种方法还允许通过非热量甜味剂（ 例如阿斯巴甜，三氯蔗糖），其味道甜像传统的热量甜味剂产生的任何独特的效果进行测试，但不包含提高血糖水平20,22,25所需的糖。如果感兴趣的非calorically甜饮料的影响，这个任务包括其中参与者消耗"零热量"饮料可选， 第三主体间的条件。当前的方法已经在多个社交心理范式12,18,22成功应用，并提供一个更短的方式来测试用于在自我调节不是像糖耐量试验26以前使用的措施中的血糖变化的影响。 作者还对评估目标的话，还是观念认知的可访问性，使用词汇判断27,28提供一个过程。在这个TASK，字母串和单词是通过计算机呈现在速射格式，通常分为几个不同的概念范畴（中所描述的研究中，类别是:高脂肪食物的话，低脂肪的食物的话，非字）。参与者被要求迅速识别（通常是通过按键）的字母（ 如 fhens。比萨饼）的字符串是否是一个字或一个不字。反应速度快，参与者正确识别每个概念​​类别字母串测量相对容易地参与者能够在精神上处理该概念类的话。更快的反应意味着一个概念是"在别人的头脑"24,29,30精神上更接近，因此。因此，词汇判断任务使有用因变量，并且还可以用来作为有效的操作检查，以测量是否最近底漆概念（见附图30，用于上吸的更多信息）确实是随后更cognitively访问会比在没有一个素数。虽然词汇判断任务，已在社会心理学已经使用了几十年29任务，目前手稿呈现给程序，链接到一个可编辑的程序模板27，文字的从作者的经验验证列表中的一些细微变化以前的工作，测量健康与非健康食品20认知无障碍。这是作者的希望，这两个程序的进一步调整将有助于导致创新社会心理学研究的领域，在饮食行为和能量调节的研究，并将促进相结合的视角和多学科的方法，进一步的比较研究。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Survey Building Software</td><td>Qualtrics</td><td>Qualtrics Research Suite</td><td>Alternative survey building softwares/applications include Survey Monkey, Google Forms, Media Lab, and Inquisit software.</td></tr><tr><td>Behavioral Task Software (for lexical decision task)</td><td>Inquisit</td><td>Inquisit 4 Lab (4.0.8.0)</td><td>Alternative behavioral task softwares/applications include Media Lab/Direct RT or programming the task into an internet browser using a programming language of your choice (such as java).</td></tr><tr><td>Batch File&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Microsoft&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Microsoft Notepad; Windows</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lexical Decision Task Template</td><td>Millisecond</td><td>Millisecond survey library, cited template author is linked on page</td><td>Can build a lexical decision task by hand in other behavioral task softwares.</td></tr><tr><td>Participant Scheduling and Compensation Software</td><td>SONA systems</td><td>SONA systems scheduling software</td><td>Appointments can be arranged manually, too.</td></tr><tr><td>Statistical Analysis Software</td><td>IBM</td><td>IBM SPSS Statistics Standard, 22</td><td>Alternate softwares include SAS and R.</td></tr><tr><td>Blood glucose manipulating beverege paradigm</td><td>Coca Cola&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sprite, Sprite Zero, Sparkling water</td><td>Can use any store brand sugary beverage, non calorically sweetened beverage, and sparkling water beverage, as long as beverages are not easily discernable from each other by sight.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Lancet</td><td>Assure</td><td>Assure Lanets 23 gauge</td><td>Many brands of testing lancets available both online and at local pharmacies.</td></tr><tr><td>Blood glucose testing meter</td><td>Bayer&#039;s</td><td>Breeze 2</td><td>Many brands of testing meters available both online and at local pharmacies.</td></tr><tr><td>Blood glucose testing strips</td><td>Bayer&#039;s</td><td>Breeze 2</td><td>Many brands of testing strips available both online and at local pharmacies, but they must be compatible with your chosen meter.</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Nitrile exam gloves (400 count)</td><td>Kirkland</td><td>Kirkland Signature Nitrile Exam Gloves</td><td>Any medical grade exam glove that provides sufficient protection from blood exposure can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Disinfecting wipes</td><td>Lysol</td><td>Lysol Disinfecting Wipes Lemon Scent</td><td>Any wipe that can kill off any bloodborne or contact born contaminants.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target stimuli

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making. As such, blood glucose, the body's primary energy source, has been of special interest to researchers for years. Fluctuations in blood glucose have been linked to a variety of changes in cognitive and behavioral processes, such as self-control, political attitudes, and eating behavior. To help meet growing interest in the links between bodily energy need and these processes, this manuscript offers a simple methodology to experimentally manipulate blood glucose using a fasting procedure followed by administration of a sugar-sweetened, unsweetened, or artificially-sweetened beverage. This is followed by presentation of a method for measuring resulting changes in implicit cognition using a lexical decision-task. In this task, participants are asked to identify whether strings of letters are words or non-words and response latencies are recorded. Sample results from a recent publication are presented as an example of the applications for the experimental manipulation of blood glucose and the lexical decision task measures.

参与者上述方法是在希尔和他的同事在20一个中等规模的，在美国南部私立大学运行研究实施。在大学本科人口提供的主题样品和学员获得了部分课程学分作为参与研究的补偿。使用当前稿件协议中列出的具体方法，作者通过血糖操作步骤接着一个词汇决策任务运行的参与者（ 见表1使用了大约饮品信息）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli at JoVE.com

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

一种操纵血糖和目标刺激的认知辅助测量带来的变化法

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making.  As such, blood glucose, the body's ...

a-method-for-manipulating-blood-glucose-measuring-resulting-changes

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.9K 次观看.  Texas Christian University. The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

视频: A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp in the Conscious Rat

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, T2D results in elevated blood glucose levels. The "gold-standard" in assessing insulin sensitivity is a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp or insulin clamp. In this procedure, insulin is infused at a constant rate resulting in a drop in blood glucose. To maintain blood glucose at a constant level, exogenous glucose (D50) is infused into the venous circulation. The amount of glucose infused to maintain homeostasis is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here, we show the basic clamp procedure in the chronically catheterized, unrestrained, conscious rat. This model allows blood to be collected with minimal stress to the animal. Following the induction of anesthesia, a midline incision is made and the left common carotid artery and right jugular vein are catheterized. Inserted catheters are flushed with heparinized saline, then exteriorized and secured. Animals are allowed to recover for 4-5 days prior to experiments, with weight gain monitored daily. Only those animals who regain weight to pre-surgery levels are used for experiments. On the day of the experiment, rats are fasted and connected to pumps containing insulin and D50. Baseline glucose is assessed from the arterial line and used a benchmark throughout the experiment (euglycemia). Following this, insulin is infused at a constant rate into the venous circulation. To match the drop in blood glucose, D50 is infused. If the rate of D50 infusion is greater than the rate of uptake, a rise in glucose will occur. Similarly, if the rate is insufficient to match whole body glucose uptake, a drop will occur. Titration of glucose continues until stable glucose readings are achieved. Glucose levels and glucose infusion rates during this stable period are recorded and reported. Results provide an index of whole body insulin sensitivity. The technique can be refined to meet specific experimental requirements. It is further enhanced by the use of radioactive tracers that can determine tissue specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as well as whole body glucose turnover.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is the "gold standard" for the assessment of insulin action. Insulin is infused at a constant rate stimulating glucose uptake. The amount of exogenous glucose infused to counter this drop is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here the procedure is performed on a conscious, unrestrained rat.

在自觉大鼠高胰岛素 - 正常血糖钳

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, ...

科研

医学

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold standard" method for assessing insulin action in vivo. During an insulin clamp, hyperinsulinemia is achieved by a constant insulin infusion. Euglycemia is maintained via a concomitant glucose infusion at a variable rate. This variable glucose infusion rate (GIR) is determined by measuring blood glucose at brief intervals throughout the experiment and adjusting the GIR accordingly. The GIR is indicative of whole-body insulin action, as mice with enhanced insulin action require a greater GIR. The insulin clamp can incorporate administration of isotopic 2[14C]deoxyglucose to assess tissue-specific glucose uptake and [3-3H]glucose to assess the ability of insulin to suppress the rate of endogenous glucose appearance (endoRa), a marker of hepatic glucose production, and to stimulate the rate of whole-body glucose disappearance (Rd).
The miniaturization of the insulin clamp for use in genetic mouse models of metabolic disease has led to significant advances in diabetes research. Methods for performing insulin clamps vary between laboratories. It is important to note that the manner in which an insulin clamp is performed can significantly affect the results obtained. We have published a comprehensive assessment of different approaches to performing insulin clamps in conscious mice1 as well as an evaluation of the metabolic response of four commonly used inbred mouse strains using various clamp techniques2. Here we present a protocol for performing insulin clamps on conscious, unrestrained mice developed by the Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center (MMPC; URL: www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/mmpc). This includes a description of the method for implanting catheters used during the insulin clamp. The protocol employed by the Vanderbilt MMPC utilizes a unique two-catheter system3. One catheter is inserted into the jugular vein for infusions. A second catheter is inserted into the carotid artery, which allows for blood sampling without the need to restrain or handle the mouse. This technique provides a significant advantage to the most common method for obtaining blood samples during insulin clamps which is to sample from the severed tip of the tail. Unlike this latter method, sampling from an arterial catheter is not stressful to the mouse1. We also describe methods for using isotopic tracer infusions to assess tissue-specific insulin action. We also provide guidelines for the appropriate presentation of results obtained from insulin clamps.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is the gold standard for assessing insulin action in vivo. A method for performing insulin clamps in mice is described. This includes a method for arterial catheterization that permits experiments to be performed in conscious, unrestrained mice with minimal stress.

在自觉的，奔放的小鼠正常血糖高胰岛素 - 夹钳

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

海马胰岛素显微注射和<em在体内</em&gt;微透析过程中空间记忆测试

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

神经科学

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with increasing connective tissue and decreased neuronal viability that occur with age. Here, we describe a methodology for the dissociation of healthy hypothalamic neurons from adult-aged mice. The ability to study neurons from adult-aged mice allows the use of disease models that manifest at a later age and might be more developmentally accurate for certain studies. Fluorescence imaging of dissociated neurons can be used to study the activity of a population of neurons, as opposed to using electrophysiology to study a single neuron. This is particularly useful when studying a heterogeneous neuronal population in which the desired neuronal type is rare such as for hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons. We utilized membrane potential dye imaging of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to study their responses to changes in extracellular glucose. Glucose sensing neurons are believed to play a role in central regulation of energy balance. The ability to study glucose sensing in adult rodents is particularly useful since the predominance of diseases related to dysfunctional energy balance (e.g.&#160;obesity) increase with age.

The activity of single neurons from adult-aged mice can be studied by dissociating neurons from specific brain regions and using fluorescent membrane potential dye imaging. By testing responses to changes in glucose, this technique can be used to study the glucose sensitivity of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.

膜下丘脑腹内侧神经元的电位染料成像从成年小鼠为研究葡萄糖传感

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development and appetite regulation in the hypothalamus. Chemokine CCL5 and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) levels have been suggested to mediate arteriosclerosis and glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, CCL5 plays a neuroendocrine role in the hypothalamus by regulating food intake and body temperature, thus, prompting us to investigate its function in hypothalamic insulin signaling and the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism.
The micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system is a quick and precise way to manipulate CCL5 function and study its effect in the brain. It also provides a convenient alternative approach to generating a transgenic knockout animal. In this system, CCL5 signaling was blocked by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of its antagonist, MetCCL5, using a micro-osmotic pump. The peripheral glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was detected by the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT). Insulin signaling activity was then analyzed by protein blot from tissue samples derived from the animals.
After 7-14 days of MetCCL5 infusion, the glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was impaired in mice, as seen in the results of the OGTT and ITT. The IRS-1 serine302 phosphorylation was increased and the Akt activity was reduced in mice hypothalamic neurons following CCL5 inhibition. Altogether, our data suggest that blocking CCL5 in the mouse brain increases the phosphorylation of IRS-1 S302 and interrupts hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to a decrease in insulin function in peripheral tissues as well as the impairment of glucose metabolism.

This protocol studies the role of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in the hypothalamus by delivering an antagonist, MetCCL5, into the mouse brain using a micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system. This transient inhibition of CCL5 activity interrupted hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to glucose intolerance and peripheral systemic insulin sensitivity.

持续药物输注系统对小鼠脑内下丘脑胰岛素信号的研究

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues ...

Acclimation Prior to an Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test to Mitigate Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia in Conscious Mice

The insulin tolerance test is commonly used in metabolic studies to assess whole body insulin sensitivity in rodents. It is a relatively simple test that involves measurement of blood glucose levels over time following a single intraperitoneal injection of insulin. Given that it is performed in the conscious state and blood is often collected via a tail snip, it has the potential to elicit a stress response from animals due to anxiety associated with handling and blood collection. As such, a stress-induced rise in blood glucose can occur, making it difficult to detect and interpret the primary endpoint measure, namely an insulin-mediated reduction in blood glucose. This has been seen in many mouse strains, and is quite common in diabetic db/db mice, where glucose levels can increase, rather than decrease, after insulin administration. Here, we describe a method of acclimating mice to handling, injections and blood sampling prior to performing the insulin tolerance test. We find that this lowers stress-induced hyperglycemia and results in data that more accurately reflects whole body insulin sensitivity.

Stress-induced elevations in glucose levels can confound interpretation of data derived from a conscious intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test in mice. In this article, we describe a method to acclimate the mice to handling, injections and blood sampling prior to performing the insulin tolerance test in order to limit stress-induced hyperglycemia.

The insulin tolerance test is commonly used in metabolic studies to assess whole body insulin sensitivity in rodents. It is a relatively simple test that ...

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans

In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated rapidly in response to cold in order to maintain body temperature. Although BAT has been studied greatly in small animals, it is difficult to measure the activity of BAT in humans. Therefore, little is known about the heat-generating capacity and physiological significance of BAT in humans, including the degree to which components of the diet can activate BAT. This is due to the limitations in the currently most used method to assess the activation of BAT-radiolabeled glucose (fluorodeoxyglucose or 18FDG) measured by positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET-CT).
This method is usually performed in fasted subjects, as feeding induces glucose uptake by the muscles, which can mask the glucose uptake into the BAT. This paper describes a detailed protocol for quantifying total-body human energy expenditure and substrate utilization from BAT thermogenesis by combining indirect calorimetry, infrared thermography, and blood glucose monitoring in carbohydrate-loaded adult males. To characterize the physiological significance of BAT, measures of the impact of BAT activity on human health are critical. We demonstrate a protocol to achieve this by combining carbohydrate loading and indirect calorimetry with measurements of supraclavicular changes in temperature. This novel approach will help to understand the physiology and pharmacology of BAT thermogenesis in humans.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the physiological significance of the impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity on human metabolism. This is achieved by combining carbohydrate loading and indirect calorimetry with measurements of supraclavicular changes in temperature. This novel approach can help develop a pharmacological target for BAT thermogenesis in humans.

使用间接量热法、红外热成像和血糖水平的组合来测量人类棕色脂肪组织的产热

In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated rapidly in response to cold in order to maintain body temperature. Although BAT has been studied ...

小鼠高血糖和低血糖夹的手术安装

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by insufficient insulin release from the pancreatic &#946;-cells (Type1 DM) and insulin sensitivity in muscles, liver, and adipose tissues (Type2 DM). Insulin injection treats DM patients but leads to hypoglycemia as a side effect. Cortisol and catecholamines are released to activate glucose production from the liver to recover hypoglycemia, called counter-regulatory responses (CRR). In DM research using rodent models, glucose tolerance tests and 2-deoxy-glucose injection are used to measure insulin release and CRR, respectively. However, blood glucose concentrations change persistently during experiments, causing difficulties in assessing net insulin release and CRR. This article describes a method in which blood glucose is kept at 250 mg/dL or 50 mg/dL in conscious mice to compare the release of insulin and CRR hormones, respectively.
Polyethylene tubing is implanted in the mice's carotid artery and jugular vein, and the mice are allowed to recover from the surgery. The jugular vein tubing is connected to a Hamilton syringe with a syringe pump to enable insulin or glucose infusion at a constant and variable rate. The carotid artery tubing is for blood collection. For the hyperglycemic clamp, 30% glucose is infused into the vein, and blood glucose levels are measured from the arterial blood every 5 min or 10 min. The infusion rate of 30% glucose is increased until the blood glucose level becomes 250 mg/dL. Blood is collected to measure insulin concentrations. For hypoglycemic clamp, 10 mU/kg/min insulin is infused together with 30% glucose, whose infusion rate is variable to maintain 50 mg/dL of blood glucose level. Blood is collected to measure counter-regulatory hormones when both glucose infusion and blood glucose reach a steady state. Both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic clamps have the same surgical procedure and experimental setups. Thus, this method is useful for researchers of systemic glucose metabolism.

作者聚焦:使用经济高效的高血糖和低血糖钳夹技术研究小鼠大脑中的血糖稳态

A hyperglycemic clamp is used for measuring insulin release with a maintained higher blood glucose concentration. A hypoglycemic clamp is for measuring glucose production induced by counter-regulatory responses. Both methods use the same surgical procedure. Here, we present a clamp technique to assess systemic glucose metabolism.

清醒小鼠的高血糖钳夹和低血糖钳夹

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by insufficient insulin release from the pancreatic &#946;-cells (Type1 DM) and insulin sensitivity in muscles, liver, ...

一种操纵血糖和目标刺激的认知辅助测量带来的变化法

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此视频中的章节

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持续药物输注系统对小鼠脑内下丘脑胰岛素信号的研究

Acclimation Prior to an Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test to Mitigate Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia in Conscious Mice

使用间接量热法、红外热成像和血糖水平的组合来测量人类棕色脂肪组织的产热

清醒小鼠的高血糖钳夹和低血糖钳夹

清醒小鼠的高血糖钳夹和低血糖钳夹

清醒小鼠的高血糖钳夹和低血糖钳夹