Diese Forschung wurde von der Anthony M. Marchionne Stiftung mit Fördermitteln durchgeführt (70.256-23.284) und TCU. Die Autoren danken Danielle DelPriore, Amanda Morin, und Christopher Rodeheffer für ihre hilfreichen Beiträge zu diesen Methoden zu gestalten. Die Autoren möchten auch Hannah Bradshaw und Randi Proffitt Leyva für ihre Unterstützung bei der Verfilmung dieses Protokoll zu danken.

<ol>
	<li>Smith, M. A., Riby, L. M., van Eekelen, J. A. M., Foster, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+enhancement+of+human+memory:+A+comprehensive+research+review+of+the+glucose+memory+facilitation+effect.">Glucose enhancement of human memory: A comprehensive research review of the glucose memory facilitation effect.</a> Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 35, 770-783 (2011).</li><li>Meikle, A., Riby, L. M., Stollery, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+glucose+ingestion+and+gluco-regulatory+control+on+cognitive+performance:+A+comparison+of+younger+and+middle+aged+adults.">The impact of glucose ingestion and gluco-regulatory control on cognitive performance: A comparison of younger and middle aged adults.</a> Hum Psychopharm Clin. 19, 523-535 (2004).</li><li>Riby, L. 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Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Diese Handschrift beschreibt einen einfachen, kostengünstigen Verfahren zur Blutzucker Manipulation sowie ein Verfahren zur Messung der resultierenden Veränderungen der kognitiven Zugänglichkeit der Zielwörter und Konzepte. Die oben beschriebenen Verfahren können auf ein breites Spektrum von Forschungsbereichen, einschließlich der Sozialpsychologie, Kognitive Psychologie und Ernährungswissenschaften angewendet werden. Da diese Methode von Menschen genutzt werden, können in mehreren Forschungsbereichen (einige, d...

Forscher in der kognitiven Psychologie und Neurowissenschaften haben seit langem die Auswirkungen von Blutzuckerschwankungen auf das Gehirn, Kognition untersucht, und das Verhalten 1. Zum Beispiel haben die Forscher festgestellt , dass Schwankungen des Blutzucker Unterschiede im Gedächtnis vorhersagen (verbal, Ziffernspanne, zu arbeiten, und episodisch) 1-5, Aufmerksamkeit 6,7, Rätsel zu lösen 8 und Leistung auf Aufgaben der unterschiedlichen Ebenen der kognitiven Anforderung 2 9,10. Diese Forschung stellt fest , dass Blutzucker zu erhöhen erhöht die Aufmerksamkeit und Gedächtnis, und dass diese Effekte am stärksten sind bei Arbeiten an kognitiv anspruchsvollen Aufgaben, und in denen der älteren Alters 1,3. In den letzten Jahrzehnten der Forschung über die Auswirkungen von Blutzuckerschwankungen auf die menschliche Psychologie hat auch ein Thema von Interesse auf dem Gebiet der Sozialpsychologie werden 11-13. Schwankungen des Blutzucker wurden Veränderungen in der Stimmung 14, verbunden Motivation &lt;sup&gt; 15, Selbstbeherrschung 11-13, Haltungen 16,17, Vorurteilen 18 und Änderungen bei der Entscheidungsfindung der Verbraucher 19, Essen 20,21 und Finanz Domänen 22. Da diese Ergebnisse eine Vielzahl von abhängigen Variablen überschreiten, wird die Meldung über die Rolle der Blutzucker bei der Entscheidungsfindung ist klar: Blutzucker die kritische Form von Energie an das Gehirn ist, und Verminderungen des Blutzucker führen zu wichtigen Veränderungen in Kognition und Selbstregulierung 11,13,15. die wichtige Rolle, dass die Blutzucker spielt in verschiedenen psychischen und Verhaltensergebnisse, die aktuelle Manuskript bietet eine einfache Methode zur Manipulation von Blutzucker gegeben, dass die Forscher zum Testen einer Reihe von Kognitionen und Verhaltensweisen verwenden können. Zusätzlich stellt die aktuelle Manuskript ein Verfahren zur kognitiven Zugänglichkeit von Ziel-Wörter oder Konzepte der Beurteilung, die in Abhängigkeit von Schwankungen des Blutzucker verändern kann unter Verwendungeine lexikalische Entscheidungsaufgabe. Die Effizienz der vorliegenden Verfahren machen sie ideal für die experimentelle Forschung, da sie effektiv Blutzucker manipulieren und kognitiven Veränderungen messen relativ billig, im Handel erhältliche Produkte. Die Erschwinglichkeit der vorliegenden Blutzucker Manipulation erleichtert es , die hohen Teilnehmerzahlen zu laufen benötigt , um die ausreichende Stromversorgung zu erkennen statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede im Verhalten von irgendwelchen manipulierten Veränderungen des Blutzucker 23 verursacht erforderlich zu erhalten. Darüber hinaus ist die lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe nützlich, da sie implizite Änderungen in der Erkenntnis nicht leicht zugänglich durch deutlichere Maßnahmen wie Erhebungen zur Selbstanzeige 24 offenbaren. Die beschriebene Blutzucker Manipulation Aufgabe beinhaltet eine 8 Fastenzeit Stunde , gefolgt von der gezielten Verbrauch eines kalorischen oder einem kalorienfreien Getränk 22. Nach dem Fasten acht Stunden lang werden die Teilnehmer zufällig eit zu konsumieren zugewiesenihr ein Zucker gesüßte Getränke oder Wasser. Diese Methode ermöglicht es auch für die Prüfung von irgendwelchen einzigartigen Wirkungen von nicht-kalorische Süßstoffe (z. B. Aspartam, Sucralose), die wie traditionelle kalorienfreie Süßstoffe süß schmecken, aber enthalten nicht die Zucker benötigt Blutzuckerspiegel 20,22,25 zu erhöhen . Wenn in den Auswirkungen von nicht-kalorisch gesüßte Getränke interessiert, beinhaltet diese Aufgabe eine optionale, 3. Zwischensubjekt Zustand , in dem die Teilnehmer eine &quot;Null-Kalorien&quot; Getränk konsumieren. Die aktuelle Methode wurde 12,18,22, erfolgreich in mehreren sozialen psychologischen Paradigmen angewandt und bietet einen kürzeren Weg für die Auswirkungen von Veränderungen der Blutzucker auf die Selbstkontrolle zu testen als bisher verwendeten Maßnahmen wie Glukosetoleranztests 26. Die Autoren stellen auch ein Verfahren für die kognitive Zugänglichkeit von Zielwörtern Beurteilung oder Konzepte, eine lexikalische Entscheidungsaufgabe 27,28 verwenden. In diesem task, Buchstabenfolgen und Wörter per Computer im Format Schnellfeuer präsentiert werden, und in der Regel fallen in ein paar verschiedene Begriffskategorien (in der beschriebenen Forschung waren die Kategorien: fettreiche Nahrung Worte, wenig Fett Lebensmittel Worte, nicht Worte). Die Teilnehmer werden gebeten , schnell zu identifizieren ( in der Regel über Tastendruck) , ob eine Folge von Buchstaben (zB fhens;. Pizza) ist ein Wort oder ein nicht-Wort. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit in der die Teilnehmer korrekt Buchstabenfolgen in jeder Begriffskategorie misst die relative Leichtigkeit, mit der die Teilnehmer in der Lage ist, zu verarbeiten, geistig Worten in diesem Konzept Kategorie identifizieren. Schnelleres Reaktionen bedeuten , dass ein Konzept mehr geistig zugänglich ist und somit &quot;auf jemandes Geist&quot; 24,29,30. Als Folge machen lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgaben nützlich abhängigen Variablen und kann auch als wirksame Manipulation Kontrollen verwendet werden , um zu messen , ob ein neu grundiert Konzept (30 auf Grundierung für weitere Informationen siehe Referenz) ist in der Tat später mehr Cognitiv zugänglich, als es in Abwesenheit eines Strichs wäre. Obwohl die lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe ist eine Aufgabe, die seit Jahrzehnten 29, präsentiert die aktuelle Manuskript einige geringfügige Änderungen an dem Verfahren, einem Link zu einem editierbaren Programmvorlage 27 und einer empirisch validierte Liste von Wörtern , von den Autoren &quot;in der Sozialpsychologie verwendet wurde , frühere Arbeiten, die die kognitiven Zugänglichkeit von gesunden versus nicht gesunde Lebensmittel 20 misst. Es ist die Hoffnung der Autoren, dass die weitere Anpassung dieser beiden Verfahren führen zu Innovationen in den Bereichen sozialpsychologische Forschung, in das Essverhalten und Energieregulierung Forschung helfen, und wird weitere vergleichende Untersuchungen zu erleichtern, die die Perspektiven und Methoden der verschiedenen Disziplinen vereint .

<table><tbody><tr><td>Survey Building Software</td><td>Qualtrics</td><td>Qualtrics Research Suite</td><td>Alternative survey building softwares/applications include Survey Monkey, Google Forms, Media Lab, and Inquisit software.</td></tr><tr><td>Behavioral Task Software (for lexical decision task)</td><td>Inquisit</td><td>Inquisit 4 Lab (4.0.8.0)</td><td>Alternative behavioral task softwares/applications include Media Lab/Direct RT or programming the task into an internet browser using a programming language of your choice (such as java).</td></tr><tr><td>Batch File&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Microsoft&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Microsoft Notepad; Windows</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lexical Decision Task Template</td><td>Millisecond</td><td>Millisecond survey library, cited template author is linked on page</td><td>Can build a lexical decision task by hand in other behavioral task softwares.</td></tr><tr><td>Participant Scheduling and Compensation Software</td><td>SONA systems</td><td>SONA systems scheduling software</td><td>Appointments can be arranged manually, too.</td></tr><tr><td>Statistical Analysis Software</td><td>IBM</td><td>IBM SPSS Statistics Standard, 22</td><td>Alternate softwares include SAS and R.</td></tr><tr><td>Blood glucose manipulating beverege paradigm</td><td>Coca Cola&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sprite, Sprite Zero, Sparkling water</td><td>Can use any store brand sugary beverage, non calorically sweetened beverage, and sparkling water beverage, as long as beverages are not easily discernable from each other by sight.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Lancet</td><td>Assure</td><td>Assure Lanets 23 gauge</td><td>Many brands of testing lancets available both online and at local pharmacies.</td></tr><tr><td>Blood glucose testing meter</td><td>Bayer&#039;s</td><td>Breeze 2</td><td>Many brands of testing meters available both online and at local pharmacies.</td></tr><tr><td>Blood glucose testing strips</td><td>Bayer&#039;s</td><td>Breeze 2</td><td>Many brands of testing strips available both online and at local pharmacies, but they must be compatible with your chosen meter.</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Nitrile exam gloves (400 count)</td><td>Kirkland</td><td>Kirkland Signature Nitrile Exam Gloves</td><td>Any medical grade exam glove that provides sufficient protection from blood exposure can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Disinfecting wipes</td><td>Lysol</td><td>Lysol Disinfecting Wipes Lemon Scent</td><td>Any wipe that can kill off any bloodborne or contact born contaminants.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target stimuli

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making. As such, blood glucose, the body's primary energy source, has been of special interest to researchers for years. Fluctuations in blood glucose have been linked to a variety of changes in cognitive and behavioral processes, such as self-control, political attitudes, and eating behavior. To help meet growing interest in the links between bodily energy need and these processes, this manuscript offers a simple methodology to experimentally manipulate blood glucose using a fasting procedure followed by administration of a sugar-sweetened, unsweetened, or artificially-sweetened beverage. This is followed by presentation of a method for measuring resulting changes in implicit cognition using a lexical decision-task. In this task, participants are asked to identify whether strings of letters are words or non-words and response latencies are recorded. Sample results from a recent publication are presented as an example of the applications for the experimental manipulation of blood glucose and the lexical decision task measures.

Die Teilnehmer Die obigen Verfahren wurden in einer Studie geführt von Hill und Kollegen 20 an einem mittelgroßen, private Universität im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten durchgeführt. Die Bachelor-Bevölkerung an der Universität zur Verfügung gestellt, das Thema Probe und Teilnehmer erhielten Teil Kurs Kredit als Ausgleich für die Studienteilnahme. Mit Hilfe der exakten Methoden im aktuellen Manuskript Protoko...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli at JoVE.com

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

Ein Verfahren zum Manipulieren von Blutzucker und Mess resultierende Veränderungen der kognitiven Zugänglichkeit von Ziel Stimuli

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making.  As such, blood glucose, the body's ...

a-method-for-manipulating-blood-glucose-measuring-resulting-changes

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.9K Aufrufe.  Texas Christian University. The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

Serie: A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp in the Conscious Rat

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, T2D results in elevated blood glucose levels. The "gold-standard" in assessing insulin sensitivity is a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp or insulin clamp. In this procedure, insulin is infused at a constant rate resulting in a drop in blood glucose. To maintain blood glucose at a constant level, exogenous glucose (D50) is infused into the venous circulation. The amount of glucose infused to maintain homeostasis is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here, we show the basic clamp procedure in the chronically catheterized, unrestrained, conscious rat. This model allows blood to be collected with minimal stress to the animal. Following the induction of anesthesia, a midline incision is made and the left common carotid artery and right jugular vein are catheterized. Inserted catheters are flushed with heparinized saline, then exteriorized and secured. Animals are allowed to recover for 4-5 days prior to experiments, with weight gain monitored daily. Only those animals who regain weight to pre-surgery levels are used for experiments. On the day of the experiment, rats are fasted and connected to pumps containing insulin and D50. Baseline glucose is assessed from the arterial line and used a benchmark throughout the experiment (euglycemia). Following this, insulin is infused at a constant rate into the venous circulation. To match the drop in blood glucose, D50 is infused. If the rate of D50 infusion is greater than the rate of uptake, a rise in glucose will occur. Similarly, if the rate is insufficient to match whole body glucose uptake, a drop will occur. Titration of glucose continues until stable glucose readings are achieved. Glucose levels and glucose infusion rates during this stable period are recorded and reported. Results provide an index of whole body insulin sensitivity. The technique can be refined to meet specific experimental requirements. It is further enhanced by the use of radioactive tracers that can determine tissue specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as well as whole body glucose turnover.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is the "gold standard" for the assessment of insulin action. Insulin is infused at a constant rate stimulating glucose uptake. The amount of exogenous glucose infused to counter this drop is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here the procedure is performed on a conscious, unrestrained rat.

Hyperinsulinämische-euglykämische Clamp in der Conscious Rat

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, ...

Forschung

Medizin

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold standard" method for assessing insulin action in vivo. During an insulin clamp, hyperinsulinemia is achieved by a constant insulin infusion. Euglycemia is maintained via a concomitant glucose infusion at a variable rate. This variable glucose infusion rate (GIR) is determined by measuring blood glucose at brief intervals throughout the experiment and adjusting the GIR accordingly. The GIR is indicative of whole-body insulin action, as mice with enhanced insulin action require a greater GIR. The insulin clamp can incorporate administration of isotopic 2[14C]deoxyglucose to assess tissue-specific glucose uptake and [3-3H]glucose to assess the ability of insulin to suppress the rate of endogenous glucose appearance (endoRa), a marker of hepatic glucose production, and to stimulate the rate of whole-body glucose disappearance (Rd).
The miniaturization of the insulin clamp for use in genetic mouse models of metabolic disease has led to significant advances in diabetes research. Methods for performing insulin clamps vary between laboratories. It is important to note that the manner in which an insulin clamp is performed can significantly affect the results obtained. We have published a comprehensive assessment of different approaches to performing insulin clamps in conscious mice1 as well as an evaluation of the metabolic response of four commonly used inbred mouse strains using various clamp techniques2. Here we present a protocol for performing insulin clamps on conscious, unrestrained mice developed by the Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center (MMPC; URL: www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/mmpc). This includes a description of the method for implanting catheters used during the insulin clamp. The protocol employed by the Vanderbilt MMPC utilizes a unique two-catheter system3. One catheter is inserted into the jugular vein for infusions. A second catheter is inserted into the carotid artery, which allows for blood sampling without the need to restrain or handle the mouse. This technique provides a significant advantage to the most common method for obtaining blood samples during insulin clamps which is to sample from the severed tip of the tail. Unlike this latter method, sampling from an arterial catheter is not stressful to the mouse1. We also describe methods for using isotopic tracer infusions to assess tissue-specific insulin action. We also provide guidelines for the appropriate presentation of results obtained from insulin clamps.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is the gold standard for assessing insulin action in vivo. A method for performing insulin clamps in mice is described. This includes a method for arterial catheterization that permits experiments to be performed in conscious, unrestrained mice with minimal stress.

Hyperinsulinämische-euglykämische Schellen in dem Bewusstsein, Unrestrained Mäuse

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

Hippocampus Insulin Mikroinjektion und<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Microdialysis Während Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

Neurowissenschaften

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with increasing connective tissue and decreased neuronal viability that occur with age. Here, we describe a methodology for the dissociation of healthy hypothalamic neurons from adult-aged mice. The ability to study neurons from adult-aged mice allows the use of disease models that manifest at a later age and might be more developmentally accurate for certain studies. Fluorescence imaging of dissociated neurons can be used to study the activity of a population of neurons, as opposed to using electrophysiology to study a single neuron. This is particularly useful when studying a heterogeneous neuronal population in which the desired neuronal type is rare such as for hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons. We utilized membrane potential dye imaging of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to study their responses to changes in extracellular glucose. Glucose sensing neurons are believed to play a role in central regulation of energy balance. The ability to study glucose sensing in adult rodents is particularly useful since the predominance of diseases related to dysfunctional energy balance (e.g.&#160;obesity) increase with age.

The activity of single neurons from adult-aged mice can be studied by dissociating neurons from specific brain regions and using fluorescent membrane potential dye imaging. By testing responses to changes in glucose, this technique can be used to study the glucose sensitivity of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging von Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neuronen aus erwachsenen Mäusen zu Glucose Sensing Studieren

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development and appetite regulation in the hypothalamus. Chemokine CCL5 and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) levels have been suggested to mediate arteriosclerosis and glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, CCL5 plays a neuroendocrine role in the hypothalamus by regulating food intake and body temperature, thus, prompting us to investigate its function in hypothalamic insulin signaling and the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism.
The micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system is a quick and precise way to manipulate CCL5 function and study its effect in the brain. It also provides a convenient alternative approach to generating a transgenic knockout animal. In this system, CCL5 signaling was blocked by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of its antagonist, MetCCL5, using a micro-osmotic pump. The peripheral glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was detected by the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT). Insulin signaling activity was then analyzed by protein blot from tissue samples derived from the animals.
After 7-14 days of MetCCL5 infusion, the glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was impaired in mice, as seen in the results of the OGTT and ITT. The IRS-1 serine302 phosphorylation was increased and the Akt activity was reduced in mice hypothalamic neurons following CCL5 inhibition. Altogether, our data suggest that blocking CCL5 in the mouse brain increases the phosphorylation of IRS-1 S302 and interrupts hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to a decrease in insulin function in peripheral tissues as well as the impairment of glucose metabolism.

This protocol studies the role of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in the hypothalamus by delivering an antagonist, MetCCL5, into the mouse brain using a micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system. This transient inhibition of CCL5 activity interrupted hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to glucose intolerance and peripheral systemic insulin sensitivity.

Studium der Hypothalamus Insulin-Signal an peripheren Glukoseintoleranz mit einem kontinuierlichen Medikament Infusion System in das Gehirn der Maus

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues ...

Acclimation Prior to an Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test to Mitigate Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia in Conscious Mice

The insulin tolerance test is commonly used in metabolic studies to assess whole body insulin sensitivity in rodents. It is a relatively simple test that involves measurement of blood glucose levels over time following a single intraperitoneal injection of insulin. Given that it is performed in the conscious state and blood is often collected via a tail snip, it has the potential to elicit a stress response from animals due to anxiety associated with handling and blood collection. As such, a stress-induced rise in blood glucose can occur, making it difficult to detect and interpret the primary endpoint measure, namely an insulin-mediated reduction in blood glucose. This has been seen in many mouse strains, and is quite common in diabetic db/db mice, where glucose levels can increase, rather than decrease, after insulin administration. Here, we describe a method of acclimating mice to handling, injections and blood sampling prior to performing the insulin tolerance test. We find that this lowers stress-induced hyperglycemia and results in data that more accurately reflects whole body insulin sensitivity.

Stress-induced elevations in glucose levels can confound interpretation of data derived from a conscious intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test in mice. In this article, we describe a method to acclimate the mice to handling, injections and blood sampling prior to performing the insulin tolerance test in order to limit stress-induced hyperglycemia.

The insulin tolerance test is commonly used in metabolic studies to assess whole body insulin sensitivity in rodents. It is a relatively simple test that ...

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans

In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated rapidly in response to cold in order to maintain body temperature. Although BAT has been studied greatly in small animals, it is difficult to measure the activity of BAT in humans. Therefore, little is known about the heat-generating capacity and physiological significance of BAT in humans, including the degree to which components of the diet can activate BAT. This is due to the limitations in the currently most used method to assess the activation of BAT-radiolabeled glucose (fluorodeoxyglucose or 18FDG) measured by positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET-CT).
This method is usually performed in fasted subjects, as feeding induces glucose uptake by the muscles, which can mask the glucose uptake into the BAT. This paper describes a detailed protocol for quantifying total-body human energy expenditure and substrate utilization from BAT thermogenesis by combining indirect calorimetry, infrared thermography, and blood glucose monitoring in carbohydrate-loaded adult males. To characterize the physiological significance of BAT, measures of the impact of BAT activity on human health are critical. We demonstrate a protocol to achieve this by combining carbohydrate loading and indirect calorimetry with measurements of supraclavicular changes in temperature. This novel approach will help to understand the physiology and pharmacology of BAT thermogenesis in humans.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the physiological significance of the impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity on human metabolism. This is achieved by combining carbohydrate loading and indirect calorimetry with measurements of supraclavicular changes in temperature. This novel approach can help develop a pharmacological target for BAT thermogenesis in humans.

Verwendung einer Kombination aus indirekter Kalorimetrie, Infrarot-Thermografie und Blutzuckerspiegeln zur Messung der Thermogenese von braunem Fettgewebe beim Menschen

In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated rapidly in response to cold in order to maintain body temperature. Although BAT has been studied ...

Chirurgische Installation von hyperglykämischen und hypoglykämischen Klemmen bei Mäusen

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by insufficient insulin release from the pancreatic &#946;-cells (Type1 DM) and insulin sensitivity in muscles, liver, and adipose tissues (Type2 DM). Insulin injection treats DM patients but leads to hypoglycemia as a side effect. Cortisol and catecholamines are released to activate glucose production from the liver to recover hypoglycemia, called counter-regulatory responses (CRR). In DM research using rodent models, glucose tolerance tests and 2-deoxy-glucose injection are used to measure insulin release and CRR, respectively. However, blood glucose concentrations change persistently during experiments, causing difficulties in assessing net insulin release and CRR. This article describes a method in which blood glucose is kept at 250 mg/dL or 50 mg/dL in conscious mice to compare the release of insulin and CRR hormones, respectively.
Polyethylene tubing is implanted in the mice's carotid artery and jugular vein, and the mice are allowed to recover from the surgery. The jugular vein tubing is connected to a Hamilton syringe with a syringe pump to enable insulin or glucose infusion at a constant and variable rate. The carotid artery tubing is for blood collection. For the hyperglycemic clamp, 30% glucose is infused into the vein, and blood glucose levels are measured from the arterial blood every 5 min or 10 min. The infusion rate of 30% glucose is increased until the blood glucose level becomes 250 mg/dL. Blood is collected to measure insulin concentrations. For hypoglycemic clamp, 10 mU/kg/min insulin is infused together with 30% glucose, whose infusion rate is variable to maintain 50 mg/dL of blood glucose level. Blood is collected to measure counter-regulatory hormones when both glucose infusion and blood glucose reach a steady state. Both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic clamps have the same surgical procedure and experimental setups. Thus, this method is useful for researchers of systemic glucose metabolism.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Untersuchung der Blutzuckerhomöostase im Gehirn von Mäusen mit einer kostengünstigen hyperglykämischen und hypoglykämischen Clamp-Technik

A hyperglycemic clamp is used for measuring insulin release with a maintained higher blood glucose concentration. A hypoglycemic clamp is for measuring glucose production induced by counter-regulatory responses. Both methods use the same surgical procedure. Here, we present a clamp technique to assess systemic glucose metabolism.

Hyperglykämische Klemme und hypoglykämische Klemme bei bewussten Mäusen

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by insufficient insulin release from the pancreatic &#946;-cells (Type1 DM) and insulin sensitivity in muscles, liver, ...

Ein Verfahren zum Manipulieren von Blutzucker und Mess resultierende Veränderungen der kognitiven Zugänglichkeit von Ziel Stimuli

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Videos entdecken

Kapitel in diesem Video

Hyperinsulinämische-euglykämische Clamp in der Conscious Rat

Hyperinsulinämische-euglykämische Schellen in dem Bewusstsein, Unrestrained Mäuse

Hippocampus Insulin Mikroinjektion und

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging von Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neuronen aus erwachsenen Mäusen zu Glucose Sensing Studieren

Studium der Hypothalamus Insulin-Signal an peripheren Glukoseintoleranz mit einem kontinuierlichen Medikament Infusion System in das Gehirn der Maus

Acclimation Prior to an Intraperitoneal Insulin Tolerance Test to Mitigate Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia in Conscious Mice

Verwendung einer Kombination aus indirekter Kalorimetrie, Infrarot-Thermografie und Blutzuckerspiegeln zur Messung der Thermogenese von braunem Fettgewebe beim Menschen

Hyperglykämische Klemme und hypoglykämische Klemme bei bewussten Mäusen

Hyperglykämische Klemme und hypoglykämische Klemme bei bewussten Mäusen

Hyperglykämische Klemme und hypoglykämische Klemme bei bewussten Mäusen