这项工作得到了批准5 - U24 - DK059637 - 10范德比尔特鼠标代谢表型中心。

1。导管和鼠标天线抽样访问的制备（MASA TM ） <ol><li>准备通过动脉导管插入一块6厘米的硅橡胶管图1A所示（0.012英寸内径）1.3厘米的PE - 10片（0.011英寸内径）。斜角用手术刀尖端的PE - 10，因此硅橡胶锥尖底的长度为0.9厘米。 </li><li>准备通过滑动的硅橡胶管的1毫米的片（0.020英寸内径）1.1厘米的一块6厘米的硅橡胶管，如图1B所示（0.012英寸内径）的斜面结束静脉导管。 1毫米的硅橡胶一块被用作限制珠。 </li><li>要准备一个MASA TM，插入两个3件PE - 20厘米（0.015英寸内径）每两个1.3厘米的25压力表不锈钢接头件。 </li><li>安全PE-20/connectors相互滑动一块5毫米的硅橡胶管（内径0.040英寸），超过该地区的钢管和PE - 20。 </li><li>钢管的弯曲到〜120 °角，并单独〜45 °每管。 </li><li>医疗硅酮胶dollop钻机将完成这样的PE - 20管垂直和超越胶（ 图1C）不锈钢管的两端延伸。允许此设置为24小时。 </li></ol> 2。手术导尿<ol><li>手术前，用70％乙醇消毒导管，肝素生理盐水填充（肝素200 U / ml生理盐水），并插入不锈钢插头。 </li><li>麻醉鼠标，最好使用一个方法，不断提供麻醉剂（如吸入异氟醚）。 </li><li>使用无菌技术，去除头发从切口网站使用快船和/或脱毛霜，由优碘擦洗皮肤用酒精消毒。导管插入，删除在头发上从下颌左肋上方的锁骨之间的区域扩大。头部背后的导管外，去除头发颅底interscapular地区之间的区域，由优碘擦洗皮肤用酒精消毒。 </li><li>及其对变暖的表面背面放置鼠标和手术显微镜下观赏区。安全与手术磁带的尾巴和四肢。安全提供麻醉在鼻锥头。 </li><li>制作一个小的垂直正中切口5毫米头胸骨。使用镊子，生硬的解剖组织揭露左胸锁乳突肌肌。反映这种肌肉暴露左侧颈内动脉。轻轻挑逗从动脉结缔组织。正是在这一点上，重要的隔离从动脉的迷走神经，破坏动脉或神经。 </li><li>孤立的动脉，用丝线缝合结扎头侧结束。松散结另一个缝合件暴露的船只的尾部。 </li><li>钳与微serrefine钳尾结束的船只和正下方的弹簧剪刀结扎切断。小心地插入导管尽可能钳。小心释放微serrefine钳和推进导管的硅橡胶，PE的交界处。 </li><li>把两个连写安全导管和确认，通过导管的自由端连接到采样注射器导管样本。 </li><li>设为另一个中线右侧切口5毫米和2毫米左右的尾鳍来的第一个切口。使用镊子，生硬的解剖组织揭露和孤立的右颈内静脉。 </li><li>仔细结扎丝线缝合头和松散的领带在另一块缝合尾结束。 </li><li>略低于头结扎弹簧剪刀剪下，插入导管的限制珠。领带珠背后的缝合，并确认导管样品。 </li><li>涂Rn中的鼠标，使肩胛骨之间的一个小切口。 </li><li>隧道14号针头从皮肤切口动脉导管下，鼠标的正面，背面interscapular切口。穿过针的动脉导管，exteriorize在鼠标的背面。颈内静脉导管重复interscapular切口背面前通过隧道从切口部位鼠标右侧的14号针头在皮肤下。 </li><li>钳与微serrefine钳在肩胛骨之间的切口部位的动脉导管。切〜1厘米以上钳导管。将MASA TM面向鼠标的头部与不锈钢连接器。动脉导管连接不锈钢连接器，对鼠标的左侧指出。小心，以确保没有孔或导管扭结。重复静脉导管，它连接到不锈钢连接器，指向鼠标的右侧。 </li><li> MASA TM插入肩胛骨之间的切口。 PE - 20管颈内静脉导管应该是鼠标的右侧和PE - 20油管对应的动脉导管，应当向左侧。 </li><li>关闭用尼龙缝合腹侧和背侧切口。缝合背收盘，可通过MASA TM硬化硅运行安全到位。确认通畅导管冲洗液中含有肝素生理盐水和抗生素的使用，以尽量减少感染的风险。立即恢复加热，清洁笼子里放置鼠标在图2显示了成品。 </li><li>让鼠标恢复至少5天。显示器的重量和整体健康。利用适当的手术后的镇痛方案，由该机构的动物保健批准和使用委员会。 </li></ol> 3。高胰岛素 - 正常血糖钳<ol><li>快速鼠标5 - 6H。作为参考，时间t = 0分钟是指到快结束的胰岛素和葡萄糖输液（即钳期）开始。 </li><li> 如图3所示为一个典型的实验设置和时间线。使用微Renathane或同等学历的输液管和采样线。暂停鼠标以上的双通道旋转。作为鼠标和输液/采样注射器之间的枢纽。在实验过程中，鼠标仍然在家里笼或类似的容器，是拴在旋转。 </li><li>连接鼠标之前，与肝素生理盐水填充的动脉取样线（肝素10 U / ml生理盐水），并将其放置在该行的底端不锈钢接头。保留与肝素生理盐水连接到采样线的顶部（结算注射器）的注射器。这将是用于绘制血桑普LES。 </li><li>填写与非肝素化生理盐水静脉滴注从输液的旋转的端口（分部图3A a）所有的方式，该行的底部开始。插线的最高端，并放置一个不锈钢接头（或Y连接，如果丸是要管理）在底行。如果是被注入葡萄糖同位素示踪（如[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖），安全的1 ml注射器，输液注射器含示踪剂。填充用生理盐水代替示踪（ 图3B）静脉输液线。 </li><li>进入快速3小时，权衡鼠标和颈内静脉和动脉导管输液和采样线连接的PE - 20，分别。 </li><li>如果管理[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖示踪剂，开始催芽连续示踪输液在t = -90分钟（ 图3C）。一个典型的吸剂量是1μCi。准备一个0.05μCi/μL[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖solution在非肝素化生理盐水。装入1 ml注射器的解决方案和安全注射器，输液泵。管理注入20μL/分钟1分钟吸剂量。按照平衡时间为90分钟的连续输注的0.05μCi/分钟（1μL/分钟）。 </li><li>准备胰岛素和葡萄糖infusates。胰岛素是准备在非肝素化生理盐水含3％血浆作为载体（也可以使用适当的BSA浓度）。血糖infusates是在不同浓度（5，20和50％）上市。 </li><li>准备获得捐助者的鼠标，最好是一脉相承的背景作为实验小鼠全血生理盐水冲洗erythorocyte infusate。每学习的鼠标通常为1毫升全血需要。离心机分开红细胞的血液。 10 U / ml的肝素生理盐水洗涤红细胞和离心机丢弃的生理盐水。确定红细胞的体积和重悬在同等体积的10 U / ml的heparinized生理盐水。 </li><li>每个infusate绘制成1 ml注射器，每个注射器，以确保个人的输液泵。每个注射器连接4路连接器（ 图3） 。 </li><li>在t = -15分钟，慢慢进入结算注射器50-100μL血的血液样本。夹具动脉采样线和删除结算注射器。使用手持式血糖仪，血糖读数通过消除动脉采样线的夹子，使血液流入血糖仪带。 </li><li>一旦血糖测量，钳动脉采样线，并插入动脉采样线一个钝针头注射器（抽样注射器）。取出钳，并绘制成采样注射器的血液量（见注 ） 。夹具动脉采样线和删除采样注射器。结算注射器插入到动脉采样线。画上的柱塞，以消除任何气泡和重新注入50-100微升血液最初绘制。 </li></ol> 注：采样血液量取决于正在执行的分析。例如，分析[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖的浓度需要10μL血浆，血50μL制定。这将产生等离子体，这是足够的分析，加上额外的血浆如果需要20-30μL。激素和其他代谢产物（如胰岛素，游离脂肪酸）的测量需要额外的血液抽样 。 <ol start="12"><li>分配EDTA涂层微管的采样注射器的血液。离心，收集血浆。置于冰上，直到研究或立即储存在-20 ° C的血浆</li><li>重复步骤3.12 3.10在T = -5分钟。获得额外的血液用于测量基线血浆胰岛素水平（50μL）。测量绘制成肝素或EDTA处理的毛细管血液的基线血细胞比容。测量获得FROM血浆样品在T = -15和-5分钟代表基线值（即空腹）。 </li><li>样品在T = -5分钟后，填补血糖，胰岛素和生理盐水洗红细胞输注线多达4路的连接器。连接附加旋转输液端口（或油管连接Y连接，如果注入[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖）管4路的连接器，如图3所示。 </li><li>开始先注入生理盐水洗涤红细胞。设定输液速度，以取代在研究期间采样（例如，如果超过120分钟的研究抽样共500μL血，输液速度设置为4.2μL/ min的）的血液总量。相比之下其他infusates，红细胞的解决方案是红色的。注入这一解决方案，首先允许任何潜在的阻力或障碍物识别和纠正在输液线。 </li><li>一旦红细胞infusate达到鼠标，开始胰岛素和葡萄糖输液。这是现在T = 0分钟。胰岛素是注入在一个恒定的，预先确定的利率。 •公斤-1•分-1的4亩的胰岛素输注率通常会抑制80-100％的内源性葡萄糖生产和刺激葡萄糖失踪2-3倍。初始葡萄糖输注率（GIR）是基于基线血糖水平和以往的经验估计。 </li><li>如果注入[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖，可以选择增加示踪输液速度相匹配的葡萄糖营业额估计增加（一般为2-3倍） 。 </li><li>率很高的葡萄糖在小鼠的营业额，应取得的血液样本从动脉行不超过每10分钟的血糖浓度在实验期间测量。调整GIR以实现和维持目标血糖正常（ 图3C）。这一目标可以有所不同，根据模型或研究的目的。一个良好的目标GLucose浓度为150毫克•DL - 1，因为这是一个典型的6H为议员喂养的C57BL/6J小鼠禁食血糖水平。 </li><li>我们的目标是迅速地实现血糖正常，最好是第40-50分钟内，并有葡萄糖和GIR稳定稳态期间（T = 80分钟）开始。 </li><li>如果注入[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖，在T = 80，90，100，110和120分钟测量血浆中获得额外的血液[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖具体活动。 </li><li>收集更多的血液在t = 100和120分钟测量血浆胰岛素和其他任何激素（S）或代谢物（S）。在T = 110分钟，绘制成肝素或EDTA处理钳测量血细胞比容毛细管血液。 </li><li>后的样品在t = 120分钟，2 [14]脱氧可用于具体组织对葡萄糖的摄取量测管理。管理12μCi丸丸线连接到颈采样线（ 图3B </strong&gt;）。 </li><li>获得血液样本（50μL）T = 2，15，25和35分钟后血浆2 [14C]脱氧葡萄糖水平的测量丸管理的动脉取样线。 </li><li>最后一个样本后，用戊巴比妥麻醉输液直接进入动脉行鼠标。快速剖析评估对葡萄糖的摄取（如不同类型，脂肪组织，心脏，大脑的骨骼肌）和任何其他组织（如肝，脾，肾）所需的任何组织。冻结组织在液氮和存储卡在-80℃直至分析。组织对葡萄糖的分析是通过测量2磷酸化的积累[14 C]脱氧葡萄糖在冰冻组织和2 [14C]脱氧从血浆消失。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果从胰岛素钳夹实验获得的结果的一个例子是如图4所示。这个例子表明，高脂肪的饮食沉淀在小鼠体内的胰岛素抵抗的能力。胰岛素钳夹结果的报告必须包括以下解释：血糖水平的时间当然，日久GIR和血浆胰岛素水平（基线和钳位）。如上所示，空腹血糖（ 图4A）和胰岛素（ 图4C）水平较高的小鼠喂食高脂肪食物，胰岛素抵抗的指标。呈现出整个钳研究时间的血糖水平（ 图4A）课程，让读者评估如何是保持血糖正常，这是钳质量的指标。同样，GIR（ 图4B）的时间历程，使读者确定如何迅速达到稳态。这些数据显示，随着时间的课程是显著超过常规的做法在小鼠胰岛素钳文学呈现出2小时的实验信息作为一个单一的基准点，代表从一个未定义的“钳” 期间（4-13）的平均值。在目前的例子中，血糖水平控制和高脂肪喂养的群体之间的平等，但GIR显着降低高脂肪喂养组（ 图 4B ）。这是在整个人体胰岛素的作用减值指示。钳胰岛素水平也较高，在高脂肪喂养组（ 图4C），进一步支持在这些小鼠的胰岛素耐药表型的存在。使用同位素示踪注入允许评估在特定的组织对胰岛素的作用。 [3 - 3 H]葡萄糖是用来估算的内源性葡萄糖的外观（endoRa），这是一个肝糖生产（HGP）和全身葡萄糖失踪（路）率指数的速度。而胰岛素完全抑制对照组小鼠的人类基因组计划，这是受损的老鼠喂食高脂肪食物（图 4D） 。同样，在能力胰岛素刺激对照组小鼠的路是损害小鼠喂食高脂肪食物（图 4E） 。 2 [14C]脱氧是用来评估糖代谢指数（RG），具体组织对葡萄糖的摄取措施。在这个例子中可以看出，胰岛素刺激骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取受损的老鼠喂食高脂肪食物（图4F） 。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3188/3188fig1.jpg" /> 图1：动脉（A）和（二）静脉导管和（C）MASA TM准备。动脉导管插入一个6厘米的片0.012“编号硅橡胶1.3厘米一块约3毫米的PE - 10准备。PE - 10针尖斜面，这样的硅橡胶锥的长度为0.9厘米。静脉导管是由滑动0.020编号硅橡胶“编号硅橡胶1.1厘米为0.012 6厘米的一块斜面”的小片0.020“ID限制珠本身硅橡胶件的行为<html>治疗颈内静脉导管。 MASA TM，每两个1.3厘米的组装25压力表连接器插入到每个PE - 20厘米的两个3件。这些由0.040“编号硅橡胶小块一起举行的接头弯曲角度120 °和45 °角分开，整个大会是沉浸在医疗硅酮胶。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3188/3188fig2.jpg" /> 图2：插管鼠标。在左侧颈总动脉和右颈内静脉导管手术植入。外部导管的自由端头后面，并连接到一个MASA TM 。 MASA TM插入肩胛骨之间的皮下。这使得在胰岛素钳夹实验的血管通路，无需克制，处理或麻醉鼠标。 JPG“/&gt; 图3：胰岛素钳夹实验的设置和时间线的写照。鼠标是拴在一个双通道旋转，作为输液和采样注射器枢纽。不使用示踪剂注入实验的典型设置（A）和同时使用[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖和2 [14 C]脱氧葡萄糖（二）所示。也显示一个程序，建立和执行的胰岛素钳夹（三）时间线。在钳，血液样本（ <img alt="血" src="/files/ftp_upload/3188/3188icon1.jpg" /> ）采取每10分钟测量血糖。 GIR是相应调整，以保持血糖正常。样品葡萄糖为基线血糖，血浆胰岛素，血浆[3 - 3]在T = -15和-5分钟。在T = 80，90，100，110和120和钳位在T = 100和120 min胰岛素样品葡萄糖钳等离子[3 - 3]。 2 [14C]脱氧后的样品在T = 120分钟和B管理lood收集T = 2，15，25和35分钟后。组织后采取的T = 35分钟样品。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3188/3188fig4.jpg" /> 图4：在控制饮食的小鼠（周）比较高脂肪食物（HFD）对小鼠胰岛素钳夹实验结果。时间动脉血糖（A）和GIR（二），基线和钳胰岛素（C）EndoRa（D）和路（E）和骨骼肌（腓肠肌和股外侧）RG（F）的过程中显示。所有的结果表明，高脂肪喂养的效果，诱导胰岛素抵抗。

<ol>
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没有利益冲突的声明。

高胰岛素-正常血糖钳，或胰岛素钳夹，被广泛认为是“金标准”评估体内胰岛素的作用方法。这项技术已被应用到几个物种，包括人类，狗，大鼠和小鼠。鉴于转基因小鼠模型的代谢紊乱的数量越来越多，在鼠标中使用的小型化技术的代谢研究提供了显著的进步。 虽然胰岛素钳夹背后的概念很简单，在实践中有不同的方法执行胰岛素钳夹实验。这不是一个简单的点，因为在实验进行的方式影响结果获得 1 。在这里，我们目前的范德比尔特MMPC使用的协议。和他人之间的协议的主要区别是，我们取得的血液样本中使用的动脉导管。这是在OBT的更广泛使用的方法癌宁切断尖尾4，7，11，12，14-17血液样本。从动脉导管的优点是采样，实验是在有意识地和奔放的鼠标进行。从尾部取样，往往需要克制，并增加了压力指数时，大量的血液样本收购 1 。应激激素刺激内源性葡萄糖生产，损害葡萄糖处置18，19，潜在的胰岛素耐药表型的外观。采样从被切断的尾巴，可能需要特殊的体制动物保护，因为它的压力性质和使用委员会的批准。动脉导管程序的开发，以避免应力撞断了尾巴的鼠标。 执行胰岛素夹具的一个关键方面的能力，以维持血糖正常。有没有算法能够正确预测血糖读数的基础上，GIR应如何进行调整。手术一样，经验只有通过保持合理的正常血糖进行胰岛素钳夹实验人员将成为精通。重要的是要注意，因为其较高的代谢率从小鼠研究获得的数据将被固有的嘈杂。这使得完整的数据，包括课程的葡萄糖和GIR和血浆胰岛素，endoRa，路和Rg任何读者解释结果的能力是至关重要的绝对值介绍，。在鼠标（比在人类的速度高出约5倍），高糖通量率保证高频率的葡萄糖采样。虽然鼠标的血液量是有限的，每10分钟一次的最低采样频率是必要的，已经取得了足够的钳。 如图4所示，钳胰岛素水平可以不同群体之间。如饮食干预，转基因操作或背景株的差异等因素，可以影响FAS汀胰岛素水平，继而影响钳胰岛素水平。可问题的解释结果时，钳胰岛素水平是不同的。这可以通过实验处理进行试点实验，选择胰岛素输注率达到相当于钳群体之间的胰岛素水平。另外，生长抑素可以用来抑制胰腺激素的分泌，而胰岛素和胰高血糖素可在实验控制率所取代。后一种方法是比较常用的大鼠比小鼠胰岛素夹。如果不采取这些实验方法，稳态GIR可归钳胰岛素水平，胰岛素敏感指数（ 我 ）可以从钳数据得出S I = / GIR（G•ΔI），其中G是稳态血糖浓度和ΔI是空腹和钳胰岛素浓度之间的差异。两种方法的一个假设是，钳胰岛素水平达到对胰岛素的敏感性是线性相关的胰岛素水平，根据本集团正在研究的范围内。后者的假设可能不适用于比较时，胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素敏感的群体。理想的情况下，产生胰岛素的剂量反应曲线应选择适当的胰岛素输注。然而，由于更多的实验要求，这是很少这样做。 动脉插管提供的多功能性，延伸到超出正常血糖夹具的实验方法。例如，高血糖的夹子，其中的葡萄糖注入可变利率维持空腹血糖高血糖相对，可用于评估内源性胰腺 功能在体内2，20 ，21。第一时相胰岛素分泌的测量测试过程中需要频繁采集血液样本（即每2-5分钟），获得尾尖样本时，这是不可行的的。此外，从尾部取样造成的升高儿茶酚胺能削弱胰岛素的分泌和增强胰高血糖素的分泌 22 。胰岛素钳夹协议，也可以进行修改，以使血糖水平下降到相对低血糖评估反监管的反应2，23， 24。动脉插管，也可用于评估在行使25-30糖代谢的动态。在单一时间点进行的常规方法，这是明显的优势超过前和运动后或在孤立的肌肉体外。这里介绍的技术也可以用来评估不只是葡萄糖，而且脂肪酸的代谢31。

hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in conscious, unrestrained mice

2型糖尿病的特点是胰岛素作用缺陷。高胰岛素-正常血糖钳，或胰岛素钳夹，被广泛认为是“金标准”评估体内胰岛素的作用方法。在胰岛素钳夹，高胰岛素血症是通过一个恒定的胰岛素输注。通过可变利率随之而来的葡萄糖输液维持血糖正常。这个变量的葡萄糖输注率（GIR）确定在整个实验的简要间隔通过测量血糖，并相应调整GIR。 GIR是全身胰岛素作用的指示，小鼠具有增强胰岛素的作用，需要更大的GIR。胰岛素钳夹可以纳入管理同位素2 [14 C]脱氧，以评估具体组织对葡萄糖的摄取和[3 - 3 H]葡萄糖评估胰岛素的能力，抑制了内源性葡萄糖的外观（endoRa）的速度，一个标记肝葡萄糖生产，并刺激全身葡萄糖失踪（路）率。 遗传代谢性疾病的小鼠模型中使用的胰岛素钳夹的小型化导致糖尿病研究的重大进展。执行胰岛素夹具的方法不同实验室之间。重要的是要注意在胰岛素钳夹执行的方式，可以显着影响所取得的成果。我们发表了不同的方法进行全面评估，在自觉小鼠以及四种常用自交系的鼠标，使用各种钳技术2株的代谢反应的评价胰岛素夹具。在这里，我们目前范德比尔特鼠标代谢表型中心（MMPC;网址：www.mc.vanderbilt.edu / MMPC）的开发意识，奔放的小鼠胰岛素夹具上执行协议。这包括在胰岛素钳夹使用的导管植入方法的描述。就业协议范德比尔特MMPC采用了独特的的双导管系统 3 。一个导管插入颈内静脉输液。第二个导管插入颈内动脉，允许提供血液样本，而不需要限制或处理鼠标。这种技术提供了一个显著的优势，为最常用的方法取得的血液样本在胰岛素夹这是样品从切断的尾巴尖。这后一种方法不同，从动脉导管取样是没有压力的鼠标1。我们还描述了使用同位素示踪注入评估组织特异性胰岛素作用的方法。我们还提供适当的胰岛素夹具取得的成果介绍的指引。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice at JoVE.com

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

高胰岛素 - 正常血糖钳，或胰岛素钳夹，是评估胰岛素作用的黄金标准<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;。一个方法是执行在小鼠体内的胰岛素夹具描述。这包括动脉插管的方法，允许意识，奔放的小鼠进行实验用最小的压力。

在自觉的，奔放的小鼠正常血糖高胰岛素 - 夹钳

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold ...

hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-clamps-in-conscious-unrestrained-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

93.9K 次观看.  Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona. 高胰岛素 - 正常血糖钳，或胰岛素钳夹，是评估胰岛素作用的黄金标准在体内。一个方法是执行在小鼠体内的胰岛素夹具描述。这包括动脉插管的方法，允许意识，奔放的小鼠进行实验用最小的压力。

视频: Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

经胸超声心动图在小鼠

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

科研

医学

Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp in the Conscious Rat

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, T2D results in elevated blood glucose levels. The "gold-standard" in assessing insulin sensitivity is a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp or insulin clamp. In this procedure, insulin is infused at a constant rate resulting in a drop in blood glucose. To maintain blood glucose at a constant level, exogenous glucose (D50) is infused into the venous circulation. The amount of glucose infused to maintain homeostasis is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here, we show the basic clamp procedure in the chronically catheterized, unrestrained, conscious rat. This model allows blood to be collected with minimal stress to the animal. Following the induction of anesthesia, a midline incision is made and the left common carotid artery and right jugular vein are catheterized. Inserted catheters are flushed with heparinized saline, then exteriorized and secured. Animals are allowed to recover for 4-5 days prior to experiments, with weight gain monitored daily. Only those animals who regain weight to pre-surgery levels are used for experiments. On the day of the experiment, rats are fasted and connected to pumps containing insulin and D50. Baseline glucose is assessed from the arterial line and used a benchmark throughout the experiment (euglycemia). Following this, insulin is infused at a constant rate into the venous circulation. To match the drop in blood glucose, D50 is infused. If the rate of D50 infusion is greater than the rate of uptake, a rise in glucose will occur. Similarly, if the rate is insufficient to match whole body glucose uptake, a drop will occur. Titration of glucose continues until stable glucose readings are achieved. Glucose levels and glucose infusion rates during this stable period are recorded and reported. Results provide an index of whole body insulin sensitivity. The technique can be refined to meet specific experimental requirements. It is further enhanced by the use of radioactive tracers that can determine tissue specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as well as whole body glucose turnover.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is the "gold standard" for the assessment of insulin action. Insulin is infused at a constant rate stimulating glucose uptake. The amount of exogenous glucose infused to counter this drop is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here the procedure is performed on a conscious, unrestrained rat.

在自觉大鼠高胰岛素 - 正常血糖钳

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Vascular accesses to measure hemodynamics, provide fluids and perform blood sampling are important to any small animal model study. We present a technique for implanting catheters into the carotid artery and the common jugular vein in an anesthetized rat for connecting to a system to perform monitoring, infusions and sampling.

颈动脉和颈静脉导管在有意识大鼠模型进行血流动力学措施，输液和血液采样

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

颈动脉输液的紫杉烷类化合物在小鼠体内的药代动力学和药效学分析

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

在鼠害自觉肾功能的评估皮

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and ...

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

清醒、无拘无束的小鼠静脉输液同时记录肾交感神经活动和血压的新方法。

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Assessment of Respiratory Function in Conscious Mice by Double-chamber Plethysmography

Air volume changes created by a conscious subject breathing spontaneously within a body box are at the basis of plethysmography, a technique used to non-invasively assess some features of the respiratory function in humans as well as in laboratory animals. The present article focuses on the application of the double-chamber plethysmography (DCP) in small animals. It provides background information on the methodology as well as a detailed step-by-step procedure to successfully assess respiratory function in conscious, spontaneously breathing animals in a non-invasive manner. The DCP can be used to monitor the respiratory function of multiple animals in parallel, as well as to identify changes induced by aerosolized substances over a chosen time period and in a repeated manner. Experiments on control and allergic mice are used herein to demonstrate the utility of the technique, explain the associated outcome parameters, as well as to discuss the related advantages and shortcomings. Overall, the DCP provides valid and theoretically sound readouts that can be trusted to evaluate the respiratory function of conscious small animals both at baseline and after challenges with aerosolized substances.

The objective of the present article is to provide a detailed description of the recommended procedures to evaluate respiratory function in conscious mice by double-chamber plethysmography.

双室 Plethysmography 对清醒小鼠呼吸功能的评价

Air volume changes created by a conscious subject breathing spontaneously within a body box are at the basis of plethysmography, a technique used to ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

小鼠重复的奥内切管插管

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

植入遥测心电图和血压递质组合以确定意识小鼠的自发压力反射敏感性

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease and arrhythmias in people with epilepsy (i.e., epileptic heart.) Additionally, cardiac and autonomic disturbances have been reported surrounding seizures. 1:1,000 epilepsy patients/year die of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The mechanisms for SUDEP remain incompletely understood. Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electrocardiograms (ECG) are two techniques routinely used in the clinical setting to detect and study the substrates/triggers for seizures and arrhythmias. While many studies and descriptions of this methodology are in rodents, their cardiac electrical activity differs significantly from humans. This article provides a description of a non-invasive method for recording simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography in conscious rabbits. As cardiac electrical function is similar in rabbits and humans, rabbits provide an excellent model of translational diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In addition to outlining the methodology for data acquisition, we discuss the analytical approaches for examining neuro-cardiac electrical function and pathology in rabbits. This includes arrhythmia detection, spectral analysis of EEG and a seizure scale developed for restrained rabbits.

Using simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography, we developed a methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of rabbit models to develop provoked arrhythmias and seizures. This novel recording system establishes a platform to test the efficacy and safety of therapeutics and can capture the complex cascade of multi-system events that culminate in sudden death.

意识约束兔子中癫痫发作、心律失常和呼吸暂停的多系统监测

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease ...