Name: non-restraining eeg radiotelemetry: epidural and deep intracerebral stereotaxic eeg electrode placement
Uploaded: 2016-06-25T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 58 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Dr. Christina Ginkel (German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE), Dr. Michaela M&#246;hring (DZNE) and Dr. Robert Stark (DZNE) for assistance in animal breeding and animal health care. This work was financially supported by the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut f&#252;r Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM) Bonn, Germany.

伦理学声明:根据当地和机构理事会关于动物保健（波恩大学，BfArM，LANUV，德国）的指导方针进行所有的动物实验。此外，所有的动物实验是按照上级的立法， 如进行。，的1986年11月24日（86/609 / EEC）或单个区域或国家立法欧洲共同体理事会指令。具体的努力来尽量减少使用动物和他们的痛苦的数量。 1.实验动物<ol><li>实验动物和品种选择<ol><li>在啮齿类动物中进行无线电遥测研究， 即 ，小鼠和履行同源性，同构和可预测的与特定人类疾病7,9,45,46的要求影响。 注:可用其他小鼠和大鼠品系可在基本的生理和病理characterist严重差异集成电路47-49。 </li><li>考虑或进行后续的电生理实验， 例如 ，针对麻醉剂，睡眠结构和癫痫敏感性50,51的适用剂量之前评估小鼠/大鼠品系的生理和病理特点。 </li><li>注意研究设计性别具体特点。发情周期可以强烈地影响中央节律性，其生理依赖，睡眠和癫痫发作52-54。因此，性别进行具体分析。 注意:如果金融和实验的能力是有限的，限制到雄性小鼠被劝告。 </li></ol></li><li>动物住房和处理<ol><li>房子小鼠和大鼠的过滤器顶笼，甚至好于单独通风笼子里。 </li><li>从动物转移工厂小鼠放置在特殊的实验室房间专门为植入动物通风柜及其随后的记录（ 图1）。 </li><li>地面运输，地方动物一个星期在标准条件下通风柜， 即 ，21±2℃的环境温度，50后驯化- 。60％相对湿度，和常规的12小时光照/黑暗循环。 </li><li>在此之前手术植入，在3组小鼠的房子-在透明的聚碳酸酯笼II型4例（26.7厘米×20.7厘米点¯x14.0厘米，区域410 平方厘米）与自由采食饮水和标准食物颗粒。使用透明聚碳酸酯笼III型（42.5厘米×26.6厘米点¯x18.5厘米，区域800 cm 2）的老鼠。 </li><li>不要单独在这个阶段/隔离动物的隔离会导致压力以后影响实验结果。然而，下面的外科器械，房子动物分别为动物趋向于操纵伤口拆线/缝合线或金属夹（见下文）。 </li><li>避免开放住房条件，因为它们是用于各种的S判定为不当系统求解的问题， 例如 ，睡眠研究。 </li><li>使用小鼠和大鼠的特定设备，使得既不小鼠也不大鼠可以感应彼此的存在，因为这带来额外的压力到动物。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.脑电遥测系统注意:所述的协议是基于用于表面和深脑脑电图记录（ 图2）的市售的遥测系统。 <ol><li>使用适合于小鼠或大鼠植入一个射频遥测植入物， 例如 ，一信道发送或两信道发送。 注意:这两个发射机能够测量各种生物电势， 即 ，脑电图（EEG），心电图（ECG），肌电图（EMG），而且身体活动和温度。他们有一个磁性致动开闭机构。发射器和检测引线提供无菌的。如果发射机是被重新使用按照制造商对再灭菌说明。 </li><li>高频伽马分析（高达500赫兹），例如，选择具有较高标称采样率（F，高达5000赫兹）和发射机带宽（B，高达500赫兹）发射机。特别是，考虑奈奎斯特-香农采样的限制， 即 ，脑电图数据可以分析多达到f / 2的绝对值的最大值，但不超过。对于可靠的频率分析，F / 10的频率带宽（B） - 推荐F / 5。 注意:科学问题有待解决必须满足变送器​​的技术规格。 </li></ol> 3.麻醉和疼痛管理<ol><li>使用异氟醚麻醉。 <ol><li>放置动物中填充有4的"吸气室" - 5％异氟醚和0.8 - 1％的氧气或卡波金（5％CO 2和95％O 2）的升/分。维持麻醉的期望深度与硅面罩提供流动1.5- 3.0％的异氟醚和0.8 - 1％的氧气或卡波金升/分（ 图3A）。 注:将合适的异氟烷浓度按体重（分配体积），年龄，性别和动物的遗传背景而变化。如果气体麻醉设备不可用， 即 "感应室"，卡波或供氧，流量计，异氟醚蒸发，清除系统，参见3.2节。通过抽吸系统（清除系统， 图3A）将被安装，以避免实验者的异氟烷曝光排出（管不用于演示的视频文档中示出）。 </li></ol></li><li>当吸入aneesthetics是不是一种选择，通过注射麻醉药麻醉执行。在0.9％的NaCl制备esketamine盐酸盐（啮齿动物剂量100毫克/千克）和赛拉嗪盐酸盐（啮齿动物剂量10毫克/千克）的组合，并且注入腹膜内根据它的动物体重。 </li><li>观察动物小心y表示使用尾捏脚捏麻醉深度和通过监测呼吸率（小鼠150 - 220次/分钟;大鼠70 - 115次呼吸/分钟）。检查可能喘气。 注:不同的小鼠和大鼠线可表现出不同的敏感性麻醉。这同样适用于转基因小鼠模型如此。 注:气管插管是不是在啮齿类动物必须的。事实上，插管增加气管损坏的风险。 </li></ol> 4.手术方法 - 一般问题<ol><li>在应用补充的温暖和使用循环温水毯，电保温板，保温灯，强制热风单位或暖袋，以保持身体的核心温度后手术。保持后者在36.5 - 38.0℃（98.6 - 100.4°F）。 注意:小型啮齿动物易患低温由于其高身体表面（鼠标，10.5×（重量以克）2/3;大鼠，10.5×（克重量）2/3）的比到机身体积。 </li><li>避免角膜干燥和覆盖在整个注入过程基于石油的人工泪液软膏或泛醇（详见视频文件）和早期恢复的眼睛，直到闪烁的反射完全恢复。 </li><li>蒸压手术器械（见材料表 ），用于消毒或将其置于消毒剂。 注意:优雅和快速的方式是用玻璃珠的基于热外科器械灭菌的使用。 </li><li>有一个双目手术显微镜的放大倍率，并通过灵活的或自支撑，可移动的光导可用于强光照射冷光源。 </li><li>穿干净的实验室外套，口罩，头罩和无菌手套。 注:最佳耗材和工具可能会从实验室变化到实验室，必须满足实验室具体和体制要求。 </li></ol> 5.手术 - 发射机安置<ol><li>清除体内海ř从使用剃须刀完全麻醉的小鼠/大鼠头皮。清洁用消毒剂如，70％的乙醇的剃区域，碘基擦洗。避免皮肤过敏或炎症由于过度曝光。放置在加热毯俯卧动物麻醉过程中保持体温。 </li><li>使用手术刀，使头皮上的正中切口从前额（使得前囟craniometric里程碑式变为可见）连接到颈（使得梯形肌肉变得可见）。从颈部切口部位开始，并用手术剪，打开沿着由钝器解剖动物的横向侧面皮下小袋。 </li><li>在皮下袋中注入1毫升的0.9％NaCl。将与侧翼接近腹腹部皮下口袋里面向颅感应导线变送器。如果发射机具有一个缝合线标签，使用一个或多个STI固定在背/外侧皮肤发射机CHES（过和悬停缝线）。 注意变送器的固定是不是必须的。要特别注意防止手术部位和发射器植入物的污染。窗帘应当被用来正确地隔离从非无菌区域无菌。 </li><li>对于手术后护理和疼痛管理，见第8。 </li></ol> 6.立体定向表面电极植入<ol><li>将麻醉下的立体框架上的动物，小心地将头与杆的帮助和鼻夹的位置，以使头骨的前囟门和lambda craniometrics景点都在同一水平（ 图3B）。用耳棒不损伤内耳。封面用棉球如有必要，耳酒吧。这种预防措施允许立体框架内的头部紧固定。 </li><li>清洁棉提示骨膜不破坏时间和枕部肌肉。预先处理的浅层薄层头骨与0.3％H 2 O 2的鼠标头骨和3％H 2 O 2的大鼠头骨。这个过程清楚地暴露颅缝和craniometrics地标，如前囟门和lambda（ 图4B，C）。 </li><li>使用一种特殊的，设备齐全的立体设置用于小鼠和大鼠包括耳棒和立体框架鼻夹的大小适应分别小鼠和大鼠。确保立体框架包括与对异氟醚蒸发器和异氟醚清道夫模块连接的气体麻醉面罩。 注意:计算机化的三维立体的设置与特定小鼠和大鼠脑坐标软件包括用户接口，用于导航和三维图谱，允许轴向，冠状和矢状的观点推荐的。 </li><li>安装在立体框架的纵臂精密钻孔机。使用垂直手臂装铅笔或钢笔在选择的坐标留下一个微小的标志头骨，如果顶部没有电脑立体定位系统是可用的。 </li><li>钻孔仔细考虑到小鼠和大鼠在颅脑骨厚度严重差异。此外，注意鼠颅骨的厚度很大程度上取决于国产化，例如在小鼠中， 操作系统前锋 :中线部分:320-390微米，横截面:300 - 430微米; OS parietale:中线部分:210 - 250微米，横截面:200 - 210微米; OS occipitale:中线部分:600 - 730微米，横截面:380 - 420微米）。 </li><li>钻孔压自由最大速度。 注意:这避免了头骨，这可能导致在钻头头部和潜在的损害主要在皮质场突然突破的强直性压平。对于开颅手术，强烈建议神经外科高速精密电机钻系统。 </li><li>在选择具有典型的钻头直径坐标钻颅骨钻孔0.3 - 0.5毫米。 注意:所述孔的直径可能会因电极直径较小。作为一般规则，直径越小，则所产生的损伤较小。 </li><li>弯曲的发射机&#39;感测头的笔尖用作硬膜外电极，并直接将其放置在在所选择的坐标的孔硬脑膜。或者，使用皮质骨螺钉和机械它们附加到发射器（ 图4A）的传感引线。 </li><li>对于从表面， 如录音，鼠运动皮层M1 / M2，定位电极， 例如，在:颅1毫米，横向1.5毫米（左半球）。放置在小脑皮层硬膜外参考电极:前囟-6毫米，横向的前囟1毫米（左半球）或前囟-6毫米，横向的前囟1毫米（右半球）（ 图4D）。 注意:小脑作为参考，因为它是一个electroencephalographically无声区域。 Stereotaxic坐标可以从小鼠和大鼠标准立体地图集导出。 </li><li>修复用玻璃离子牙科用水泥（水基），这是非常难，并给出到底层脑颅附着力强的电极。 注意:如果使用玻璃离聚物牙科水泥，无锚定螺栓是必要的，以确保电极。 </li><li>离开水泥干5分钟。收使用过和悬停缝线用非可吸收的5-0 / 6-0的缝合材料头皮。可替代地，可以使用皮胶。密切监视基于所述电极植入部位脑电图记录的质量。注意:骨化从钻孔可发生具有抬起电极随时间的能力。这可能导致降低的脑电图质量由于肌电图和心电图污染，因而可以限制最佳记录持续时间。 </li><li>对于手术后护理和疼痛管理，见第8。 </li><li>验证脑电电极位置验尸。 <ol><li>对于安乐死，将动物（收费）孵化室，引进100％的二氧化碳。使用10％的填充率 - 每分钟腔室容积与添加到现有的空气中孵育室二氧化碳的30％。这是适合于实现以最小的痛苦的动物迅速失去知觉。 注意:避免清醒动物的突然暴露于二氧化碳浓度&gt; 70％，因为这已被证明是痛苦的。 </li><li>观察每只小鼠/大鼠缺乏呼吸和褪色的眼睛的颜色。保持以下呼吸停止的最小的1分钟的 CO 2的流动。预计时间无意识是3分钟通常在2。 </li><li>如果观察到这两个星座，然后从笼中老鼠;否则继续揭露他们CO 2。如果在2至3分钟未发生意识障碍，检查室填充率。 </li><li>为了验证正确的电极放置，消灭脑死后， 例如 ，下面的CO <sUB&gt; 2安乐死并在PBS修复它们在4％多聚甲醛（pH 7.4）中过夜。替代地，执行使用冰冷的磷酸盐缓冲盐水的动物的心脏灌注;其次是溶于PBS中的4％多聚甲醛（PFA）溶液（PBS pH 7.4）中。 </li><li>随后冷冻保护在PBS中并储存大脑30％的蔗糖在4℃直到进一步的处理在RT 4小时在4％PFA - 后缀大脑2。 </li><li>使用样本矩阵低温恒温器切片，冷冻大脑到一个立体方块，并使用低温恒温器切成60微米冠状切片。片山到玻片上，空气干燥，染色和使用标准技术来可视化支渠和前电极位置尼氏蓝色。 注:这种方法也揭示了表面电极是否已放置到深不慎被留下轻微的冲击上皮层的顶部。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.立体定向脑深部电极脑电图Implantat离子<ol><li> 6.2 - 如第6.1节所述预对待动物的头皮和头骨。选择仔细深电极的类型，同时在考虑其材料特性， 例如 ，直径和阻抗和可能连接到变送器的传感引线。 注意:帕利灵涂覆钢和钨电极常用。电极特性必须适合个别实验的需要。如果未设置电极无菌的，它们应在70％的乙醇在使用前培养。作为电极涂敷用于本实验的目的，基于热灭菌是不适用的。 </li><li>作为使用立体定位系统在第6条所述钻在选择的坐标孔。定位到例如鼠海马CA1区，它作为一个深入研究脑区域中，放置微分电极在以下坐标参照前囟:尾椎2毫米，横向1.5毫米（右半球）和背腹（深度）2毫米。将硬膜外参考电极上的小脑皮质， 例如 ，前囟-6毫米，侧的前囟门1毫米（左或右半球）（ 图4D，E）。 注意:小脑电极用作对小脑的无声区的伪参考电极。立体坐标可以从小鼠和大鼠的标准立体地图集得到。 </li><li>取决于他们如何进深脑插入缩短深电极至所需的长度。通过在两者之间的弯曲两部分，以90°角连接的电极对的发射机引线的不锈钢螺旋的颅外一部分。 </li><li>夹深电极发射机械的传感领先。不要焊接尽可能因为这可以在脑电图记录诱发显著噪音。通过的尖部移除外硅隔离短款揭露的发射机铅不锈钢螺旋使用无菌手术刀刀片发射机引线。 </li><li>重新连接发射机到脑深部电极的引线。确保这两个组件（ 图4F）的合适的和稳定的连接。附加注入的电极（其机械地连接到发射机铅）到立体定位装置的垂直臂。 </li><li>修复用玻璃离子牙科水泥（水），这是非常难，并给出到底层脑颅附着力强的电极。离开水泥干5分钟。收使用过和悬停缝线用非可吸收的5-0 / 6-0的缝合材料头皮。可替代地，可以使用皮胶。 </li><li>密切监视基于所述植入电极侧脑电图记录的质量。 注意:骨化从钻孔可发生具有抬起电极随时间的能力。这可导致降低脑电图质量由于肌电图和心电图污染，因而可以限制的最佳拍摄奥尔丁时间。这是深电极放置特殊的意义。 </li><li>对于手术后护理和疼痛管理，见第8。 </li><li>验证脑电电极放置在后段6.13验描述。 </li></ol> 8.术后护理和术后疼痛管理<ol><li>无人看管，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧不要让动物。 </li><li>不要返回已动过手术，以公司的其他动物，直到完全康复的动物。 </li><li>用于手术后疼痛控制，选择下列基团之一的一个药物:麻醉阿片样物质，阿片类激动剂/拮抗剂，α2激动剂，局部麻醉和非类固醇消炎药（NSAID）55-60请注意，由于通过。手术的严重性3天的镇痛治疗是可取的。 <ol><li>如果使用丁丙诺啡，管理以下剂量:鼠标:0.05- 0.1毫克/千克，IP，SC，每6 - 12小时;鼠:0.01 - 0.05毫克/千克，IP，SC，每8 - 12小时。 </li><li>如果使用布托啡诺，管理以下剂量:鼠标:1.0 - 5.0毫克/公斤，SC，每4小时;鼠:2.0 - 2.5毫克/千克，SC，每4小时。 </li><li>如果使用曲马多，管理以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:10 - 30毫克/公斤，IP </li><li>如果使用氟尼辛，管理以下剂量:鼠标:2.5毫克/千克，SC，每12小时;鼠:1.1毫克/公斤，SC，每12小时。 </li><li>如果使用酮洛芬，管理以下剂量:鼠标:5毫克/公斤，SC，每12 - 24小时;鼠:5毫克/公斤，SC，每12 - 24小时。 </li><li>如果使用安乃近，辖以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:100毫克/ kg，腹腔，每8小时。 </li><li>如果使用美洛昔康，辖以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:1毫克/千克SC，每24小时。 </li><li>如果使用卡布洛芬，管理以下剂量:鼠标:5-10毫克/公斤，SC，每12 - 24小时;鼠:2.5 - 5.0毫克/千克，SC，每12 - 24小时。 </li><li>如果使用acetaminophen，管理以下剂量:鼠标:300毫克/公斤，PO，每4小时;鼠:100 - 300毫克/公斤，每4小时。 </li><li>如果使用利多卡因（作为辅助止痛药），给予以下剂量:小鼠，大鼠:1 - 4毫克/千克SC </li></ol></li><li>当使用卡布洛芬（啮齿动物用量5 - 10毫克/千克SC，在0.9％NaCl溶液稀释） - 外科仪器结束前15分钟，并重复随后的两个长期持久的手术后疼痛管理，执行初始注入10天，每天一次。 </li><li>术后，进料湿润粒料，以便于食物摄取。仔细观察食品（约15克/ 100克/天;约5克/ 24小时）和水（约15毫升/ 100克/天;约5毫升/ 24小时）的消费。 </li><li>密切监测动物的正常姿势和行为的回报。 注:抗生素如恩诺沙星或甲氧苄啶，磺胺全身给药通常建议但不是绝对必要的，除非在次脑膜炎或脑炎的炎症迹象检测到植入电子网站。 </li><li>给小鼠附加至少10至14天，以开始脑电图记录用于进一步分析之前完全恢复。 注:具体的实验任务，可能需要更长的恢复时间。 </li><li>通过评估体重的术后发展后续植入后术后恢复。 5手术后接着在10重量的轻微的，但不断增加 - - 14天的恢复期体重最大减少通常约4天观察到。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

可植入的EEG遥测是中央的相关性，因为它是一个非限制的技术，使实验动物来执行他们的行为1,3充分剧目。这是主要感兴趣的是遥测方法使得不仅自发脑电图记录但在认知任务和昼夜分析设置，如T-迷宫，迷宫，水迷宫，剥夺睡眠的任务或每当脑电图记录是必要的或有帮助也记录在复杂的认知和运动活力。 这个协议描述了在小鼠和大鼠并连接到可植入的EEG射频发射机?...

遥测是用于测量各种行为和生理特性的不同大小的自觉，奔放的动物，特别是脑电图，心电图，肌电图，血压，身体核心温度和活动测量1-7的背景下，最有价值的方式方法。从理论上说，任何物种可使用可植入的EEG遥测从实验室啮齿动物如小鼠和大鼠，以猫，狗，猪和灵长类3,8进行分析。即使是鱼类，爬行动物和两栖动物都受到无线电遥测调查9。在过去的二十年中，可植入的EEG遥测已经被证明是人类疾病的各种转基因动物模型，如癫痫，睡眠障碍，神经变性和神经精神障碍7,10-12的表征有价值。在过去，很多方式方法收集生理数据，包括生物电势小鼠和大鼠一直递减ribed。穿夹克录像机系统，物理克制方法，非植入radiotransmitters和系留系统已收到主要关注在过去的13,14。现今，对于无线电遥测植入各种系统是市售的。然而，文学的屏幕还透露29出版物描述自制无线电遥测系统15-40的发展。而自制系统很可能更便宜和更用户适于市售系统是直线前进，安装比较容易，并可以快速地进行设置。 可植入的EEG遥测具有许多比同类技术如物理约束的方法，穿在护套系统或系留的方法的优点。后者是由定义约束， 即 ，动物是无法移动或它的正常行为受到损害。它甚至可能需要麻醉动物为采集重新负责数据。然而现代系留系统有可能是抑制少，但是这需要经过科学验证。另一方面遥测允许动物表现出其行为的完整全集而不时空限制，因此，被认为是优越的，以抑制方法和更预测，可以在人类1,3-获取的结果。它是已知的相当长一段时间了抑制方法可以显着地改变基本的生理参数， 例如 ，食物摄入量，身体核心体温，血压和心脏速率和用于实施例3的体力活动。系留系统代表一个仍然被广泛使用的经典限制的做法13,14。这要么硬膜外或深电极电极通常连接到锚定到头盖骨的微型插座。插座本身被暴露的电缆，其允许动物的相对自由运动的附着。 ALTHough时下系留系统已变得极为花丝和高度灵活的，它的主要缺点之一是，它仍然是半约束。此外，还有可能是感染了在电极植入部位的危险随​​着动物倾向于操纵从其主体（头部）始发任何外部设备。虽然无线遥测技术在不同物种已经在60年代末描述并因此存在了几十年，它只是在最近才负担得起的，可靠的，而且比较容易使用的10,41,42，特别是在小啮齿类实验动物如小鼠和大鼠。小型，微型植入脑电图发射机现在可商购，并且可以在小鼠中有20克（约10周）更大的植入。因此，特别是转基因小鼠模型的电生理学表征已成为可植入的EEG遥测这些天应用的一个主要领域。动物的大小不再是一个绝对的实验restric而化发射机"电池的寿命的确是。尽管其有限的生命时间，植入式发射系统能够最大限度地减少通过抑制系统相关的潜在的录音带来的压力最不利的。鼠害可呈现的生理行为，包括休息，运动活性（探索）和睡眠（REM，慢波睡眠）43,44的完整医疗设备。重要的是，植入式遥测能强烈地减少动物使用3。目前，对如何限制实验动物科学的数量和减少他们的痛苦激烈的讨论。显然，动物实验和人类和动物疾病的动物模型是我们的底线病理生理学和治疗取得进步的了解是必不可少的。此外，动物实验是新药研发的关键。他们基本上对药物临床前牌/毒物学研究贡献因此，致力于人类和动物保健。这是值得注意的是，目前没有替代品尚未有对动物的研究来了解这将是不可能的，否则将引起复杂的病理生理机制。与此同时，在3R， 即 ，更换，减少和细化战略在欧盟和美国大力鼓励研究补充和替代方法。遥测是一个成功的3R策略，因为它可以减少与其它技术相比实验动物的数量和他们的痛苦的一个重要例子。 在这里，我们提供详细的和连续的一步一步的方式在小鼠和大鼠进行射频发射机的皮下袋注入​​。此第一序列之后是立体硬膜外和深脑脑电图电极定位的描述。特别注意的是住房条件，麻醉，围绝经期和术后疼痛管理和可能的抗感染治疗。重点是计算机化的三维立体的方式可靠地瞄准硬膜外和深脑结构。我们也会在脑电图电极植入实验频繁陷阱和战略的术后恢复过程中减少损伤和疼痛管理的优化意见。最后，表面和深脑电图记录的实例。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Carprofen (Rimadyl VET - InjektionA2:D43sl&amp;ouml;sung)</td><td>Pfizer</td><td>PZN 0110208</td><td>20 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Binocular surgical magnification microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss Stemi 2000</td><td>0000001003877, 4355400000000, 0000001063306, 4170530000000, 4170959255000, 4551820000000, 4170959040000, 4170959050000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bulldog serrefine</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>18051-28</td><td>28 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Cages (Macrolon)</td><td>Techniplast</td><td>1264C, 1290D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cold light source</td><td>Schott KL2500 LCD</td><td>9.705&amp;nbsp;202</td><td>ordered at Th.Geyer</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tip applicators (sterile)</td><td>Carl Roth&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EH12.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dexpanthenole (Bepanthen Wund- und Heilsalbe)</td><td>Bayer</td><td>PZN: 1578818</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drapes (sterile)</td><td>Hartmann</td><td>PZN 0366787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70% ethanol</td><td>Carl Roth&amp;nbsp;</td><td>9065.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.3%/3% hydrogene peroxide solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>95321</td><td>30% stock solution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Gloves (sterile)</td><td>Unigloves</td><td>1570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dental glas ionomer cement</td><td>KentDental /NORDENTA</td><td>957 321</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2% glutaraldehyde solution</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G6257</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graefe Forceps-curved, serrated</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>11052-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Halsey Micro Needle Holder-Tungsten Carbide</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>12500-12</td><td>12.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Heat-based surgical instrument sterilizer</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>18000-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating pad</td><td>AEG HK5510</td><td>520010</td><td>ordered at myToolStore</td></tr><tr><td>High-speed dental drill</td><td>Adeor</td><td>SI-1708</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iris scissors extra thin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>14058-09</td><td>9 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Inhalation narcotic system (isoflurane)</td><td>Harvard Apparatus GmbH</td><td>34-1352, 10-1340, 34-0422, 34-1041, 34-0401, 34-1067, 72-3044, 34-0426, 34-0387, 34-0415, 69-0230</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Baxter 250 ml</td><td>PZN 6497131</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Pfizer</td><td>PZN 07506004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lactated Ringer&amp;rsquo;s solution (sterile)</td><td>Braun</td><td>L7502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lexar-Baby Scissors-straight, 10 cm</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>14078-10</td><td>10 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Nissl staining solution</td><td>Armin Baack</td><td>BAA31712159</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-absorbable suture material 5-0/6-0 (sterile)</td><td>SABANA (Sabafil)</td><td>N-63123-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Covidien (Sofsilk)</td><td>S1172, S1173</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Halsey Needle Holder</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>12001-13</td><td>13 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Pads (sterile)</td><td>ReWa Krankenhausbedarf</td><td>2003/01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.9% saline (NaCl, sterile)</td><td>Braun</td><td>PZN:8609255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blades with handle (sterile)</td><td>propraxis</td><td>2029/10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Pattern Forceps</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>11000-12, 11000-14</td><td>12 cm and 14.5 cm length</td></tr><tr><td>Steel and tungsten electrodes parylene coated&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FHC Inc., USA)</td><td>UEWLGESEANND</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereotaxic frame</td><td>Neurostar</td><td>51730M</td><td>ordered at Stoelting</td></tr><tr><td>(Stereo Drive-New Motorized Stereotaxic)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tapes (sterile)</td><td>BSN medical GmbH &amp;amp; Co. KG</td><td>626225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TA10ETA-F20&amp;nbsp;</td><td>DSI</td><td>270-0042-001X</td><td>Radiofrequency transmitter 3.9 g,&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; 3.9 g, 1.9 ml, input voltage range &amp;plusmn; 2.5 mV,&lt;br/&gt; channel bandwidth (B) 1 - 200 Hz,&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; nominal sampling rate (f) 1,000 Hz (f = 5B)&lt;br/&gt; temperature operating range 34 - 41 &amp;deg;C&lt;br/&gt; warranted battery life 4 months</td></tr><tr><td>TL11M2-F20EET&amp;nbsp;</td><td>DSI</td><td>270-0124-001X</td><td>Radiofrequency transmitter&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; 3.9 g, 1.9 ml, input voltage range &amp;plusmn; 1.25 mV,&lt;br/&gt; channel bandwidth (B) 1 - 50 Hz,&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; nominal sampling rate (f) 250 Hz (f = 5B)&lt;br/&gt; temperature operating range 34 - 41 &amp;deg;C&lt;br/&gt; warranted battery life 1.5 months</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Forceps- 1x2 Teeth 12 cm</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>11021-12</td><td>12 cm length</td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten carbide iris scissors</td><td>F.S.T.</td><td>14558-11</td><td>11.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Vibroslicer 5000 MZ</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>5000-005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine (Rompun)</td><td>Bayer</td><td>PZN: 1320422</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

non-restraining eeg radiotelemetry: epidural and deep intracerebral stereotaxic eeg electrode placement

植入脑电图遥测是在神经精神病学和神经变性疾病，以及癫痫的转基因小鼠模型的神经学表征中央的相关性。这种强大的技术不仅提供了有价值的见解的基本病理生理机制， 即 ，中枢神经系统相关的疾病发病机理，这也促进了新的翻译， 即 ，治疗方法的发展。而竞争的技术，利用在外套或系留系统中使用的记录系统，从他们的非生理性抑制到半约束的性格受到影响，无线电遥测脑电图记录克服这些缺点。从技术上讲，植入脑电图遥测允许各种生理和病理条件下硬膜外深，脑脑电图精确和高度敏感的测量。首先，我们提出了一个直线前进的详细协议，成功，快速，高效的技术产生高品质electrocorticograms硬膜外（面）脑电图记录。其次，我们将演示如何植入深，脑电图脑电极， 例如 ，在海马（electrohippocampogram）。对于这两种方法，使用一个计算机化的三维立体电极注入系统。射频发射机本身被注入到在小鼠和大鼠皮下小袋。特别注意也必须支付给预，对实验动物的围绝经期和术后治疗。小鼠和大鼠，合适的麻醉的术前准备，以及术后治疗和疼痛管理中详细描述。

本节说明了从表层和深层，颅内脑电图记录获得的例子。最初，它应该指出，在生理条件下的基线录音是以下如随后的录音，药物治疗前强制性的。这样的基线记录可能会提供有关不同的行为状态或睡眠/昼夜节律的大脑节律的功能相互依存的有价值的信息。这里，我们显示以下的proconvul​​sive / psychoenergetic药物急性施用记录，癫痫发作活动的例子。如上所?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement at JoVE.com

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

非约束脑电遥测是一种有价值的方法以自由移动啮齿类动物记录在体内长期脑电图。该详细协议描述了在不同脑区，以便获得CNS节律和CNS相关的行为的阶段可靠录音立体硬膜外和深脑电极放置。

非约束脑电遥测:硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and ...

non-restraining-eeg-radiotelemetry-epidural-deep-intracerebral

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

19.0K 次观看.  Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM). 非约束脑电遥测是一种有价值的方法以自由移动啮齿类动物记录在体内长期脑电图。该详细协议描述了在不同脑区，以便获得CNS节律和CNS相关的行为的阶段可靠录音立体硬膜外和深脑电极放置。 

视频: Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

科研

行为学

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people. There is a need for novel, effective and practical treatment strategies that are validated in animal models. Neuromodulation, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy, refers to the use of electricity to influence pathological neuronal activity and has shown promise for psychiatric disorders, including drug dependence. DBS in clinical practice involves the continuous delivery of stimulation into brain structures using an implantable pacemaker-like system that is programmed externally by a physician to alleviate symptoms. This treatment will be limited in methamphetamine users due to challenging psychosocial situations. Electrical treatments that can be delivered intermittently, non-invasively and remotely from the drug-use setting will be more realistic. This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence. Methamphetamine dependence is rapidly developed in rodents using an operant paradigm of intravenous (IV) self-administration that incorporates a period of extended access to drug and demonstrates both escalation of use and high motivation to obtain drug.

This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence.

一般方法评估对静脉注射甲基苯丙胺的自我管理深部脑刺激的影响

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people.  There is a need ...

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

We present a method for collecting electrocorticographic signals for research purposes from humans who are undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. We show how to use the BCI2000 software platform for data collection, signal processing and stimulus presentation. Specifically, we demonstrate SIGFRIED, a BCI2000-based tool for real-time functional brain mapping.

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

神经科学

Use of a Wireless Video-EEG System to Monitor Epileptiform Discharges Following Lateral Fluid-Percussion Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

The lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model is well established and has been used to study TBI and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). However, considerable variability has been reported for the specific parameters used in different studies that have employed this model, making it difficult to harmonize and interpret the results between laboratories. For example, variability has been reported regarding the size and location of the craniectomy, how the Luer lock hub is placed relative to the craniectomy, the atmospheric pressure applied to the dura and the duration of the pressure pulse. Each of these parameters can impact injury severity, which directly correlates with the incidence of PTE. This has been manifested as a wide range of mortality rates, righting reflex times and incidence of convulsive seizures reported. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the method we have used to help facilitate harmonization between studies. We used FPI in combination with a wireless EEG telemetry system to continuously monitor for electrographic changes and detect seizure activity.&#160; FPI is induced by creating a 5 mm craniectomy over the left hemisphere, between the Bregma and Lambda and adjacent to the lateral ridge. A Luer lock hub is secured onto the skull over the craniectomy. This hub is connected to the FPI device, and a 20-millisecond pressure pulse is delivered directly to the intact dura through pressure tubing connected to the hub via a twist lock connector. Following recovery, rats are re-anesthetized to remove the hub. Five 0.5 mm, stainless steel EEG electrode screws are placed in contact with the dura through the skull and serve as four recording electrodes and one reference electrode. The electrode wires are collected into a pedestal connector which is secured into place with bone cement. Continuous video/EEG recordings are collected for up to 4 weeks post TBI.

Here we present a protocol to induce severe TBI with the lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model in adult, male Wistar rats. We also demonstrate the use of a wireless telemetry system to collect continuous video-EEG recordings and monitor for epileptiform discharges consistent with post-traumatic epileptogenesis.&#160;

使用无线视频-EEG系统监测侧流冲击后癫痫的放电诱发创伤性脑损伤

The lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model is well established and has been used to study TBI and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). However, ...

Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy. TBI can result in a focal or diffuse brain injury. Focal injury is a result of direct mechanical forces, sometimes penetrating through the cranium, creating a direct lesion in the brain tissue. These are visible during brain imaging as areas with contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage. Focal lesions induce neuronal death and glial scar formation and are present in 20%&minus;25% of all people who incur a TBI. However, in the majority of TBI cases, injury is caused by acceleration-deceleration forces and subsequent tissue shearing, resulting in nonfocal, diffuse damage. A subpopulation of TBI patients continues to develop post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) after a latency period of months or years. Currently, it is impossible to predict which patients will develop PTE, and seizures in PTE patients are challenging to control, necessitating further research. Until recently, the field was limited to only two animal/rodent models with validated spontaneous post-traumatic seizures, both presenting with large focal lesions with massive tissue loss in the cortex and sometimes subcortical structures. In contrast to these approaches, it was determined that diffuse TBI induced using a modified weight drop model is sufficient to initiate development of spontaneous convulsive and non-convulsive seizures, even in the absence of focal lesions or tissue loss. Similar to human patients with acquired post-traumatic epilepsy, this model presents with a latency period after injury before seizure onset. In this protocol, the community will be provided with a new model of post-traumatic epilepsy, detailing how to induce diffuse non-lesional TBI followed by continuous long-term video-electroencephalographic animal monitoring over the course of several months. This protocol will detail animal handling, the weight drop procedure, the electrode placement for two acquisition systems, and the frequent challenges encountered during each of the steps of surgery, postoperative monitoring, and data acquisition.

This systematic protocol describes a new animal model of post-traumatic epilepsy after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. The first part details steps for traumatic brain injury induction using a modified weight drop model. The second part provides instructions on the surgical approach for single- and multi-channel electroencephalographic data acquisition systems.

在重复性扩散创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中诱导创伤后癫痫

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy. TBI can result in a focal or diffuse brain injury. Focal injury is a result of ...

Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

The SEEG methodology has gained favor in North America over the last decade as a means of localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) prior to epilepsy surgery. Recently, the application of a robotic stereotactic guidance system for implantation of SEEG electrodes has become more popular in many epilepsy centers. The technique for the use of the robot requires extreme precision in the pre-surgical planning phase and then the technique is streamlined during the operative portion of the methodology, as the robot and surgeon work in concert to implant the electrodes. Herein is detailed precise operative methodology of using the robot to guide implantation of SEEG electrodes. A major limitation of the procedure, namely its heavy reliance on the ability to register the patient to a preoperative volumetric magnetic resonance image (MRI), is also discussed. Overall, this procedure has been shown to have a low morbidity rate and an extremely low mortality rate. The use of a robotic stereotactic guidance system for the implantation of SEEG electrodes is an efficient, fast, safe, and accurate alternative to conventional manual implantation strategies.

Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic SEEG Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

The SEEG methodology is simplified and made faster with a stereotactic robot. Careful attention must be paid to the registration of the preoperative volumetric MRI to the patient prior to use of the robot in the OR. The robot streamlines the procedure, leading to decreased operative times and accurate implantations.

利用机器人立体定向引导系统的立体脑电图（SEEG）方法的操作技术和细微差别

The SEEG methodology has gained favor in North America over the last decade as a means of localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) prior to epilepsy ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

SEEG is a method and technique which is used for accurate, invasive recording of seizure activity via three dimensional recordings. In epilepsy patients who are deemed appropriate candidates for invasive recordings, the decision to monitor is made between the subdural grids versus SEEG. Invasive neuromonitoring for epilepsy is pursued in patients with complex, medically refractory epilepsy. The goal of invasive monitoring is to offer resective surgery with the hope of allowing seizure freedom. SEEG&#39;s advantages include access to deep cortical structures, an ability to localize the epileptogenic zone (EZ) when subdural grids have failed to do so, and in patients with non-lesional extra-temporal epilepsies. In this manuscript, we present a succinct historical overview of the SEEG and report on our experience with frameless stereotaxy under robotic. An imperative step of SEEG insertion is planning the electrode trajectories. In order to most effectively record ictal activity via SEEG trajectories should be planned based upon a hypothesis of where the seizure activity originates the presumed epileptogenic zone (EZ). The EZ hypothesis is based on a standardized preoperative workup including video-EEG monitoring, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), PET (positron emission tomography), ictal SPECT (Single-photon emission computed tomography), and neuropsychological assessment. Using a suspected EZ, SEEG electrodes can be placed minimally invasively yet maintain accuracy and precision. Clinical results showed the ability to localize the EZ in 78% of difficult to localize epileptic patients.1

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) aids in localization of epileptogenic zones, however, remains relatively underutilized in the United States. The goal of this abstract is to provide a brief introduction to the technique of SEEG and further a detailed technique of using robotic assistance in the placement of SEEG electrodes.

立体声电Encephalo-造影（SEEG）随着医学难治性癫痫的术前评估机器人辅助:技术说明

SEEG is a method and technique which is used for accurate, invasive recording of seizure activity via three dimensional recordings. In epilepsy patients ...

医学

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

急性<em&gt;体内</em&gt;麻醉大鼠超导途径局部场电位和多单位活动的电生理记录

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography (ECoG) Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Neurological impairments and diseases can be diagnosed or treated using electrocorticography (ECoG) arrays. In drug-resistant epilepsy, these help delineate the epileptic region to resect. In long-term applications such as brain-computer interfaces, these epicortical electrodes are used to record the movement intention of the brain, to control the robotic limbs of paralyzed patients. However, current stiff electrode grids do not answer the need for high-resolution brain recordings and long-term biointegration. Recently, conformable electrode arrays have been proposed to achieve long-term implant stability with high performance. However, preclinical studies for these new implant technologies are needed to validate their long-term functionality and safety profile for their translation to human patients. In this context, porcine models are routinely employed in developing medical devices due to their large organ sizes and easy animal handling. However, only a few brain applications are described in the literature, mostly due to surgery limitations and integration of the implant system on a living animal.
Here, we report the method for long-term implantation (6 months) and evaluation of soft ECoG arrays in the minipig model. The study first presents the implant system, consisting of a soft microfabricated electrode array integrated with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible polymeric transdermal port that houses instrumentation connectors for electrophysiology recordings. Then, the study describes the surgical procedure, from subdural implantation to animal recovery. We focus on the auditory cortex as an example target area where evoked potentials are induced by acoustic stimulation. We finally describe a data acquisition sequence that includes MRI of the whole brain, implant electrochemical characterization, intraoperative and freely moving electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry staining of the extracted brains.
This model can be used to investigate the safety and function of novel design of cortical prostheses; mandatory preclinical study to envision translation to human patients.

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography ECoG Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Here, we present a method for the long-term performance and safety assessment of soft subdural electrode arrays in a minipig model, describing surgical method and tools, postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, electrophysiology of the auditory cortex, electrochemical properties of the implant, and postmortem immunochemistry.

非约束脑电遥测:硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

一般方法评估对静脉注射甲基苯丙胺的自我管理深部脑刺激的影响

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

使用无线视频-EEG系统监测侧流冲击后癫痫的放电诱发创伤性脑损伤

在重复性扩散创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中诱导创伤后癫痫

利用机器人立体定向引导系统的立体脑电图（SEEG）方法的操作技术和细微差别

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

立体声电Encephalo-造影（SEEG）随着医学难治性癫痫的术前评估机器人辅助:技术说明

急性

硬膜下软皮质电图（ECoG）阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

非约束脑电遥测:硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

一般方法评估对静脉注射甲基苯丙胺的自我管理深部脑刺激的影响

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

使用无线视频-EEG系统监测侧流冲击后癫痫的放电诱发创伤性脑损伤

在重复性扩散创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中诱导创伤后癫痫

利用机器人立体定向引导系统的立体脑电图（SEEG）方法的操作技术和细微差别

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

立体声电Encephalo-造影（SEEG）随着医学难治性癫痫的术前评估机器人辅助:技术说明

急性

硬膜下软皮质电图 （ECoG） 阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

硬膜下软皮质电图（ECoG）阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录