这项工作是支持的EFRI-MC3：＃1137237授予SVS和JTG

所有的任务是根据提交给克利夫兰诊所基金会的机构审查委员会（IRB）批准的方案进行。知情同意过程与之前的所有研究活动每位患者进行的。在本实施例中，对象符合研究标准已经有立体脑电图（SEEG）植入发作电极被选择。该项目的主题讨论，他们同意参加。 1，患者登记<ol><li>评估患者的难治性癫痫，考虑颅内电极植入。如果患者是一个很好的候选者的侵入性手术，分析患者的MRI，PET和MEG连同检取病理为了优化电极的放置。临床队进行的所有评价，也没有决策为研究目的进行。 。 </li><li>确定符合条件的患者为研究对象subsequeNT以评估用于植入和验证每根据纳入/排除标准的核准IRB协议的患者。 注：这是在病人的最佳利益，包括受试者的入选标准的光环。患者的光环能够通知他们即将有癫痫发作的研究人员;让研究人员和患者及时采取必要的防范措施（按检警报，通知医护人员和拉动所有设备的出路）。然而，如果受试者招募不具有一个光环，确保病人输入装置可容易地从病人区域和除去人员知悉的研究设备和协议。 </li><li>获得前按照内部评级法的任何研究活动的知情同意。在知情同意书，解释的研究，强调参与是完全自愿的，并绝不会影响到患者的临床护理。在大多数情况下，在那里，我没什么直接造福于患者，并愿意参加利他。 </li><li>保持尊重病人的权利和隐私，在任何时候。提醒的是，他们的信息将保持匿名和保密的病人，他们可能不再参与研究下，在没有结果的任何时间。 </li><li>有患者签名并注明日期的知情同意，如果他或她明白并同意参与这项研究。离开一个副本留在患者审查;他们应该有任何问题或疑虑，鼓励病人接触的PI。 </li></ol> 2，行为制度的建立<ol><li>使设备进入房间之前，请确保没有在病人的房间有足够的空间，并获得必要的出口（2）。 </li><li>检查所有的设备和电线准备加快设立。的行为的系统，包括FDA批准的机器人臂（其允许受续ROL任务过程中一个游标）时，一台笔记本电脑来控制行为的程序，用于呈现刺激的任务，监视器和数据采集系统存储的电生理和行为数据。 注：进行必要的修改，以满足自己的研究特定需求。例如，使用一个按钮箱为患者接口，而不是机械手臂。 </li><li>如果患者目前没有定位在适合完成任务，协助病人躺椅（或床上）武器的方式，他们应该有癫痫发作。 注：这是一个好主意，讨论研究设计，设备等方面与监控单元的所有成员，告知是怎么回事，如何组将与患者互动它们，以及任何可能出现的问题，可能会出现。 </li><li>当患者准备好，把行为系统进入室内，并开始启动了行为系统和机械臂。 </li><li>连接数字事件导标从行为的计算机的电采集系统的直流通道输出在阶数r到时间锁定记录，SEEG信号以行为事件标记。 注：在本中心有指定用于研究目的，不与临床采集系统干扰的独立电采集系统。然而，有可能通过使用适当的人员的工作使用临床采集系统。应该尽一切努力不破坏临床收购。 </li><li>校准机器人臂和定位它，使得运动的范围是舒适的患者。如果使用其他接口设备，确保设备的正常运行，而被定位为舒适的主题使用。 </li><li>当使用机械臂，确保紧急停止按钮是由研究人员在整个行为的任务很方便。在癫痫发作的情况下，紧急停止按钮压和设备被拉动远离病人，使得它们不伤害自己。此外，我们不要用尼龙搭扣绑带来与机器人系统，方便拆卸的情况下发作时病人。 请注意：在本实施例中，该行为钻机的并行端口连接到使用并行端口电缆的采集系统的数字输入端口。额外的模拟信号，例如机器臂的X和Y位置被同时记录。 </li></ol> 3，行为的任务<ol><li>解释在完成接口装置的钻机设置和校准的下列任务给患者。 </li><li>使用类似于儿童卡片游戏“战争”的行为的任务。要求患者做赌注为他们的卡是否大于该计算机的网卡。下注的选择是根据病人的感受他们的卡的相对价值。简化吨问用于随后的分析，通过只使用一个适合的卡和限制到甲板上的2，4，6，8和10的编号卡。 </li><li>显示屏幕为350毫秒一个固定的提示。保证患者拥有光标移到固定标记为启动该任务。 </li><li>显示刺激1000毫秒。让病人看到自己的卡与计算机的网卡旁边朝下。 </li><li>继卡消失，显示一展身手线索（&lt;5000毫秒），显示两个选项，让患者要么赌5美元20美元，根据他们的卡。让患者通过使用机器人手臂，在他们所选择的投注将光标移动到放置赌注。从试验随机下注的位置审判，以确保没有基于位置的偏差。 </li><li>之后下注已选定，注意到一个250 - 500毫秒的延迟（黑屏），其次是计算机的网卡的启示（1,000 - 1,250毫秒）。观察结果（1,000毫秒），审判是否是赢，输或绘制和有多少是赢了还是输。 </li><li>让病人练习，直到他们有信心在他们的表现，并没有问题。 </li></ol> 4，数据采集<ol><li>记录数据时，病人已准备就绪，并验证的研究（或临床）采集系统的设置进行适当选择。 </li><li>关掉房间的灯和电视，以保持背景噪音降至最低的录制过程中。此外，询问病人的行为，如窃听他们的脚，说话或摇动双腿不要。 </li><li>开始执行任务，并记录病人执行任务。询问受试者以执行任务30分钟。机械臂系统的取样速率是1千赫，而SEEG记录系统是2千赫。 注：此时间可能是其他范式的不同。 </li></ol> 5，数据分析<ol><li>首先，去识别记录SEEG数据，以确保患者的Informa的重刑仍然是保密的，他/她的数据是匿名提交。 </li><li>获得从术后CT和术前MRI的电极位置的坐标。 </li><li>对齐的神经生理记录与从行为任务利益数字时间戳记。 </li><li>应用信号分析方法来分析该事件相关的大脑活动的调制。 请注意：在本研究中，有关SEEG信号事件的功率谱密度（PSD），使用Chronux multitaper工具箱26,27进行了计算。每次试验数据相对于相关事件（时间零）对准，并且所计算的PSD进行归一化在每个频率窗口相对于所述基线的PSD。 </li></ol>

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作者没有冲突披露。

在这里，我们提出了进行颅内电生理研究在人类身上，因为他们搞了一个行为的任务的方法。该方法及其简单的排列组合是研究人体运动和认知非常重要。虽然本质上存在优点和缺点的任何技术，从颅内电极记录具有比其它电生理和成像技术的优点。两个主要的优点是，收集的高质量数据以更好地控制和行为任务设计的能力。 颅内电极记录有许多优于使用过程中的行为任务?...

癫痫是最常见的脑疾病之一，其特征在于，从神经元的组过度放电导致慢性复发性癫痫发作。癫痫会影响全球约5000万人，所有个人癫痫大约有40％无法完全通过药物治疗控制1顽固性癫痫发作。手术可能导致癫痫发作的状态，如果负责发作的产生（致痫灶 - EZ）大脑区域和局部手术切除或切断。为了确定在EZ的解剖位置及邻近可能出现的皮层和皮层下雄辩的地区，非侵入性的工具阵列可供选择：癫痫发作症状学，视频头皮脑电图记录（发作期和发作间录音），神经心理测试分析，脑磁图（MEG）和磁共振成像2。当非侵入性的数据不足以precisely定义了假设性的EZ的位置，当有口才的皮层和皮层下区域或有可能为多灶性发作，慢性侵袭性监测可能需要3,4早期介入的嫌疑。 慢性侵袭性监测用于限定一个EZ的位置和界限可包括硬膜下栅格和条，用放置在脑的表面的电极，和立体脑电图（SEEG）所示，当多个深度电极放置在大脑中的一个三方法维方式。颅内硬膜下录制最初报道于1939年时被彭菲尔德和他的同事用在病人硬膜外单触点电极与一个老左颞顶骨折，其pneumoencephalography披露弥漫性脑萎缩5。随后，使用硬膜下栅阵列的多个发布后，在1980年的表现出越来越流行的安全性和有效性6。该SEEG方法在50年代开发的，并让Tailarach和Jean Bancaud普及，在法国和已大多用在法国和意大利的首选难治性局灶性癫痫7-9侵入映射的方法。 SEEG的原理是基于anatomo-电临床相关性，这作为其主要原理的癫痫样放电的三维时空组织大脑内的相关性癫痫症状学。植入策略因人而异，与电极放置基础上床前假设，即考虑了癫痫样活动的主要组织和参与了癫痫的传播的假设性癫痫网络。据一些欧洲和最近的北美报道，SEEG方法使深部皮层和皮层下结构，多个不连续的LO精确记录BES和双边的探索，同时避免了大量开颅手术10-15。此后，术后图像的拍摄，得到植入电极的精确的解剖位置。随后，监测周期开始使病人留在医院进行为期1〜4周，以从植入电极记录发作和发作期的活动。本监测周期是一个时机研究使用事件相关SEEG分析大脑功能，因为没有额外的风险，病人一般看待研究性学习从平凡的监测期一个值得欢迎的缓刑。录音囊括从颅内电极是不仅要改进评价和护理癫痫患者的生命，但是另外提供期间行为范式来研究人类的大脑活动的特殊的机会。 一些研究者已经意识到学习的侵入录音机会癫痫病人。 希尔等人报道了用于从患者的记录electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号的功能皮层映射16上的方法。脑电图记录也提供了洞察电机语言联结17。患者植入深部电极已经完成导航任务，研究脑振荡记忆，学习18和19的运动。深度电极记录也被用来研究范式与否则达不到的时间分辨率，如海马诱发活性20，在默认模式的网络21的神经活动，情绪处理22的时间进程。 Hudry等人研究了患者的颞叶癫痫谁了植入到他们的杏仁核为短期嗅觉刺激匹配23 SEEG电极。另一组研究了简单的肢体运动，如手或屈曲手的单边行动或脚的健康编织机从癫痫患者n个位置与植入SEEG 24,25。 上述研究是相关文献的一个非常多元化的集合的一小部分。存在着一个不可逾越的潜力去学习和了解人类大脑是如何工作的使用行为任务和颅内录音的组合。虽然还有其他的方法来实现这一目标，颅内录音具有以下几个优点，包括高时空分辨率，以及进入更深层次的结构。作者的目的是描述一般方法从患者的过程中的行为任务颅内电极记录。不过，也有一些威慑和障碍，成功完成临床研究中接受治疗的患者。限制，干扰效果，这项研究的意义也将确定和探索。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InMotion ARM</td>
			<td>Interactive Motion Technologies</td>
			<td>InMotion Arm</td>
			<td><a href="http://interactive-motion.com/inmotion-arm-the-new-standard-of-care/">http://interactive-motion.com/inmotion-arm-the-new-standard-of-care/</a> 
			Equipment our lab used, can use other equipment to collect data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>Mathworks Inc</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/">http://www.mathworks.com/</a> 
			Need version r2007b or higher to run Monkeylogic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition Toolbox</td>
			<td>Mathworks Inc</td>
			<td>Data Acquisition Toolbox</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/daq/">http://www.mathworks.com/products/daq/</a> 
			Must have to run Monkeylogic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Processing Toolbox</td>
			<td>Mathworks Inc</td>
			<td>Image Processing Toolbox</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/">http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/</a> 
			Must have to run Monkeylogic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monkeylogic</td>
			<td>Wael Asaad and David Freedman</td>
			<td>Monkeylogic</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/monkeylogic/">http://www.brown.edu/Research/monkeylogic/</a> 
			Free download, must have MATLAB to run</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chronux&#160;</td>
			<td>Medametrics, LLC&#160;</td>
			<td>Data Processing Toolbox</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.chronux.org/">http://www.chronux.org/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brainstorm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MEG/EEG Analysis Application</td>
			<td><a href="http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/">http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Latitude E5530</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/latitude-e5530/pd?ST=dell%20latitude%20e5530&amp;dgc=ST&amp;cid=263756&amp;lid=4781504&amp;acd=12309152537461010">http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/latitude-e5530/pd?ST=dell%20latitude%20e5530&#38;dgc=ST&#38;cid=263756&#38;lid=4781504&#38;acd=12309152537461010</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI Card</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI USB-6008</td>
			<td><a href="http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/201986">http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/201986</a> 
			12-Bit, 10 kS/s Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

performing behavioral tasks in subjects with intracranial electrodes

具有立体脑电图（SEEG）电极，硬膜下网格或深部电极植入患者中有大量的植入他们的大脑为他们扣押的重点和雄辩的地区本地化的不同区域的电极。植入后，患者必须留在医院直到脑的病理区域被发现，可能切除。在此期间，这些患者提供了一个独特的机会，研究界，因为可以执行任何数量的行为范式揭示神经相关的引导行为。在这里，我们提出了一个方法，从颅内植入记录大脑活动为主题进行设计评估决策和奖励编码的行为的任务。从颅内电极的电全部数据的行为的任务过程中被记录，允许在时间从事单一功能的许多脑区的检测秤相关的行为。此外，不像动物研究中，人类患者可以学习各种行为任务快速，允许在相同的受试者或用于执行控制执行多个任务的能力。尽管这种技术对于了解人类大脑功能的诸多优点，也有方法上的限制，我们讨论，包括环境因素，镇痛作用，时间限制和记录，从病变组织。这种方法可以通过执行颅内评估任何机构可以轻松实现;提供机会的行为中直接检查人脑的功能。

在这些结果中，我们从一个主题玩战争任务捕捉到的边缘系统呈现SEEG数据的分析。我们可以证明，战争任务的各种方面唤起显著伽玛带（40 - 150赫兹）调制在边缘系统（ 图1）。可以看出，在视觉皮层，在屏幕效果的对象在一个快速延迟的呈现（〜200毫秒），宽频响应，无论任务偶然性。此外，似乎是在过程中的奖励期间的响应和对未获报偿试验的诱发响应的功率之间的电位差的持续...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes at JoVE.com

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

植入患者颅内电极提供了一个独特的机会来记录从大脑的多个区域神经功能数据，同时对患者进行行为的任务。这里，我们提出了从植入的患者，可以是可再现的，在其他机构以访问该患者群体记录的方法。

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

performing-behavioral-tasks-in-subjects-with-intracranial-electrodes

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.3K 次观看.  Cleveland Clinic Foundation. 植入患者颅内电极提供了一个独特的机会来记录从大脑的多个区域神经功能数据，同时对患者进行行为的任务。这里，我们提出了从植入的患者，可以是可再现的，在其他机构以访问该患者群体记录的方法。 

视频: Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of chronic CNS disorders, there is an increasing demand for murine models with high validity at the behavioral level. However, multiple pathogenic mechanisms and complex functional deficits often impose challenges to reliably measure and interpret behavior of chronically sick mice. Therefore, the assessment of peripheral pathology and a behavioral profile at several time points using a battery of tests are required. Video-tracking, behavioral spectroscopy, and remote acquisition of physiological measures are emerging technologies that allow for comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased behavioral analysis in a home-base-like setting. This report describes a refined phenotyping protocol, which includes a custom-made monitoring apparatus (Integrated Behavioral Station, INBEST) that focuses on prolonged measurements of basic functional outputs, such as spontaneous activity, food/water intake and motivated behavior in a relatively stress-free environment. Technical and conceptual improvements in INBEST design may further promote reproducibility and standardization of behavioral studies.

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

Prolonged and comprehensive monitoring of mice in a home-cage environment provides a deeper understanding of aberrant behavior in murine models of brain diseases. This paper describes the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST) as the key component of contemporary behavioral analysis.

小鼠疾病模型的集成行为车站行为表型（INBEST）

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋：检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...