笔者想承认暑期大学生研究计划，学术技术用户组，中心的数字化学习，并在雷德兰兹大学的科学中心。 笔者希望本文献给娄扬戈的记忆。

这里描述的协议在雷德兰兹大学被批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会。在这些研究中所用的C58，C57和FVB小鼠最初是从杰克逊实验室（巴尔港，ME）获得现货雷德兰兹大学生态饲养场饲养。从该动物饲养哨兵被每六个月筛选，结果为无病原体。 1.设备和房间设置注意:我们用于新物体的测试两个不同的舞台:一个透明的塑料矩形保持架（45厘米×为24厘米×20cm）上或为41厘米的底部直径的不透明圆笼;然而，可以使用任何笼。 Pearson等人在他们的实验中使用的更小的矩形笼（20厘米×30厘米×20厘米）。从这个特定的实验设计细节包括以下，但考虑到该测定的新颖性，有行为表型的任何描述的变量的视野内不接受的标准。 <ol><l我&gt;填充测试竞技场约1/2的玉米芯床上用品。 </li><li>选择四种不同的新对象。选择四个对象即具有大致相同的尺寸，高密度的塑料制成，以方便清洁和在形状与颜色彼此抗蚀咀嚼和不同。重要的是，保证测试的小鼠不暴露于这些对象直至在测定中运行。 注:例如，一个粉红色的积木，红色猴子，白色的瓷砖，蓝色的写作和标准的白模在这里使用。 </li><li>在长方形的舞台上，将这些对象从角落约3厘米。在圆的舞台上，放置物体，使得它们在彼此相等的距离和从两侧约10厘米。记录每个对象的位置为不同的号码，1-4（ 图1）。确保对象被放置在一个随机或平衡顺序在整个测试。 </li><li>相机直接测试上述立场竞技场在适应和实验阶段记录整个舞台。 注意:有研究者在同一个房间的老鼠测试期间可能会影响活动水平和探索。 </li></ol> 2.新对象的探索试验<ol><li>试验在与荧光灯照明的房间的光周期开始时在约100勒克司。确保灯具是整个测试领域的统一，规范的外观，而视频录制。 </li><li>将已知尺寸的notecard在测试舞台的底部，并开始录像。 </li><li>传输测试鼠标到一个空的测试舞台10分钟以用作驯化期。视频记录的适应期。 </li><li>适应期后，离开了鼠标在舞台上，很快这四个新对象添加到测试舞台并记录鼠标行为额外10分钟。 </li><li>一旦整整20分钟驯化/ PE测试荒漠化问题已经结束，返回测试鼠标到其家乡笼彻底清洁和干燥小说对象和测试竞技场无味洗洁精和水。 </li></ol> 3.视频评分<ol><li>利用视频，方便可靠完成所有行为评分。 注意:行为记录软件Noldus观察员用于执行此处描述的步骤22，而是一个专门程序不是必要的: <ol><li>以得分第一视频前，设置项目通过创建一个新的项目或编辑现有的，类似的项目编码行为记录软件方案。 <ol><li>在项目设置中，设置数据采集为"脱机观察。"内的行为编码框，节目"拼字游戏"，"挖"，"饲养"，"美容"和"嗅对象1，2，3和4"作为"状态事件"。节目"跳"作为一个&#39;点事件"。注:定义S表示这些行为进行了详细的别处11说明。 注:国活动有开始和停止时间，而Point事件只是收集计数数据。每个离散的行为的击键是由软件生成的，这些对应击键编程到一个次级键盘（步骤3.1.2）。 </li><li>要编程辅助键盘，打开键盘软件，点击屏幕上的显示在相应的按键组合相应的辅助键盘按键，类型，然后单击确定。一旦次级键盘已被编程，关闭软件作为程序将在计算机的后台运行。 </li></ol></li><li>一旦该项目，并已成立，使用行为记录软件进球数和后轮的持续时间（定义为两个前爪被放置在舞台上的墙），刨（定义为老鼠钻入的两只前爪竞技场的床上用品），自新郎（定义为第m乌斯舔自己的身体和/或鼠标摸脸与他们的前爪的任何部分）的任何区域，和跳跃（定义为小鼠饲养，然后跳跃，使所有四个脚离开地面同时地）。 <ol><li>要进球的视频，转到文件&gt;打开项目，然后观察&gt;观察&gt;新建。该程序会提示输入一个文件名。一旦命名，选择相应的视频媒体文件。 </li><li>通过点击开始按钮，观察开始得分。 注意:当得分小鼠重复的行为，所有国​​家活动需要两次击键，第一对应的行为的开始和所述第二相对应的行为的末尾。点事件只需要一个按键。 </li></ol></li><li>得分的倍鼠标嗅探每个对象的数目。嗅探被定义为任何时间的小鼠在0.5厘米对象的移动它的鼻子。在repet以同样的方式使用行为记录软件测量嗅时间可持续的竞争行为的持续时间进行测定（步骤3.1.2）。 <ol><li>每次鼠标嗅探一个对象，记录相应的位置编号，这将是由10分钟的测试期间（ 例如 1243421 ...）的端部导致的一串数字。手动记录这些数据。 注:为便于效率和一致性，同时进球的视频，数字总是对应于一个给定的位置，而不是反对。 </li><li>如果一只老鼠嗅着一个对象，看着远处，然后再嗅着对象，算上这一数字的两倍。 </li><li>一旦完整的10分钟视频已经被拿下，通过点击分析&gt;行为分析&gt;新建可视化数据。一旦数据出现在屏幕上，导出或复制并粘贴到一个单独的电子表格。 </li></ol></li><li>记录的总距离鼠标在测试过程中走过的舞台上。 注:视频跟踪软件，校准跟踪测试鼠标和记录厘米移动的总距离，使用执行此步骤。通过视频跟踪软件拿下所有视频已在视频的开头放置在舞台上已知尺寸的notecard。 <ol><li>使用notecard通过设置沿notecard各端的校准线和输入软件的校准屏幕中的适当的长度，以在软件中的每个视频校准。一旦线绘制，输入的已知长度和对应于每行的notecard的宽度。 </li><li>在竞技场设置，选择整个舞台。 注:竞技场不同的区域可以在软件加以区分如果， 例如 ，沿着墙壁与通过中心移动鼠标是兴趣。 </li><li>在试验控制设置，选择一个十分钟的时间。在检测设置，选择在浅色背景上一个黑暗的物体。 注意:此需要，如果正在使用白化小鼠被改变，或者如果背景是暗的阴影。 </li><li>一旦设置已被编程，进球视频。点击采集&gt;打开采集。在采集控制中，单击新建试用，然后开始试用。 10分钟已经过去之后，该程序停止，数据可以被可视化。 </li><li>单击分析&gt;计算统计数据。一旦数据出现在屏幕上，导出或复制并粘贴到一个单独的电子表格。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 4.统计分析，测序<ol><li>内的相应对象由每只小鼠产生调查数字串，确定没有重复数的所有可能的3位的组合（ 例如 121，123，124，但没有112或122）的总数。 注意:写在Python编程语言编写的程序被用来确定每一个可能的序列似乎数字串中的次数。它不必使用外部程序，并且此步骤可完成许多不同的方式（ 例如 ，使用一个查找Microsoft Word或Excel函数）。 </li><li>记录的时间顺序每次发生的数量，并确定每只小鼠的三个最经常重复的序列。 注意:个别序列将通过鼠标变化，并且实际的序列比次重复的序列数较少的兴趣（ 即粘附到图案比图案本身更重要）的。 </li><li>因为序列的总数的小鼠重复将正相关于活动水平，通过图案为每个单独的小鼠的总数除以最频繁模式的量修正这些值。这将产生一个重复序列索引，是独立的整体活动。 </li><li>比较次数各小鼠重复其最常见的序列组之间使用适当的方差分析，多重比较方法（Dunnett检验，对例如 ）和事后测试的数量（对于活性水平修正）。 </li></ol><ol><li>使用上述（步骤3.1.3.1）产生相同的数字串，通过计数的总次数确定每只小鼠的新物体偏爱每个对象进行了调查，或者换句话说，计数1秒的总数量，2秒，3秒，和数据串中4秒。正确的活动水平，并通过方差分析比较上述（步骤4.3-4.4）。 注意:这些方法通过我们的实验室22公布，并说明这里有很大程度上基于Pearson 等[17]。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这里，我们提出了一个新近开发的分析，可能是与表面效度量化鼠标行为在人类高阶重复的行为非常有用。不同于像巴恩斯或T型迷宫更成熟的试验，这种新的对象探索试验并不需要任何鼠标的训练也不是特别焦虑发人深省。此外，新的物体勘探不需要任何食物或社会刺激，从而允许更专注于感兴趣，RRBs行为，并减少混淆变量倾斜的结果的可能性。此外，不同品系小鼠做证明在该试验中不同行?...

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一个由三个核心症状的神经发育障碍:社会障碍，难以通过语言沟通，和重复图案的行为1。自2000年以来，谁被诊断患有自闭症的个体数从1 150十年2跨度提高到1 68。虽然该病症的发生率不断增加，这种疾病的原因尚不清楚。目前已在努力确定的核心和ASD的相关症状适当的鼠标模型，这些模型可能会导致ASD的基本症状和原因的认识增加上升。有迹象表明，似乎显示与表面效度的行为ASD的核心症状，包括重复的行为3多个近交系小鼠品系。 限定，重复的行为（RRBs）是一些精神障碍，例如ASD的核心症状。RRBs可以与病症4的严重性增加，并且可以极大地破坏受影响的个体的生活方式。 RRBs通常分为两类，低阶重复行为，其在人类中包括诸如摆动和手拍打行动;和高阶重复行为，其由严格遵守的常规和电阻变化5-8。 低阶重复行为已被广泛研究中，他们表现为运动癖，其可在实验室设置9容易地观察到啮齿动物。这些行为似乎在人类的好脸色有效性RRBs，和巨大潜力的构想效度，以及10。对于低阶RRBs的存在测试可以通过鼠标活动的视频监控完成，以研究这些电机的刻板11的较量和持续时间。高阶重复的行为姿势基础生物医学重新挑战利用搜索啮齿动物，因为这些RRBs不是通过简单的观察是很容易识别。由于在确定这些行为困难，存在高阶重复行为更少建立测定。传统上，高阶RRBs已经在使用迷津，其中试验动物被训练逃脱到达能力啮齿动物进行测量。然后逃逸位置被切换和重新学习的逃逸位置所需试验次数被记录12。这些测定法是不理想的，因为它们需要一个长的训练周期，经常诱发焦虑，并可能导致高度可变的结果。空穴板勘探也被用来量化高阶RRBs 13,14。这种方法不需要延长培训课程，但依靠食物的动机和/或嗅觉辨别。试验高阶RRBs是不引起焦虑或者需要训练将是一个很好的补充洞板勘查现有剧目<html> n和目前使用的基于迷宫的测定法。 在C58 / J（C58）近交系小鼠强烈体现了高水平的房间隔缺损，即重复，无目的刻板电机和自我疏导3,11水平升高相关的刻板行为。此外，C58小鼠显示通过高水平的饲养，背翻转和摸索11,14,16的RRBs。该菌株开始在新生儿期早期显示这些行为，并继续整个成年期显示出来。这将是理想的，以便能够测试对于高阶升高RRBs的存在下，以补充存在于该菌株中以及其它小鼠品系的证据充分的低阶RRBs。这里所描述的新颖的对象勘探测定为研究人员提供能够同时观察低阶和高阶RRBs，因为它给测量图案化的行为以及重复电动机的刻板的能力的机会。 e_content"&gt;使用新物体勘探作为高阶重复行为的测定通过Pearson 等人开发的。17，这新的评估是行之有效的旷场试验18-21中，并添加四种新型的对象到扩展舞台。小鼠允许自由调查这些陌生的对象的数量和对象的调查的顺序被跟踪然后，进行了分析模式的存在的对象的调查，以显示所述对象之间的图案化的调查升高号码BTBR小鼠。使用该测定中，小鼠可以在无需学习行为以及去除不必要的刺激显示高阶重复并构图的行为。小说对象勘探诱导高阶RRBs，因为它允许将小鼠通过其天然勘探创建图案和形式的序列。使用该测定允许研究者量化这些高阶RRBs的存在。 Pearson 等人 。开发了这个实验，并用它来 ​​测试潜在的高阶重复的行为在BTBR近交系小鼠的存在，用有趣的结果17。我们最近发表的后续研究看C58，C57BL / 6J（C57）和FVB /新泽西州（FVB）菌株的行为，以及更详细的调查潜在混杂变量存在于该测定中，以及可能的统计方法分析数据生成22。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Polycarbonate Rodent Cage (45 x 24 x 20 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple cages are desirable to facilitate testing of multiple mice&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic Opaque Circular Testing Arena (41 cm base diameter)</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corp.</td>
			<td>13931</td>
			<td>Multiple arenas are desirable to facilitate testing of multiple mice&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Corn-Cob Rodent Bedding</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novel Object - red monkey</td>
			<td>Hasbro, Pawtucket RI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from Barrel of Monkeys</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novel Object - rectangular 2x4 LEGO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novel Object - tile</td>
			<td>Thinkfun Inc., Alexandria VA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from Toot and Otto</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novel Object - standard white die</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video Camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Behavioral Logging Software - The Observer</td>
			<td colspan="2">Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td>other programs may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video Tracking Software - EthoVision</td>
			<td colspan="2">Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td>
			<td>other programs may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-Keys input keyboard</td>
			<td>P.I. Engineering, Williamstown MI</td>
			<td>829484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MacroWorks II</td>
			<td>P.I. Engineering, Williamstown MI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order repetitive behaviors in mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

代表性数据22显示，雌性C58 / J小鼠显示更多数目比在圆形竞技场的其它菌株测序图案（ 图2，A组 ），但不是在矩形竞技场（ 图2，图C）。无彼此（ 图2，图B和D）的不同的三雄菌株。该代表的数据显示，男性和女性C58 / J小鼠显示他们的参观人数最多的对象更强烈的偏爱（随后，他们至少访问对象的低偏好）在本轮主场（ <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice at JoVE.com

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

新对象的探索在小鼠电位测定高阶重复的行为

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

novel-object-exploration-as-potential-assay-for-higher-order

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.3K 次观看.  University of Redlands. Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

视频: Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Marble Burying and Nestlet Shredding as Tests of Repetitive, Compulsive-like Behaviors in Mice

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious and debilitating psychiatric conditions and each constitutes a significant public health concern, particularly in children. Both of these conditions are highlighted by the repeated expression of meaningless behaviors. Individuals with OCD often show checking, frequent hand washing, and counting. Children with ASDs also engage in repetitive tapping, arm or hand flapping, and rocking. These behaviors can vary widely in intensity and frequency of expression. More intense forms of repetitive behaviors can even result in injury (e.g.&#160;excessive grooming, hand washing, and self-stimulation). These behaviors are therefore very disruptive and make normal social discourse difficult. Treatment options for repetitive behaviors in OCD and ASDs are somewhat limited and there is great interest in developing more effective therapies for each condition. Numerous animal models for evaluating compulsive-like behaviors have been developed over the past three decades. Perhaps the animal models with the greatest validity and ease of use are the marble burying test and the nestlet shredding test. Both tests take advantage of the fact that the target behaviors occur spontaneously in mice. In the marble burying test, 20 marbles are arrayed on the surface of clean bedding. The number of marbles buried in a 30 min session is scored by investigators blind to the treatment or status of the subjects. In the nestlet shredding test, a nestlet comprised of pulped cotton fiber is preweighed and placed on top of cage bedding and the amount of the nestlet remaining intact after a 30 min test session is determined. Presently, we describe protocols for and show movie documentation of marble burying and nestlet shredding. Both tests are easily and accurately scored and each is sensitive to small changes in the expression of compulsive-like behaviors that result from genetic manipulations, disease, or head injury.

Disease, head injury, genetic modifications, and treatment of mice with drugs can have profound effects on behavior. Utilizing well-characterized and validated approaches such as marble burying and nestlet shredding, compulsive-like behaviors can be documented accurately in mice as models of human obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious and debilitating psychiatric conditions and each constitutes a ...

科研

行为学

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪偏好:饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

非对称走道:一种新的行为检测方法的研究不对称步态

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential therapeutic effects. Brain excitability is non-invasively modulated by rTMS, and rTMS to the language areas has proved its potential effects on treatment of aphasia. In our protocol, we aim to artificially induce virtual aphasia in healthy subjects by inhibiting Brodmann area 44 and 45 using neuronavigational TMS (nTMS), and F3 of the International 10-20 EEG system for conventional TMS (cTMS). To measure the degree of aphasia, changes in reaction time to a picture naming task pre- and post-stimulation are measured and compare the delay in reaction time between nTMS and cTMS. Accuracy of the two TMS stimulation methods is compared by averaging the Talairach coordinates of the target and the actual stimulation. Consistency of stimulation is demonstrated by the error range from the target. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate use of nTMS and to describe the benefits and limitations of the nTMS compared to those of cTMS.

This study is designed to test the hypothesis that neuronavigational system-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation has higher accuracy for targeting the intended target as demonstrated by eliciting a greater degree of virtual aphasia in healthy subjects, measured by delay in reaction time to picture naming.

神经导航引导下重复经颅磁刺激的失语

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

一种新的小鼠目标识别与目标定位行为测试

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we straightforwardly measure infants&#8217; success in learning a novel category while relying only on their looking behavior. Moreover, the paradigm can directly measure the impact of different auditory signals on the infant categorization across a range of ages. For instance, we assessed how 2-year-olds learn categories in a variety of labeling environments: in our task, 2-year-olds successfully learned categories when all exemplars were labeled&#160;or the first two exemplars were labeled, but they failed to categorize when no exemplars were labeled or only the final two exemplars were labeled. To determine infants&#8217; success in such tasks, researchers can examine both the overall preference displayed by infants in each condition and infants&#8217; pattern of looking over the course of the test phase, using an eye-tracker to provide fine-grained time-course data. Thus, we present a powerful paradigm for identifying the role of language, or any auditory signal, in infants&#8217; object category learning.

Here we present a protocol for familiarization-test paradigms which provide a direct test of infant categorization and help to define the role of language in early category learning.

用眼动跟踪范式界定语言在婴儿对象分类中的作用

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...

Nest Building Behavior as an Early Indicator of Behavioral Deficits in Mice

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents synthetic and/or natural materials (such as twine, tissue, cotton, paper, and hay) as a gauge of their overall well-being and as an ancillary assessment to predict the possible decline in cognition. Typically, changes in nesting behaviors, such as failure to create a nest, indicate a change in health or welfare. In addition, nesting behavior is sensitive to many environmental and physiological challenges, as well as many genetic mutations underlying pathological disease states. The following protocol describes a nesting behavior paradigm that explores the usage of four types of nesting material. In addition, the protocol utilizes intraclass correlations to demonstrate that inter-rater reliability is higher when nests are constructed out of shredded paper compared to other common nesting materials such as cotton squares, paper twists, and soft cob bedding. The chosen methodology and statistical considerations (i.e., intraclass correlation) for this assay may be of interest for those conducting experiments assessing the quality of living of mice.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to quantify nest building behavior in mice, which is known to be impaired in several neurological disorders and diseases. This protocol examines the utility of four materials and offers the opportunity to quantify the rater agreement in scoring, improving the validity and reliability of the assay.