Name: eye-tracking control to assess cognitive functions in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.com

笔者想感谢拉尔夫Kuhne公司的技术支持。这项工作是由德意志研究联合会（DFG）和德国联邦联邦教育与研究部（BMBF＃01GM1103A）的资助。这是一个欧盟联合规划署，神经退行性疾病研究（JPND）项目。该项目是通过JPND- 例如 ，德国，德国联邦联邦教育与研究部（BMBF，FKZ），瑞典，VetenskaprådetSVERIGE，波兰，Narodowe中枢巴丹我Rozwoju（NCBR）的支持下，下面的组织的支持。

该研究经乌尔姆大学（声明第19/12）的伦理委员会和协议描述如下，因此他们的指导方针。所有参与者都签署了知情同意书。 1.刺激和测试环境<ol><li>为了保持分心到最低限度执行在黑暗或非常昏暗，安静的房间研究。 </li><li>使用适当的眼跟踪装置。 注:有多种可用来进行眼动研究设备。在本研究使用了与护目镜的便携式眼球运动记录装置，它同步地测量双眼眼的位置，使用两个集成的相机与红外线发光二极管（IR LED）的，一个用于每只眼睛18。 <ol><li>为了确保最佳的眼睛跟踪，在所有6个自由度的倾斜他们手动调整摄像机（3个平移，3个转动），直到眼睛运动检测是最佳的。 注意:该系统的测量结果显示在实时实验者的屏幕上以监测记录质量和参加者的响应行为。该系统的主要特性在下面描述和详细规格在表1中给出。 </li></ol></li><li>实现标准化动眼神经测试模式，它能够检测在眼睛运动控制赤字。 注意:这可以是一系列般光滑的追求或扫视任务，其中的参与者受损的眼动控制表现不佳的任务（ 例如，通过三峡等人描述的方法2015年11）。这些参与者必须从进一步检测中排除。 </li><li>使用通过安装在受验者的头部11的上方的投影仪突出的半圆筒状筛上的刺激相应的软件本任务。此外，确保红色激光点（直径:0.3°，位置:10°垂直）是本作的D2-测试。 </li><li>座椅在高架座椅具有可调节的下巴休息一下参与者，让眼睛到屏幕的距离大约为150厘米</li><li>用于试验的第一部分，设置A和CPM的B（12刺激对每一组）。显示这些刺激为22°长/ 15°高矩阵与描述如下六个可能的替代品，这可能适合于从矩阵切出6°宽，5°高空白。 </li><li>在屏幕的中间6的标准D2-测试15，以及描绘他们一个刺激相继与的11°的高度和宽度-为D2-测试中，使用五个块47的刺激，对应于线2 2.5°。确保每个刺激持续2000毫秒。 </li></ol> 2.运行试验<ol><li>实验开始前，要求参与者填写了书面知情同意书，以确保研究符合道德标准。 </li><li>给一般说明有关实验和控制中枢神经系统活性的药物， 即目的和程序，询问参与者，如果他/她当前正在考虑这影响警觉性和因此认知性能的任何药物。 </li><li>关闭这可能是一个潜在的干扰，诸如移动电话或寻呼机的所有设备。 </li><li>座椅舒适参与者在最佳位置的下巴休息一下。确保整个屏幕可见，并要求参与者在整个实验过程中保持的姿势。 </li><li>请参与者自己的头放在下巴休息和videooculography护目镜放置到自己的头上。他们适应个人头的大小/形状。 注:因此，在测量过程中的舒适度的参与者和不必要的打滑最小的风险之间的最佳折衷必须进行。 </li><li>确保两个眼睛是实验者的屏幕，可见那里的两个眼球运动记录相机的G中的图像oggles显示，然后集中在摄像机屏幕上居中的图像。 注意:这是对于最佳检测和瞳孔的跟踪重要的，因为不正确的视力可导致被干扰信号。 </li><li>为了确保在任何时候眼球运动的连续记录，通过指导参与者在半圆柱形屏幕的每个角落，看看启动系统的校准。在情况下，信号丢失，改变摄像机跟踪眼睛的各光瞳的角度来解决该问题。 </li><li>启动上述标准的动眼神经测试模式，并排除所有患者有大量视觉障碍，因为这些将导致损坏的任务绩效。 </li><li>指示参与者跟踪屏幕上的单个点，水平振荡（±20°），然后垂直（±15°）0.125赫兹的频率从眼球运动记录装置的非标定正交"原始"数据映射W¯¯第i尊重到"真"正交眼对系统的校准位置。 </li><li>检查，如果校准是可以接受的， 即，如果"真"眼球运动和"原始"数据的空间和时间同步，然后指示参与者未移动头，因为这可能会导致错误的数据质量。 注:videooculography设备的位置和主体预计将在实验过程中固定的，这样，就没有必要重新校准。 </li><li>解释的CPM培训课程的过程: <ol><li>指示受试者以确定他们有无限的时间的半圆柱形屏幕上显示的即将到来的矩阵下方的缺失的部分。作出选择后，有主题闭目至少250毫秒，开始一个绿框勾勒所有缺少的部分为每1500毫秒可能的替代品。 </li><li>有参与者选择他们认为另一种方法是通过在他们的选择是enframed闭眼的至少250毫秒正确的。 </li><li>单独项目中的半圆柱形屏幕上上之选。请参与者确认。如果参与者证实，指导他们再次闭上眼睛至少250毫秒。 </li><li>指示与会者，下一个刺激（缺失件6的替代矩阵）将自动（再次，通过在步骤2中描述的软件提交）出现，这将进行与来自CPM 14的组AB采取训练刺激四次。 </li></ol></li><li>答科目可能有有关程序的任何问题。然后，指示参与者选择矩阵缺少的部分，因为他们在训练中已经学会并开始CPM（ 图1）。 </li><li>解释为D2-测试培训课程的过程: <ol><li>指导参与者他们的目光直接向CENTE屏幕r和分别观察47刺激（47 D的对应于线标准D2-试验1）。 </li><li>指导参与者看，只要定位，提出了一种"D"以两个破折号，直到出现下一个刺激刺激上方的红色激光光斑。注意:如果没有目标刺激被呈现在视线需要在哪里下刺激将被呈现的屏幕的中心被聚焦。 </li></ol></li><li>答科目可能有有关程序的任何问题。然后，指示参与者下进行的47刺激，类似于训练以下五个块和启动D2测试。 </li><li>在质量控制方面，（在视觉上由受过培训的实验者）检查每个会话仔细每个受试者获得的数据。检查数据质量被破坏，例如由于技术上的困难，损坏的眼球运动或误解。 </li><li>感谢他们的参与主体，并回答所有问题在实验过程中。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

这是一个具有挑战性的任务成功评估患者的认知状态与ALS谁不能说和写。使用videooculography系统提供了一个有前途的方法。兹介绍技术在检测的认知缺陷，从而起到照顾者的负担和疾病管理20 ALS患者的背景下举足轻重的作用可靠。此外，CPM和D2的测试的动眼神经版本各自标准纸铅笔版本显著相关，但需要对权利要求的临床环境的有用的进一步支持。 研究者需要确保眼球...

肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）是一种致命的神经变性疾病通常是导致死亡在3至5年。在病理学的过程中，本与在运动能力1呼吸和延髓运作以及损伤的渐进性丧失的患者。这股与额颞叶痴呆2一些临床，病理学和遗传特征，它是有据可查的ALS患者的约30％显示出认知缺陷3。这些赤字是在执行功能，言语流畅性和语言的4域最突出和对生存的5，6合规性和照顾者的负担7的影响。因此，可靠的神经心理学评估是本病的关键。 在电机和语音能力前进损伤，然而，对于在疾病8的后期阶段的认知能力的全面评估的限制因素。她的即，基于动眼神经方法似乎是非常有前途的，因为基本的眼动控制保持不变为ALS，为广大患者9的过程中，一个同等长的时间。眼睛跟踪参数本身已被用来获得关于患者的认知状态的ALS 10信息，并还与ALS 11的顺序扩频模式相关。眼球运动，以控制认知测试中的ALS的上下文中的装置也已研究了以往的作品。使用的动眼神经基于版本的一项研究已经成功地证明了其易用性健康对照者的足迹，测验12，而另一个发现合适的基于认知能力和健康对照和ALS患者之间的区分认知越来越少受损患者区分13。 这里所描述的研究使用基于眼球运动的方法来研究AL认知障碍病患者，特别是在执行功能的领域。两个很好的验证和常用的神经心理测验进行了调整，以眼动控制:乌鸦的彩色渐进矩阵（CPM）14和D2测试15。该CPM是用来衡量行政机关和视觉空间能力以及流体智力非语言手段。的D2-测试也是用于揭示在选择性和持续的注意力和可视处理速度的域执行功能障碍的非口头的工具。两个广泛用于已在以往的研究评估疾病16和ALS患者的神经心理状态相比健康对照17的过程中潜在的认知衰退已成功地用于临床工具。 这项工作的目的是展示使用REL在ALS独立运动和语言障碍的认知缺陷的成功评估的要求iable，眼睛跟踪基础版的CPM和D2-测试。重要的是，这里所描述的方法有可能使被扩展研究的重症患者运动障碍等的人群。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EyeSeeCam</td><td>EyeSeeTec GmbH; 82256 F&amp;uuml;rstenfeldbruck, Germany</td><td></td><td>Videooculography device</td></tr></tbody></table>

eye-tracking control to assess cognitive functions in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

对于这里介绍的研究的目的即一个可靠的动眼神经基于神经心理学评估ALS患者，内部开发的软件商店中拍摄对象的一个单独的文件中CPM的选择，允许对正确的百分比人工计算的发展答案。为D2-试验，垂直眼球运动的记录用的+ 5°的阈值用于检测相关响应的手动分析。录音分配给每个刺激呈现和正确答案的百分比可以随后进行计算。有可用的数据是如何被分析的许多?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.com

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

eye-tracking-control-to-assess-cognitive-functions-patients-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.1K 次观看.  Ulm University. Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

视频: Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

科研

行为学

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes：一个模块化的软件系统动眼神经实验

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

神经科学

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily life, despite similar visual deficits. We assume this could be due to variable development of compensatory strategies such as altered visual scanning behavior. Scanning compensatory therapy (SCT) is studied as part of the visual training after infarction next to vision restoration therapy. SCT consists of learning to make larger eye movements into the blind field enlarging the visual field of search, which has been proven to be the most useful strategy1, not only in natural search tasks but also in mastering daily life activities2. Nevertheless, in clinical routine it is difficult to identify individual levels and training effects of compensatory behavior, since it requires measurement of eye movements in a head unrestrained condition. Studies demonstrated that unrestrained head movements alter the visual exploratory behavior compared to a head-restrained laboratory condition3. Martin et al.4 and Hayhoe et al.5 showed that behavior demonstrated in a laboratory setting cannot be assigned easily to a natural condition. Hence, our goal was to develop a study set-up which uncovers different compensatory oculomotor strategies quickly in a realistic testing situation: Patients are tested in the clinical environment in a driving simulator. SILAB software (Wuerzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (WIVW)) was used to program driving scenarios of varying complexity and recording the driver's performance. The software was combined with a head mounted infrared video pupil tracker, recording head- and eye-movements (EyeSeeCam, University of Munich Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences).
The positioning of the patient in the driving simulator and the positioning, adjustment and calibration of the camera is demonstrated. Typical performances of a patient with and without compensatory strategy and a healthy control are illustrated in this pilot study. Different oculomotor behaviors (frequency and amplitude of eye- and head-movements) are evaluated very quickly during the drive itself by dynamic overlay pictures indicating where the subjects gaze is located on the screen, and by analyzing the data. Compensatory gaze behavior in a patient leads to a driving performance comparable to a healthy control, while the performance of a patient without compensatory behavior is significantly worse. The data of eye- and head-movement-behavior as well as driving performance are discussed with respect to different oculomotor strategies and in a broader context with respect to possible training effects throughout the testing session and implications on rehabilitation potential.

Patients with visual deficits after stroke report about different constraints in daily life most likely due to variable compensatory strategies, which are difficult to differentiate in clinical routine. We present a clinical set-up which allows measurement of different compensatory head- and eye-movement-strategies and evaluating their effects on driving performance.

驾驶模拟诊所：测试视觉与视野缺损的患者在日常活动中的探索行为

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily ...

医学

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

眼动追踪在阅读中区分基于理解的和基于眼球的退行性眼球运动

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

有效地记录不协调谱的眼手协调

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

人类癫痫患者同步眼动追踪和单神经记录

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing delivery of oxygen and nutrients. About half of the stroke survivors are left with some degree of disability. Innovative methodologies for restorative neurorehabilitation are urgently required to reduce long-term disability. The ability of the nervous system to reorganize its structure, function and connections as a response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli is called neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is involved in post-stroke functional disturbances, but also in rehabilitation. Beneficial neuroplastic changes may be facilitated with non-invasive electrotherapy, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and sensory electrical stimulation (SES). NMES involves coordinated electrical stimulation of motor nerves and muscles to activate them with continuous short pulses of electrical current while SES involves stimulation of sensory nerves with electrical current resulting in sensations that vary from barely perceivable to highly unpleasant. Here, active cortical participation in rehabilitation procedures may be facilitated by driving the non-invasive electrotherapy with biosignals (electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG)) that represent simultaneous active perception and volitional effort. To achieve this in a resource-poor setting, e.g., in low- and middle-income countries, we present a low-cost human-machine-interface (HMI) by leveraging recent advances in off-the-shelf video game sensor technology. In this paper, we discuss the open-source software interface that integrates low-cost off-the-shelf sensors for visual-auditory biofeedback with non-invasive electrotherapy to assist postural control during balance rehabilitation. We demonstrate the proof-of-concept on healthy volunteers.

A novel low-cost human-machine interface for interactive post-stroke balance rehabilitation system is presented in this article. The system integrates off-the-shelf low-cost sensors towards volitionally driven electrotherapy paradigm. The proof-of-concept software interface is demonstrated on healthy volunteers.

人机界面集成的低成本传感器，具有神经肌肉电刺激系统中风后康复平衡

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing ...

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Cognitive impairment is a common phenomenon in Parkinson&#8217;s disease that has implications on the prognosis. A simple, noninvasive and objective proxy measurement of cognitive function in Parkinson&#8217;s disease will be helpful in detecting early cognitive decline. As a physiological metric, eye movement parameter is not confounded by the subject&#39;s attributes and intelligence and can function as a proxy marker if it correlates with cognitive functions. To this end, this study explored the relationship between the eye movement parameters and performance in cognitive tests in multiple domains. In the experiment, a visual search task with eye tracking was set up, where subjects were asked to look for a number embedded in an array of alphabets scattered randomly on a computer screen. The differentiation between the number and the alphabet is an overlearned task such that the confounding effect of cognitive ability on the eye movement parameters is minimized. The average saccadic amplitude and fixation duration were captured and calculated during the visual search task. The cognitive assessment battery covered domains of frontal-executive functions, attention, verbal and visual memory. It was found that prolonged fixation duration was associated with poorer performance in verbal fluency, visual and verbal memory, allowing further exploration on the use of eye movement parameters as proxy markers for cognitive function in Parkinson&#8217;s disease patients. The experimental paradigm has been found to be highly tolerable in our group of Parkinson&#39;s disease patients and could be applied transdiagnostically to other disease entities for similar research questions.

Here, we present a protocol to study the relationship between the eye movement parameters and cognitive functions in non-demented Parkinson&#39;s disease patients. The experiment used an eye tracker to measure the saccadic amplitude and fixation duration in a visual search task. The correlation with performance in multi-domain cognitive tasks was subsequently measured.

描述眼动参数与无视力帕金森病患者眼动功能的关系

Cognitive impairment is a common phenomenon in Parkinson&#8217;s disease that has implications on the prognosis. A simple, noninvasive and objective proxy ...

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since planning is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders, the implementation of proper clinical and experimental tests to examine planning is critical. Due to the nature of the deployment of planning, in which several cognitive domains participate, the assessment of planning and the design of behavioral paradigms coupled with neuroimaging methods are current challenges in cognitive neuroscience. A planning task was evaluated in combination with an electroencephalogram (EEG) system and eye movement recordings in 27 healthy adult participants. Planning can be separated into two stages: a mental planning stage in which a sequence of steps is internally represented and an execution stage in which motor action is used to achieve a previously planned goal. Our protocol included a planning task and a control task. The planning task involved solving 36 maze trials, each representing a zoo map. The task had four periods: i) planning, where the subjects were instructed to plan a path to visit the locations of four animals according to a set of rules; ii) maintenance, where the subjects had to retain the planned path in their working memory; iii) execution, where the subjects used eye movements to trace the previously planned path as indicated by the eye-tracker system; and iv) response, where the subjects reported the order of the visited animals. The control task had a similar structure, but the cognitive planning component was removed by modifying the task goal. The spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG revealed that planning induces a gradual and lasting rise in frontal-midline theta activity (FM&#952;) over time. The source of this activity was identified within the prefrontal cortex by source analyses. Our results suggested that the experimental paradigm combining EEG and eye-tracker systems was optimal for evaluating cognitive planning.

The study of cognitive planning combining EEG and eye-tracking systems provides a multimodal approach to investigate the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive control and goal-directed behavior in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of brain oscillations and eye movements in planning performance.

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since ...

Brain-Computer Interface-controlled Upper Limb Robotic System for Enhancing Daily Activities in Stroke Patients

This study introduces a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-controlled upper limb assistive robot for post-stroke rehabilitation. The system utilizes electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) signals to help users assist upper limb function in everyday tasks while interacting with a robotic hand. We evaluated the effectiveness of this BCI-robot system using the Berlin Bimanual Test for Stroke (BeBiTS), a set of 10 daily living tasks involving both hands. Eight stroke patients participated in this study, but only four participants could adapt to the BCI robot system training and perform the postBeBiTS. Notably, when the preBeBiTS score for each item was four or less, the BCI robot system showed greater assistive effectiveness in the postBeBiTS assessment. Furthermore, our current robotic hand does not assist with arm and wrist functions, limiting its use in tasks requiring complex hand movements. More participants are required to confirm the training effectiveness of the BCI-robot system, and future research should consider using robots that can assist with a broader range of upper limb functions. This study aimed to determine the BCI-robot system's ability to assist patients in performing daily living activities.

This study introduces a brain-computer interface (BCI) system for stroke patients, which combines electroencephalography and electrooculography signals to control an upper limb robotic hand, enhancing daily activities. The evaluation used the Berlin Bimanual Test for Stroke (BeBiTS).