笔者想感谢拉尔夫Kuhne公司的技术支持。这项工作是由德意志研究联合会（DFG）和德国联邦联邦教育与研究部（BMBF＃01GM1103A）的资助。这是一个欧盟联合规划署，神经退行性疾病研究（JPND）项目。该项目是通过JPND- 例如 ，德国，德国联邦联邦教育与研究部（BMBF，FKZ），瑞典，VetenskaprådetSVERIGE，波兰，Narodowe中枢巴丹我Rozwoju（NCBR）的支持下，下面的组织的支持。

该研究经乌尔姆大学（声明第19/12）的伦理委员会和协议描述如下，因此他们的指导方针。所有参与者都签署了知情同意书。 1.刺激和测试环境<ol><li>为了保持分心到最低限度执行在黑暗或非常昏暗，安静的房间研究。 </li><li>使用适当的眼跟踪装置。 注:有多种可用来进行眼动研究设备。在本研究使用了与护目镜的便携式眼球运动记录装置，它同步地测量双眼眼的位置，使用两个集成的相机与红外线发光二极管（IR LED）的，一个用于每只眼睛18。 <ol><li>为了确保最佳的眼睛跟踪，在所有6个自由度的倾斜他们手动调整摄像机（3个平移，3个转动），直到眼睛运动检测是最佳的。 注意:该系统的测量结果显示在实时实验者的屏幕上以监测记录质量和参加者的响应行为。该系统的主要特性在下面描述和详细规格在表1中给出。 </li></ol></li><li>实现标准化动眼神经测试模式，它能够检测在眼睛运动控制赤字。 注意:这可以是一系列般光滑的追求或扫视任务，其中的参与者受损的眼动控制表现不佳的任务（ 例如，通过三峡等人描述的方法2015年11）。这些参与者必须从进一步检测中排除。 </li><li>使用通过安装在受验者的头部11的上方的投影仪突出的半圆筒状筛上的刺激相应的软件本任务。此外，确保红色激光点（直径:0.3°，位置:10°垂直）是本作的D2-测试。 </li><li>座椅在高架座椅具有可调节的下巴休息一下参与者，让眼睛到屏幕的距离大约为150厘米</li><li>用于试验的第一部分，设置A和CPM的B（12刺激对每一组）。显示这些刺激为22°长/ 15°高矩阵与描述如下六个可能的替代品，这可能适合于从矩阵切出6°宽，5°高空白。 </li><li>在屏幕的中间6的标准D2-测试15，以及描绘他们一个刺激相继与的11°的高度和宽度-为D2-测试中，使用五个块47的刺激，对应于线2 2.5°。确保每个刺激持续2000毫秒。 </li></ol> 2.运行试验<ol><li>实验开始前，要求参与者填写了书面知情同意书，以确保研究符合道德标准。 </li><li>给一般说明有关实验和控制中枢神经系统活性的药物， 即目的和程序，询问参与者，如果他/她当前正在考虑这影响警觉性和因此认知性能的任何药物。 </li><li>关闭这可能是一个潜在的干扰，诸如移动电话或寻呼机的所有设备。 </li><li>座椅舒适参与者在最佳位置的下巴休息一下。确保整个屏幕可见，并要求参与者在整个实验过程中保持的姿势。 </li><li>请参与者自己的头放在下巴休息和videooculography护目镜放置到自己的头上。他们适应个人头的大小/形状。 注:因此，在测量过程中的舒适度的参与者和不必要的打滑最小的风险之间的最佳折衷必须进行。 </li><li>确保两个眼睛是实验者的屏幕，可见那里的两个眼球运动记录相机的G中的图像oggles显示，然后集中在摄像机屏幕上居中的图像。 注意:这是对于最佳检测和瞳孔的跟踪重要的，因为不正确的视力可导致被干扰信号。 </li><li>为了确保在任何时候眼球运动的连续记录，通过指导参与者在半圆柱形屏幕的每个角落，看看启动系统的校准。在情况下，信号丢失，改变摄像机跟踪眼睛的各光瞳的角度来解决该问题。 </li><li>启动上述标准的动眼神经测试模式，并排除所有患者有大量视觉障碍，因为这些将导致损坏的任务绩效。 </li><li>指示参与者跟踪屏幕上的单个点，水平振荡（±20°），然后垂直（±15°）0.125赫兹的频率从眼球运动记录装置的非标定正交"原始"数据映射W¯¯第i尊重到"真"正交眼对系统的校准位置。 </li><li>检查，如果校准是可以接受的， 即，如果"真"眼球运动和"原始"数据的空间和时间同步，然后指示参与者未移动头，因为这可能会导致错误的数据质量。 注:videooculography设备的位置和主体预计将在实验过程中固定的，这样，就没有必要重新校准。 </li><li>解释的CPM培训课程的过程: <ol><li>指示受试者以确定他们有无限的时间的半圆柱形屏幕上显示的即将到来的矩阵下方的缺失的部分。作出选择后，有主题闭目至少250毫秒，开始一个绿框勾勒所有缺少的部分为每1500毫秒可能的替代品。 </li><li>有参与者选择他们认为另一种方法是通过在他们的选择是enframed闭眼的至少250毫秒正确的。 </li><li>单独项目中的半圆柱形屏幕上上之选。请参与者确认。如果参与者证实，指导他们再次闭上眼睛至少250毫秒。 </li><li>指示与会者，下一个刺激（缺失件6的替代矩阵）将自动（再次，通过在步骤2中描述的软件提交）出现，这将进行与来自CPM 14的组AB采取训练刺激四次。 </li></ol></li><li>答科目可能有有关程序的任何问题。然后，指示参与者选择矩阵缺少的部分，因为他们在训练中已经学会并开始CPM（ 图1）。 </li><li>解释为D2-测试培训课程的过程: <ol><li>指导参与者他们的目光直接向CENTE屏幕r和分别观察47刺激（47 D的对应于线标准D2-试验1）。 </li><li>指导参与者看，只要定位，提出了一种"D"以两个破折号，直到出现下一个刺激刺激上方的红色激光光斑。注意:如果没有目标刺激被呈现在视线需要在哪里下刺激将被呈现的屏幕的中心被聚焦。 </li></ol></li><li>答科目可能有有关程序的任何问题。然后，指示参与者下进行的47刺激，类似于训练以下五个块和启动D2测试。 </li><li>在质量控制方面，（在视觉上由受过培训的实验者）检查每个会话仔细每个受试者获得的数据。检查数据质量被破坏，例如由于技术上的困难，损坏的眼球运动或误解。 </li><li>感谢他们的参与主体，并回答所有问题在实验过程中。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

这是一个具有挑战性的任务成功评估患者的认知状态与ALS谁不能说和写。使用videooculography系统提供了一个有前途的方法。兹介绍技术在检测的认知缺陷，从而起到照顾者的负担和疾病管理20 ALS患者的背景下举足轻重的作用可靠。此外，CPM和D2的测试的动眼神经版本各自标准纸铅笔版本显著相关，但需要对权利要求的临床环境的有用的进一步支持。 研究者需要确保眼球...

肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）是一种致命的神经变性疾病通常是导致死亡在3至5年。在病理学的过程中，本与在运动能力1呼吸和延髓运作以及损伤的渐进性丧失的患者。这股与额颞叶痴呆2一些临床，病理学和遗传特征，它是有据可查的ALS患者的约30％显示出认知缺陷3。这些赤字是在执行功能，言语流畅性和语言的4域最突出和对生存的5，6合规性和照顾者的负担7的影响。因此，可靠的神经心理学评估是本病的关键。 在电机和语音能力前进损伤，然而，对于在疾病8的后期阶段的认知能力的全面评估的限制因素。她的即，基于动眼神经方法似乎是非常有前途的，因为基本的眼动控制保持不变为ALS，为广大患者9的过程中，一个同等长的时间。眼睛跟踪参数本身已被用来获得关于患者的认知状态的ALS 10信息，并还与ALS 11的顺序扩频模式相关。眼球运动，以控制认知测试中的ALS的上下文中的装置也已研究了以往的作品。使用的动眼神经基于版本的一项研究已经成功地证明了其易用性健康对照者的足迹，测验12，而另一个发现合适的基于认知能力和健康对照和ALS患者之间的区分认知越来越少受损患者区分13。 这里所描述的研究使用基于眼球运动的方法来研究AL认知障碍病患者，特别是在执行功能的领域。两个很好的验证和常用的神经心理测验进行了调整，以眼动控制:乌鸦的彩色渐进矩阵（CPM）14和D2测试15。该CPM是用来衡量行政机关和视觉空间能力以及流体智力非语言手段。的D2-测试也是用于揭示在选择性和持续的注意力和可视处理速度的域执行功能障碍的非口头的工具。两个广泛用于已在以往的研究评估疾病16和ALS患者的神经心理状态相比健康对照17的过程中潜在的认知衰退已成功地用于临床工具。 这项工作的目的是展示使用REL在ALS独立运动和语言障碍的认知缺陷的成功评估的要求iable，眼睛跟踪基础版的CPM和D2-测试。重要的是，这里所描述的方法有可能使被扩展研究的重症患者运动障碍等的人群。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1081">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>EyeSeeCam</td>
			<td>EyeSeeTec GmbH; 82256 F&#252;rstenfeldbruck, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Videooculography device</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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eye-tracking control to assess cognitive functions in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

对于这里介绍的研究的目的即一个可靠的动眼神经基于神经心理学评估ALS患者，内部开发的软件商店中拍摄对象的一个单独的文件中CPM的选择，允许对正确的百分比人工计算的发展答案。为D2-试验，垂直眼球运动的记录用的+ 5°的阈值用于检测相关响应的手动分析。录音分配给每个刺激呈现和正确答案的百分比可以随后进行计算。有可用的数据是如何被分析的许多?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.com

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

eye-tracking-control-to-assess-cognitive-functions-patients-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.1K 次观看.  Ulm University. Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

视频: Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

科研

行为学

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies for modeling the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits. Characterizing the vocal behavior of mouse models carrying mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders will help to understand the mechanisms leading to social communication deficits. We provide here protocols to reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations in pups and in adult mice. This standardization will help reduce inter-study variability due to the experimental settings. Pup isolation calls are recorded throughout development from individual pups isolated from dam and littermates. In adulthood, vocalizations are recorded during same-sex interactions (without a sexual component) by exposing socially motivated males or females to an unknown same-sex conspecific. We also provide a protocol to record vocalizations from adult males exposed to an estrus female. In this context, there is a sexual component in the interaction. These protocols are established to elicit a large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice. However, we point out the important inter-individual variability in the vocal behavior of mice, which should be taken into account by recording a minimal number of individuals (at least 12 in each condition). These recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations are used to evaluate the call rate, the vocal repertoire and the acoustic structure of the calls. Data are combined with the analysis of synchronous video recordings to provide a more complete view on social communication in mice. These protocols are used to characterize the vocal communication deficits in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2, a gene associated with autism spectrum disorders. More ultrasonic vocalizations recordings can also be found on the mouseTube database, developed to favor the exchange of such data.

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations are used as proxies to model the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits in mouse models for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present protocol describes three experimental contexts that reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations from pups (throughout development) and adult mice (same-sex interactions, male-estrus female interactions).

录制鼠标超声波发声评价社会交往

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

This is a qualitative comparative case study analysis of eye-tracking data on the first moments of social video scenes as viewed by three participants: one with autism spectrum disorder, one with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and one neurotypical control.

患有高功能性泛型疾病、无注意力缺陷多动障碍和控制社会视频的儿童眼动追踪数据比较

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

人类癫痫患者同步眼动追踪和单神经记录

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we straightforwardly measure infants&#8217; success in learning a novel category while relying only on their looking behavior. Moreover, the paradigm can directly measure the impact of different auditory signals on the infant categorization across a range of ages. For instance, we assessed how 2-year-olds learn categories in a variety of labeling environments: in our task, 2-year-olds successfully learned categories when all exemplars were labeled&#160;or the first two exemplars were labeled, but they failed to categorize when no exemplars were labeled or only the final two exemplars were labeled. To determine infants&#8217; success in such tasks, researchers can examine both the overall preference displayed by infants in each condition and infants&#8217; pattern of looking over the course of the test phase, using an eye-tracker to provide fine-grained time-course data. Thus, we present a powerful paradigm for identifying the role of language, or any auditory signal, in infants&#8217; object category learning.

Here we present a protocol for familiarization-test paradigms which provide a direct test of infant categorization and help to define the role of language in early category learning.

用眼动跟踪范式界定语言在婴儿对象分类中的作用

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...