저자는 기술 지원 랄프 KUHNE에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 이 작품은 독일 연구 협회 (DFG)와 Bundesministerium 대 Bildung 놀이 Forschung (BMBF # 01GM1103A)에 의해 투자되었다. 이는 EU 공동 프로그램 - 퇴행성 신경 질환 연구 (JPND) 프로젝트입니다. 이 프로젝트는 JPND- 예., 독일, Bundesministerium 대 Bildung 놀이 Forschung (BMBF, FKZ), 스웨덴, Vetenskaprådet의 Sverige, 폴란드, Narodowe 센트럼 Badań 내가 Rozwoju (NCBR)의 후원 아래 다음과 같은 기관을 통해 지원됩니다.

이 연구는 울름 대학 (문 제 12분의 19)의 윤리위원회의 승인을하고, 프로토콜은 따라서 자신의 지침을 다음 설명했다. 모든 참가자는 동의서를 작성했다. 1. 자극 및 테스트 환경 <ol><li> 최소주의 산만을 유지하려면 어둡거나 매우 어두운 조명과 조용한 방에서 연구를 수행합니다. </li><li> 적절한 안구 추적 장치를 사용합니다. 주 : 안구 운동 연구를 수행 할 수 다양한 장치들이있다. 본 연구에서는 고글 휴대용 안구 운동 기록 장치 기적, 적외선 발광 다이오드 (IR LED의) 각각의 눈 (18) 하나와 두 개의 내장형 카메라를 사용하여, 쌍안의 눈의 위치를 측정하는 데 사용 하였다. <ol><li> 최적의 눈 추적을 위해 자유의 모든 6도에서 그 경사에 의해 수동으로 눈의 움직임 감지 될 때까지 (3 병진, 3 회전)를 카메라를 조정하기에 최적입니다. 노트:시스템의 측정은 기록 품질과 참가자의 응답 동작을 모니터링하기위한 실험의 화면에 실시간으로 표시된다. 시스템의 주요 기능은 아래에 설명되어 있습니다 및 자세한 사양은 표 1에 제시되어있다. </li></ol></li><li> 안구 운동 제어의 결손을 검출 할 수있는 표준화 된 안구 시험 패러다임을 구현. 참고 : (. 예를 들어, 협곡 등에 의해 기술 된 방법 2015 11)이 손상된 안구 운동 제어 참가자가 심하게 수행하는 부드러운 추구 또는 단속적 작업과 같은 일련의 작업이 될 수 있습니다. 이러한 참가자 추가 테스트에서 제외한다. </li><li> 피사체의 헤드 (11) 위에 탑재 된 프로젝터를 통해 헤미 실린더 화면의 돌출 자극 적절한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 본 작업. D2-에 대한 존재 또한, 적색 레이저 스폿 (: 0.3 °는, 위치 10 ° 수직 직경) 보장테스트. </li><li> 그 눈에 스크린의 거리가 약 150cm 정도로, 조정 턱 나머지 상승 의자에 참가자 좌석. </li><li> 사용 실험의 첫 번째 부분에 대한 상기 CPM의 B (각각의 세트에 대한 자극 (12))를 설정한다. 매트릭스에서 잘라 6 ° 폭 5 ° 높은 빈 공간에 들어갈 수 아래의 도시 여섯 가능한 대안으로 22 ° 긴 / 15 ° 높은 행렬, 이러한 자극을 표시합니다. </li><li> 11 °의 높이와 폭이 화면의 중앙에 연이어 표준 D2 테스트 (15)의 6, 그들을 하나의 자극을 묘사 - D2는 시험을 위해 2 라인에 대응하는 47 자극과 다섯 개의 블록을 사용 2.5 °의. 각각의 자극이 2000 밀리 초 동안 지속해야합니다. </li></ol> 2. 실험 실행하기 <ol><li> 실험이 시작되기 전에, 연구 윤리 기준에 따라 확인하기 위해 서면 동의서 양식을 작성하여 참가자를 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 일반적인 지침을 제공합니다그 / 그녀가 현재 경보 따라서인지 성능에 영향을주는 약물을 복용하면 중추 신경계 활성 약물에 대한 실험 및 제어, 즉의 목적과 절차에 관한, 참가자를 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 휴대 전화 나 호출기로, 잠재적 인 방해가 될 수있는 모든 장치의 전원을 끄십시오. </li><li> 편안하게 최적의 위치에 턱 나머지 좌석 참가자. 전체 화면이 표시되는지 확인하고 전체 실험 기간 동안 자세를 유지하기 위해 참가자를 요청합니다. </li><li> 턱 받침대에 머리를 배치하고 그들의 머리 위에 videooculography 고글을 배치 할 참가자를 요청합니다. 개별 머리의 크기 / 모양을 조정합니다. 주 : 이것에 의해, 측정시 참가자에 대한 편안함과 미끄러지는 원치 않는 최소한의 위험 사이의 최고의 타협해야합니다. </li><li> 두 눈이 실험자의 화면에 표시되어 있는지 확인합니다 여기서 g 내에서 두 개의 안구 운동 기록 카메라의 이미지oggles 표시 한 다음 화면의 이미지를 중앙에 카메라 초점을 맞출 수 있습니다. 참고 : 잘못된 시력이 방해 신호로 이어질 수있는이 최적의 검출 및 동공의 추적을 위해 중요하다. </li><li> 항상 안구 운동의 연속 녹화를 보장하기 위해, 헤미 - 원통형 화면의 각 모서리에보고 참가자를 지시하여 시스템의 교정을 시작합니다. 신호가 손실되는 경우에,이 문제를 해결하기 위해 각 눈의 동공 추적 카메라의 각도를 변경. </li><li> 상기의 표준화 된 안구 운동 검사 패러다임을 시작하고이 손상된 작업 성능이 저하되므로 상당한 시각 장애가있는 환자를 제외합니다. </li><li> 가로 진동 스크린상의 단일 지점을 추적하는 참가자 지시 (± 20 °), 그리고 수직 0.125 Hz의 주파수 (± 15 °)의 안구 운동 기록 장치로부터 상기 비 보정 직교 &#39;원료의 데이터를 매핑 wi 번째 시스템의 교정 용 &#39;참&#39;직교 눈 위치에 대하여. </li><li> 보정이 허용되는 경우 &#39;진정한&#39;안구 운동과 &#39;원시&#39;데이터를 공간적으로 시간적으로 동기화 된 경우, 즉, 확인하고이 나쁜 데이터 품질이 발생할 수 있습니다으로 머리를 이동하지 않도록 참가자를 지시합니다. 주 : videooculography 장치의 위치와 피사체 재 교정 할 필요가 없기 때문에, 실험 과정 동안 정지 될 것으로 예상된다. </li><li> 노출 당 비용에 대한 훈련의 절차를 설명합니다 : <ol><li> 그들은 무한 시간이되는 헤미 실린더 화면에 곧 행렬 아래 빠진 부분을 식별하기 위해 피사체를 지시한다. 선택을 한 후, 피사체가 1,500 밀리 초 각각에 대해 누락 된 조각의 가능한 대안을 모두 요약 녹색 프레임을 시작하기 위해 적어도 250 밀리 그들의 눈을 감고있다. </li><li> 참가자가 선택이그들이 생각하는 대안은 그들의 선택이 enframed 동안 적어도 250 밀리 그들의 눈을 감고으로 올바른 것입니다. </li><li> 헤미 원통형 화면에 별도로 선택 전망이다. 확인하기 위해 참가자를 요청합니다. 참가자가 확인하면, 적어도 250 밀리 초 다시 자신의 눈을 감고하도록 지시합니다. </li><li> 다음 자극 (빠진 부분의 6 대안으로 행렬)가 자동으로 (다시, 2 단계에서 설명 된 소프트웨어에 의해 제공) 표시이는 CPM (14)의 세트 AB에서 찍은 훈련 자극에 네 번 수행됩니다 것을 참가자 지시 . </li></ol></li><li> 주제는 절차에 대해 가질 수있는 질문에 대답합니다. 그런 다음, 그들은 훈련 세션 동안 배운 바와 같이, 행렬의 누락 된 부분을 선택하고 CPM (그림 1)을 시작하기 위해 참가자를 지시합니다. </li><li> D2는 테스트를위한 훈련의 과정을 설명한다 : <ol><li> cente 그들의 시선을 직접 참가자 지시화면의 연구와 별도로 47 자극을 관찰 (47 디부의 표준 D2-시험의 1 라인에 해당). </li><li> 다음 자극이 나타날 때까지 두 개의 대시와 &quot;D&quot;가 발표 될 때마다 자극 위에 위치 적색 레이저 스폿을보고 참가자를 지시한다. 주 : 어떤 대상 자극이 제시되지 않으면 시선 다음 자극이 제시되는 화면의 중앙에 집중되어야한다. </li></ol></li><li> 주제는 절차에 대해 가질 수있는 질문에 대답합니다. 그리고, 훈련 유사한 자극 (47)의 다음과 같은 다섯 블록을 진행하고, D2 테스트를 시작하기 위해 학습자 지시. </li><li> 품질 관리 (시각적으로 숙련 된 실험자) 신중 대상마다 각 세션으로부터 얻어진 데이터를 검사한다. 데이터 품질로 인해 기술적 인 문제, 손상된 안구 운동이나 오해 예를 들어, 손상되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 참여에 대한 주제를 감사하고 모든 질문에 답변실험 중. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Psychiatry. 82 (1), 110-116 (2011).</li><li>Mizutani, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+ophthalmoplegia+in+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis+during+long-term+use+of+respirators.">Development of ophthalmoplegia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during long-term use of respirators.</a> J. Neurol. Sci. 99 (2-3), 311-319 (1990).</li><li>Khin Khin, E., Minor, D., Holloway, A., Pelleg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decisional+Capacity+in+Amyotrophic+Lateral+Sclerosis.">Decisional Capacity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.</a> J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law. 43 (2), 210-217 (2015).</li><li>K&#252;bler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patients+with+ALS+can+use+sensorimotor+rhythms+to+operate+a+brain-computer+interface.">Patients with ALS can use sensorimotor rhythms to operate a brain-computer interface.</a> Neurology. 64 (10), 1775-1777 (2005).</li><li>Connolly, S., Galvin, M., Hardiman, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=End-of-life+management+in+patients+with+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">End-of-life management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> Lancet Neurol. 14 (4), 435-442 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

성공적으로 말하고 쓸 수없는 ALS 환자의인지 상태를 평가하는 어려운 작업입니다. videooculography 시스템의 사용은 유망한 접근법을 제공한다. 이에 제시된 기술은 ALS 환자의 보호자 부담과 질병 관리 (20)의 맥락에서 중추적 인 역할을인지 적자를 탐지 신뢰할 수있다. 또한, CPM 및 D2 검사의 안구 버전은 각각 표준 종이 연필 버전 상당히 연관되지만 상기 지지체는 임상 상황에서 유용성 항 ?...

근 위축성 측삭 경화증 (ALS)은 보통 3 ~ 5 년 이내에 사망에 이르는 치명적인 신경 퇴행성 질환이다. 병리 과정에서, 운동 능력 1 호흡기 및 안구 기능뿐만 아니라 장애의 진보적 인 손실을 본 환자. 이 전 측두엽 치매 (2) 일부 임상 병리학 적, 유전 적 특징을 공유하고 잘 ALS 환자의 약 30 %가인지 적자 3을 나타내는 것으로 설명되어 있습니다. 이러한 적자는 집행 기능, 언어 유창성과 언어 (4)의 영역에서 가장 눈에 띄는하고 생존 (5), 준수 (6)과 보호자 부담 (7)에 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 신뢰할 수있는 신경 심리학 적 평가는이 질병에 매우 중요하다. 모터와 음성 능력에 손상 진행하지만 병 (8)의 이후의 단계에서인지 능력의 완전한 평가를위한 제한 인자가된다. 그녀의E는 안구 기반 방식은 기본 안구 운동 제어 환자 (9)의 대부분 ALS 과정 동안 비교적 오랜 시간 동안 그대로 남아있는 매우 유망한 것으로 보인다. 안구 추적 파라미터 자체는 10 ALS 환자의인지 기능 상태에 관한 정보를 얻을 수 있으며 또한 ALS (11)의 순차적 인 확산 패턴과 상관하는 데 사용되어왔다. ALS의 맥락에서인지 시험을 제어하는 ​​수단으로 안구 운동은 또한 기존의 연구에서 연구되고있다. 한 연구의 안구 운동 기반 버전을 사용하여 건강한 대조군에서 그 유용성을 입증 성공적으로 트레일을 만드는 또 다른인지 실적을 기반으로 건강한와 ALS 환자를 구별 할 수와인지 더 적은 손상 환자를 구별하는 것이 적합 발견 반면, 테스트 (12) 13. 여기에 설명 된 연구는 AL에서인지 장애를 연구하는 안구 운동 기반 방법론을 사용S 환자 구체적 집행 기능의 도메인이다. 두 잘 확인하고 일반적으로 사용되는 신경 심리 검사는 안구 운동 제어에 적응했다 : 까마귀의 색깔 진보적 인 행렬 (CPM) (14)와 D2 테스트 15. CPM을 행정상 및 시공간 능력뿐 아니라 유동성 정보를 측정하기 위해 사용 된 비언어적 악기. D2 테스트는 선택적 지속적인 관심과 시각적 처리 속도의 도메인 집행 기능 장애를 발견하는 데 사용되는 비 언어 도구입니다. 모두 널리 성공적으로 질병 (16)과 정상 대조군 (17)에 비해 ALS 환자의 신경 심리 상태의 과정 동안 잠재적 인인지 기능 저하를 평가하기 이전의 연구에 사용 된 임상 도구를 사용합니다. 이 연구의 목적은 REL을 사용하여 운동 및 음성 장애 ALS 독립적에서인지 결핍의 성공 평가를위한 요구를 표시하는 것이었다노출 당 비용 및 D2 테스트의 iable, 눈 추적 기반 버전. 중요한 것은, 여기 기재된 방법은 가능성이 것은 심각한 운동 장애를 가진 환자의 다른 집단 연구를 확장한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1081">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>EyeSeeCam</td>
			<td>EyeSeeTec GmbH; 82256 F&#252;rstenfeldbruck, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Videooculography device</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

eye-tracking control to assess cognitive functions in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

여기 제시된 연구의 목적, 즉, 정확한 비율의 수동 계산을 허용 ALS 환자의 신경 심리학 적 평가, 별도의 파일에 CPM의 자체 개발 소프트웨어 저장 대상의 선택을 기반 신뢰성 안구의 발달 답변. D2는 테스트의 경우, 수직 안구 운동 기록 수동 관련된 응답의 검출 + 5 ℃의 임계 값을 이용하여 분석한다. 녹음은 각각의 자극 프레 젠 테이션에 할당하고, 정답의 비율은 이?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.com

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

눈 - 추적 제어 루게릭 병 환자의인지 기능을 평가하는

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

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Behavior

8.1K 조회수.  Ulm University. Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

비디오: Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

치수 변경 카드 정렬 성능인지 제어 네트워크 관련의 기능 연결에서 연령 관련 차이점을 조사하는 방법

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

연구

행동분석학

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

감각 운동 통합 및인지 제어 실험을 위해 완전 자동화 된 설치류 컨디셔닝 프로토콜

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

비트의 청각 장애를 폭로 : 감지 리듬 장애를 누르면 동기화 손가락 및 지각 타이밍 작업에

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies for modeling the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits. Characterizing the vocal behavior of mouse models carrying mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders will help to understand the mechanisms leading to social communication deficits. We provide here protocols to reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations in pups and in adult mice. This standardization will help reduce inter-study variability due to the experimental settings. Pup isolation calls are recorded throughout development from individual pups isolated from dam and littermates. In adulthood, vocalizations are recorded during same-sex interactions (without a sexual component) by exposing socially motivated males or females to an unknown same-sex conspecific. We also provide a protocol to record vocalizations from adult males exposed to an estrus female. In this context, there is a sexual component in the interaction. These protocols are established to elicit a large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice. However, we point out the important inter-individual variability in the vocal behavior of mice, which should be taken into account by recording a minimal number of individuals (at least 12 in each condition). These recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations are used to evaluate the call rate, the vocal repertoire and the acoustic structure of the calls. Data are combined with the analysis of synchronous video recordings to provide a more complete view on social communication in mice. These protocols are used to characterize the vocal communication deficits in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2, a gene associated with autism spectrum disorders. More ultrasonic vocalizations recordings can also be found on the mouseTube database, developed to favor the exchange of such data.

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations are used as proxies to model the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits in mouse models for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present protocol describes three experimental contexts that reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations from pups (throughout development) and adult mice (same-sex interactions, male-estrus female interactions).

마우스 초음파 발성을 녹화 사회 커뮤니케이션을 평가하는

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

Method는 눈 추적을 사용하여 어린이의 시각 정보 처리를 정량화하기

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

시각적으로 위치한 언어 이해 동안 눈 추적: 유연성과 잠복 시각적 컨텍스트 효과에 한계

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

This is a qualitative comparative case study analysis of eye-tracking data on the first moments of social video scenes as viewed by three participants: one with autism spectrum disorder, one with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and one neurotypical control.

눈-추적 데이터 높은 기능 ASD, Comorbid ADHD 어린이의 및 사회 동영상 보고 제어의 비교

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

인간 간질 환자에서 동시 눈 추적 및 단일 뉴런 기록

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

안구 추적을 통해 정확 하 고 평균 Saccades 전에 시각적 관심의 배포 및 시각적인 감도의 평가 조사

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we straightforwardly measure infants&#8217; success in learning a novel category while relying only on their looking behavior. Moreover, the paradigm can directly measure the impact of different auditory signals on the infant categorization across a range of ages. For instance, we assessed how 2-year-olds learn categories in a variety of labeling environments: in our task, 2-year-olds successfully learned categories when all exemplars were labeled&#160;or the first two exemplars were labeled, but they failed to categorize when no exemplars were labeled or only the final two exemplars were labeled. To determine infants&#8217; success in such tasks, researchers can examine both the overall preference displayed by infants in each condition and infants&#8217; pattern of looking over the course of the test phase, using an eye-tracker to provide fine-grained time-course data. Thus, we present a powerful paradigm for identifying the role of language, or any auditory signal, in infants&#8217; object category learning.

Here we present a protocol for familiarization-test paradigms which provide a direct test of infant categorization and help to define the role of language in early category learning.

눈-추적 패러다임 유아 개체 분류에서 언어의 역할을 정의

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...