Name: eye-tracking control to assess cognitive functions in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Uploaded: 2016-10-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.com

저자는 기술 지원 랄프 KUHNE에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 이 작품은 독일 연구 협회 (DFG)와 Bundesministerium 대 Bildung 놀이 Forschung (BMBF # 01GM1103A)에 의해 투자되었다. 이는 EU 공동 프로그램 - 퇴행성 신경 질환 연구 (JPND) 프로젝트입니다. 이 프로젝트는 JPND- 예., 독일, Bundesministerium 대 Bildung 놀이 Forschung (BMBF, FKZ), 스웨덴, Vetenskaprådet의 Sverige, 폴란드, Narodowe 센트럼 Badań 내가 Rozwoju (NCBR)의 후원 아래 다음과 같은 기관을 통해 지원됩니다.

이 연구는 울름 대학 (문 제 12분의 19)의 윤리위원회의 승인을하고, 프로토콜은 따라서 자신의 지침을 다음 설명했다. 모든 참가자는 동의서를 작성했다. 1. 자극 및 테스트 환경 <ol><li> 최소주의 산만을 유지하려면 어둡거나 매우 어두운 조명과 조용한 방에서 연구를 수행합니다. </li><li> 적절한 안구 추적 장치를 사용합니다. 주 : 안구 운동 연구를 수행 할 수 다양한 장치들이있다. 본 연구에서는 고글 휴대용 안구 운동 기록 장치 기적, 적외선 발광 다이오드 (IR LED의) 각각의 눈 (18) 하나와 두 개의 내장형 카메라를 사용하여, 쌍안의 눈의 위치를 측정하는 데 사용 하였다. <ol><li> 최적의 눈 추적을 위해 자유의 모든 6도에서 그 경사에 의해 수동으로 눈의 움직임 감지 될 때까지 (3 병진, 3 회전)를 카메라를 조정하기에 최적입니다. 노트:시스템의 측정은 기록 품질과 참가자의 응답 동작을 모니터링하기위한 실험의 화면에 실시간으로 표시된다. 시스템의 주요 기능은 아래에 설명되어 있습니다 및 자세한 사양은 표 1에 제시되어있다. </li></ol></li><li> 안구 운동 제어의 결손을 검출 할 수있는 표준화 된 안구 시험 패러다임을 구현. 참고 : (. 예를 들어, 협곡 등에 의해 기술 된 방법 2015 11)이 손상된 안구 운동 제어 참가자가 심하게 수행하는 부드러운 추구 또는 단속적 작업과 같은 일련의 작업이 될 수 있습니다. 이러한 참가자 추가 테스트에서 제외한다. </li><li> 피사체의 헤드 (11) 위에 탑재 된 프로젝터를 통해 헤미 실린더 화면의 돌출 자극 적절한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 본 작업. D2-에 대한 존재 또한, 적색 레이저 스폿 (: 0.3 °는, 위치 10 ° 수직 직경) 보장테스트. </li><li> 그 눈에 스크린의 거리가 약 150cm 정도로, 조정 턱 나머지 상승 의자에 참가자 좌석. </li><li> 사용 실험의 첫 번째 부분에 대한 상기 CPM의 B (각각의 세트에 대한 자극 (12))를 설정한다. 매트릭스에서 잘라 6 ° 폭 5 ° 높은 빈 공간에 들어갈 수 아래의 도시 여섯 가능한 대안으로 22 ° 긴 / 15 ° 높은 행렬, 이러한 자극을 표시합니다. </li><li> 11 °의 높이와 폭이 화면의 중앙에 연이어 표준 D2 테스트 (15)의 6, 그들을 하나의 자극을 묘사 - D2는 시험을 위해 2 라인에 대응하는 47 자극과 다섯 개의 블록을 사용 2.5 °의. 각각의 자극이 2000 밀리 초 동안 지속해야합니다. </li></ol> 2. 실험 실행하기 <ol><li> 실험이 시작되기 전에, 연구 윤리 기준에 따라 확인하기 위해 서면 동의서 양식을 작성하여 참가자를 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 일반적인 지침을 제공합니다그 / 그녀가 현재 경보 따라서인지 성능에 영향을주는 약물을 복용하면 중추 신경계 활성 약물에 대한 실험 및 제어, 즉의 목적과 절차에 관한, 참가자를 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 휴대 전화 나 호출기로, 잠재적 인 방해가 될 수있는 모든 장치의 전원을 끄십시오. </li><li> 편안하게 최적의 위치에 턱 나머지 좌석 참가자. 전체 화면이 표시되는지 확인하고 전체 실험 기간 동안 자세를 유지하기 위해 참가자를 요청합니다. </li><li> 턱 받침대에 머리를 배치하고 그들의 머리 위에 videooculography 고글을 배치 할 참가자를 요청합니다. 개별 머리의 크기 / 모양을 조정합니다. 주 : 이것에 의해, 측정시 참가자에 대한 편안함과 미끄러지는 원치 않는 최소한의 위험 사이의 최고의 타협해야합니다. </li><li> 두 눈이 실험자의 화면에 표시되어 있는지 확인합니다 여기서 g 내에서 두 개의 안구 운동 기록 카메라의 이미지oggles 표시 한 다음 화면의 이미지를 중앙에 카메라 초점을 맞출 수 있습니다. 참고 : 잘못된 시력이 방해 신호로 이어질 수있는이 최적의 검출 및 동공의 추적을 위해 중요하다. </li><li> 항상 안구 운동의 연속 녹화를 보장하기 위해, 헤미 - 원통형 화면의 각 모서리에보고 참가자를 지시하여 시스템의 교정을 시작합니다. 신호가 손실되는 경우에,이 문제를 해결하기 위해 각 눈의 동공 추적 카메라의 각도를 변경. </li><li> 상기의 표준화 된 안구 운동 검사 패러다임을 시작하고이 손상된 작업 성능이 저하되므로 상당한 시각 장애가있는 환자를 제외합니다. </li><li> 가로 진동 스크린상의 단일 지점을 추적하는 참가자 지시 (± 20 °), 그리고 수직 0.125 Hz의 주파수 (± 15 °)의 안구 운동 기록 장치로부터 상기 비 보정 직교 &#39;원료의 데이터를 매핑 wi 번째 시스템의 교정 용 &#39;참&#39;직교 눈 위치에 대하여. </li><li> 보정이 허용되는 경우 &#39;진정한&#39;안구 운동과 &#39;원시&#39;데이터를 공간적으로 시간적으로 동기화 된 경우, 즉, 확인하고이 나쁜 데이터 품질이 발생할 수 있습니다으로 머리를 이동하지 않도록 참가자를 지시합니다. 주 : videooculography 장치의 위치와 피사체 재 교정 할 필요가 없기 때문에, 실험 과정 동안 정지 될 것으로 예상된다. </li><li> 노출 당 비용에 대한 훈련의 절차를 설명합니다 : <ol><li> 그들은 무한 시간이되는 헤미 실린더 화면에 곧 행렬 아래 빠진 부분을 식별하기 위해 피사체를 지시한다. 선택을 한 후, 피사체가 1,500 밀리 초 각각에 대해 누락 된 조각의 가능한 대안을 모두 요약 녹색 프레임을 시작하기 위해 적어도 250 밀리 그들의 눈을 감고있다. </li><li> 참가자가 선택이그들이 생각하는 대안은 그들의 선택이 enframed 동안 적어도 250 밀리 그들의 눈을 감고으로 올바른 것입니다. </li><li> 헤미 원통형 화면에 별도로 선택 전망이다. 확인하기 위해 참가자를 요청합니다. 참가자가 확인하면, 적어도 250 밀리 초 다시 자신의 눈을 감고하도록 지시합니다. </li><li> 다음 자극 (빠진 부분의 6 대안으로 행렬)가 자동으로 (다시, 2 단계에서 설명 된 소프트웨어에 의해 제공) 표시이는 CPM (14)의 세트 AB에서 찍은 훈련 자극에 네 번 수행됩니다 것을 참가자 지시 . </li></ol></li><li> 주제는 절차에 대해 가질 수있는 질문에 대답합니다. 그런 다음, 그들은 훈련 세션 동안 배운 바와 같이, 행렬의 누락 된 부분을 선택하고 CPM (그림 1)을 시작하기 위해 참가자를 지시합니다. </li><li> D2는 테스트를위한 훈련의 과정을 설명한다 : <ol><li> cente 그들의 시선을 직접 참가자 지시화면의 연구와 별도로 47 자극을 관찰 (47 디부의 표준 D2-시험의 1 라인에 해당). </li><li> 다음 자극이 나타날 때까지 두 개의 대시와 &quot;D&quot;가 발표 될 때마다 자극 위에 위치 적색 레이저 스폿을보고 참가자를 지시한다. 주 : 어떤 대상 자극이 제시되지 않으면 시선 다음 자극이 제시되는 화면의 중앙에 집중되어야한다. </li></ol></li><li> 주제는 절차에 대해 가질 수있는 질문에 대답합니다. 그리고, 훈련 유사한 자극 (47)의 다음과 같은 다섯 블록을 진행하고, D2 테스트를 시작하기 위해 학습자 지시. </li><li> 품질 관리 (시각적으로 숙련 된 실험자) 신중 대상마다 각 세션으로부터 얻어진 데이터를 검사한다. 데이터 품질로 인해 기술적 인 문제, 손상된 안구 운동이나 오해 예를 들어, 손상되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 참여에 대한 주제를 감사하고 모든 질문에 답변실험 중. </li></ol>

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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+executive+and+behavioral+dysfunction+in+the+course+of+ALS.">The effects of executive and behavioral dysfunction in the course of ALS.</a> Neurology. 65 (11), 1774-1777 (2005).</li><li>Donaghy, C., Thurtell, M. J., Pioro, E. P., Gibson, J. M., Leigh, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+movements+in+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis+and+its+mimics:+a+review+with+illustrative+cases.">Eye movements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its mimics: a review with illustrative cases.</a> J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 82 (1), 110-116 (2011).</li><li>Mizutani, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+ophthalmoplegia+in+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis+during+long-term+use+of+respirators.">Development of ophthalmoplegia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis during long-term use of respirators.</a> J. Neurol. Sci. 99 (2-3), 311-319 (1990).</li><li>Khin Khin, E., Minor, D., Holloway, A., Pelleg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decisional+Capacity+in+Amyotrophic+Lateral+Sclerosis.">Decisional Capacity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.</a> J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law. 43 (2), 210-217 (2015).</li><li>K&#252;bler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patients+with+ALS+can+use+sensorimotor+rhythms+to+operate+a+brain-computer+interface.">Patients with ALS can use sensorimotor rhythms to operate a brain-computer interface.</a> Neurology. 64 (10), 1775-1777 (2005).</li><li>Connolly, S., Galvin, M., Hardiman, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=End-of-life+management+in+patients+with+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">End-of-life management in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> Lancet Neurol. 14 (4), 435-442 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

성공적으로 말하고 쓸 수없는 ALS 환자의인지 상태를 평가하는 어려운 작업입니다. videooculography 시스템의 사용은 유망한 접근법을 제공한다. 이에 제시된 기술은 ALS 환자의 보호자 부담과 질병 관리 (20)의 맥락에서 중추적 인 역할을인지 적자를 탐지 신뢰할 수있다. 또한, CPM 및 D2 검사의 안구 버전은 각각 표준 종이 연필 버전 상당히 연관되지만 상기 지지체는 임상 상황에서 유용성 항 ?...

근 위축성 측삭 경화증 (ALS)은 보통 3 ~ 5 년 이내에 사망에 이르는 치명적인 신경 퇴행성 질환이다. 병리 과정에서, 운동 능력 1 호흡기 및 안구 기능뿐만 아니라 장애의 진보적 인 손실을 본 환자. 이 전 측두엽 치매 (2) 일부 임상 병리학 적, 유전 적 특징을 공유하고 잘 ALS 환자의 약 30 %가인지 적자 3을 나타내는 것으로 설명되어 있습니다. 이러한 적자는 집행 기능, 언어 유창성과 언어 (4)의 영역에서 가장 눈에 띄는하고 생존 (5), 준수 (6)과 보호자 부담 (7)에 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 신뢰할 수있는 신경 심리학 적 평가는이 질병에 매우 중요하다. 모터와 음성 능력에 손상 진행하지만 병 (8)의 이후의 단계에서인지 능력의 완전한 평가를위한 제한 인자가된다. 그녀의E는 안구 기반 방식은 기본 안구 운동 제어 환자 (9)의 대부분 ALS 과정 동안 비교적 오랜 시간 동안 그대로 남아있는 매우 유망한 것으로 보인다. 안구 추적 파라미터 자체는 10 ALS 환자의인지 기능 상태에 관한 정보를 얻을 수 있으며 또한 ALS (11)의 순차적 인 확산 패턴과 상관하는 데 사용되어왔다. ALS의 맥락에서인지 시험을 제어하는 ​​수단으로 안구 운동은 또한 기존의 연구에서 연구되고있다. 한 연구의 안구 운동 기반 버전을 사용하여 건강한 대조군에서 그 유용성을 입증 성공적으로 트레일을 만드는 또 다른인지 실적을 기반으로 건강한와 ALS 환자를 구별 할 수와인지 더 적은 손상 환자를 구별하는 것이 적합 발견 반면, 테스트 (12) 13. 여기에 설명 된 연구는 AL에서인지 장애를 연구하는 안구 운동 기반 방법론을 사용S 환자 구체적 집행 기능의 도메인이다. 두 잘 확인하고 일반적으로 사용되는 신경 심리 검사는 안구 운동 제어에 적응했다 : 까마귀의 색깔 진보적 인 행렬 (CPM) (14)와 D2 테스트 15. CPM을 행정상 및 시공간 능력뿐 아니라 유동성 정보를 측정하기 위해 사용 된 비언어적 악기. D2 테스트는 선택적 지속적인 관심과 시각적 처리 속도의 도메인 집행 기능 장애를 발견하는 데 사용되는 비 언어 도구입니다. 모두 널리 성공적으로 질병 (16)과 정상 대조군 (17)에 비해 ALS 환자의 신경 심리 상태의 과정 동안 잠재적 인인지 기능 저하를 평가하기 이전의 연구에 사용 된 임상 도구를 사용합니다. 이 연구의 목적은 REL을 사용하여 운동 및 음성 장애 ALS 독립적에서인지 결핍의 성공 평가를위한 요구를 표시하는 것이었다노출 당 비용 및 D2 테스트의 iable, 눈 추적 기반 버전. 중요한 것은, 여기 기재된 방법은 가능성이 것은 심각한 운동 장애를 가진 환자의 다른 집단 연구를 확장한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EyeSeeCam</td><td>EyeSeeTec GmbH; 82256 F&amp;uuml;rstenfeldbruck, Germany</td><td></td><td>Videooculography device</td></tr></tbody></table>

eye-tracking control to assess cognitive functions in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

여기 제시된 연구의 목적, 즉, 정확한 비율의 수동 계산을 허용 ALS 환자의 신경 심리학 적 평가, 별도의 파일에 CPM의 자체 개발 소프트웨어 저장 대상의 선택을 기반 신뢰성 안구의 발달 답변. D2는 테스트의 경우, 수직 안구 운동 기록 수동 관련된 응답의 검출 + 5 ℃의 임계 값을 이용하여 분석한다. 녹음은 각각의 자극 프레 젠 테이션에 할당하고, 정답의 비율은 이?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.com

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

눈 - 추적 제어 루게릭 병 환자의인지 기능을 평가하는

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

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8.1K 조회수.  Ulm University. Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

비디오: Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

눈 의 움직임을 사용하여 텍스트 이해에 관련된 인지 프로세스를 평가합니다.

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

연구

행동분석학

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes : 안구 운동 실험을위한 모듈 형 소프트웨어 시스템

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

신경과학

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily life, despite similar visual deficits. We assume this could be due to variable development of compensatory strategies such as altered visual scanning behavior. Scanning compensatory therapy (SCT) is studied as part of the visual training after infarction next to vision restoration therapy. SCT consists of learning to make larger eye movements into the blind field enlarging the visual field of search, which has been proven to be the most useful strategy1, not only in natural search tasks but also in mastering daily life activities2. Nevertheless, in clinical routine it is difficult to identify individual levels and training effects of compensatory behavior, since it requires measurement of eye movements in a head unrestrained condition. Studies demonstrated that unrestrained head movements alter the visual exploratory behavior compared to a head-restrained laboratory condition3. Martin et al.4 and Hayhoe et al.5 showed that behavior demonstrated in a laboratory setting cannot be assigned easily to a natural condition. Hence, our goal was to develop a study set-up which uncovers different compensatory oculomotor strategies quickly in a realistic testing situation: Patients are tested in the clinical environment in a driving simulator. SILAB software (Wuerzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (WIVW)) was used to program driving scenarios of varying complexity and recording the driver's performance. The software was combined with a head mounted infrared video pupil tracker, recording head- and eye-movements (EyeSeeCam, University of Munich Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences).
The positioning of the patient in the driving simulator and the positioning, adjustment and calibration of the camera is demonstrated. Typical performances of a patient with and without compensatory strategy and a healthy control are illustrated in this pilot study. Different oculomotor behaviors (frequency and amplitude of eye- and head-movements) are evaluated very quickly during the drive itself by dynamic overlay pictures indicating where the subjects gaze is located on the screen, and by analyzing the data. Compensatory gaze behavior in a patient leads to a driving performance comparable to a healthy control, while the performance of a patient without compensatory behavior is significantly worse. The data of eye- and head-movement-behavior as well as driving performance are discussed with respect to different oculomotor strategies and in a broader context with respect to possible training effects throughout the testing session and implications on rehabilitation potential.

Patients with visual deficits after stroke report about different constraints in daily life most likely due to variable compensatory strategies, which are difficult to differentiate in clinical routine. We present a clinical set-up which allows measurement of different compensatory head- and eye-movement-strategies and evaluating their effects on driving performance.

클리닉에서 시뮬레이션 운전 : 비주얼 필드 결함으로 환자의 일상 생활 활동에서 Visual 탐색 행동 테스트

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily ...

의학

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

눈-추적 읽기 중 이해 및 기반 Oculomotor 역행 하는 안구의 움직임을 구별 하

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

눈 손 조화 Incoordination 스펙트럼을 효율적으로 기록

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

인간 간질 환자에서 동시 눈 추적 및 단일 뉴런 기록

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing delivery of oxygen and nutrients. About half of the stroke survivors are left with some degree of disability. Innovative methodologies for restorative neurorehabilitation are urgently required to reduce long-term disability. The ability of the nervous system to reorganize its structure, function and connections as a response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli is called neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is involved in post-stroke functional disturbances, but also in rehabilitation. Beneficial neuroplastic changes may be facilitated with non-invasive electrotherapy, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and sensory electrical stimulation (SES). NMES involves coordinated electrical stimulation of motor nerves and muscles to activate them with continuous short pulses of electrical current while SES involves stimulation of sensory nerves with electrical current resulting in sensations that vary from barely perceivable to highly unpleasant. Here, active cortical participation in rehabilitation procedures may be facilitated by driving the non-invasive electrotherapy with biosignals (electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG)) that represent simultaneous active perception and volitional effort. To achieve this in a resource-poor setting, e.g., in low- and middle-income countries, we present a low-cost human-machine-interface (HMI) by leveraging recent advances in off-the-shelf video game sensor technology. In this paper, we discuss the open-source software interface that integrates low-cost off-the-shelf sensors for visual-auditory biofeedback with non-invasive electrotherapy to assist postural control during balance rehabilitation. We demonstrate the proof-of-concept on healthy volunteers.

A novel low-cost human-machine interface for interactive post-stroke balance rehabilitation system is presented in this article. The system integrates off-the-shelf low-cost sensors towards volitionally driven electrotherapy paradigm. The proof-of-concept software interface is demonstrated on healthy volunteers.

후 스트로크 균형 재활을위한 신경 근육 전기 자극 시스템과 저가 센서를 통합하는 인간 - 기계 인터페이스

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing ...

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Cognitive impairment is a common phenomenon in Parkinson&#8217;s disease that has implications on the prognosis. A simple, noninvasive and objective proxy measurement of cognitive function in Parkinson&#8217;s disease will be helpful in detecting early cognitive decline. As a physiological metric, eye movement parameter is not confounded by the subject&#39;s attributes and intelligence and can function as a proxy marker if it correlates with cognitive functions. To this end, this study explored the relationship between the eye movement parameters and performance in cognitive tests in multiple domains. In the experiment, a visual search task with eye tracking was set up, where subjects were asked to look for a number embedded in an array of alphabets scattered randomly on a computer screen. The differentiation between the number and the alphabet is an overlearned task such that the confounding effect of cognitive ability on the eye movement parameters is minimized. The average saccadic amplitude and fixation duration were captured and calculated during the visual search task. The cognitive assessment battery covered domains of frontal-executive functions, attention, verbal and visual memory. It was found that prolonged fixation duration was associated with poorer performance in verbal fluency, visual and verbal memory, allowing further exploration on the use of eye movement parameters as proxy markers for cognitive function in Parkinson&#8217;s disease patients. The experimental paradigm has been found to be highly tolerable in our group of Parkinson&#39;s disease patients and could be applied transdiagnostically to other disease entities for similar research questions.

Here, we present a protocol to study the relationship between the eye movement parameters and cognitive functions in non-demented Parkinson&#39;s disease patients. The experiment used an eye tracker to measure the saccadic amplitude and fixation duration in a visual search task. The correlation with performance in multi-domain cognitive tasks was subsequently measured.

안구 추적을 통해 비탈증 파킨아 병 환자에서 눈 운동 매개 변수와 인지 기능 사이의 관계를 특성화

Cognitive impairment is a common phenomenon in Parkinson&#8217;s disease that has implications on the prognosis. A simple, noninvasive and objective proxy ...

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since planning is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders, the implementation of proper clinical and experimental tests to examine planning is critical. Due to the nature of the deployment of planning, in which several cognitive domains participate, the assessment of planning and the design of behavioral paradigms coupled with neuroimaging methods are current challenges in cognitive neuroscience. A planning task was evaluated in combination with an electroencephalogram (EEG) system and eye movement recordings in 27 healthy adult participants. Planning can be separated into two stages: a mental planning stage in which a sequence of steps is internally represented and an execution stage in which motor action is used to achieve a previously planned goal. Our protocol included a planning task and a control task. The planning task involved solving 36 maze trials, each representing a zoo map. The task had four periods: i) planning, where the subjects were instructed to plan a path to visit the locations of four animals according to a set of rules; ii) maintenance, where the subjects had to retain the planned path in their working memory; iii) execution, where the subjects used eye movements to trace the previously planned path as indicated by the eye-tracker system; and iv) response, where the subjects reported the order of the visited animals. The control task had a similar structure, but the cognitive planning component was removed by modifying the task goal. The spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG revealed that planning induces a gradual and lasting rise in frontal-midline theta activity (FM&#952;) over time. The source of this activity was identified within the prefrontal cortex by source analyses. Our results suggested that the experimental paradigm combining EEG and eye-tracker systems was optimal for evaluating cognitive planning.

The study of cognitive planning combining EEG and eye-tracking systems provides a multimodal approach to investigate the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive control and goal-directed behavior in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of brain oscillations and eye movements in planning performance.

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since ...

Brain-Computer Interface-controlled Upper Limb Robotic System for Enhancing Daily Activities in Stroke Patients

This study introduces a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-controlled upper limb assistive robot for post-stroke rehabilitation. The system utilizes electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) signals to help users assist upper limb function in everyday tasks while interacting with a robotic hand. We evaluated the effectiveness of this BCI-robot system using the Berlin Bimanual Test for Stroke (BeBiTS), a set of 10 daily living tasks involving both hands. Eight stroke patients participated in this study, but only four participants could adapt to the BCI robot system training and perform the postBeBiTS. Notably, when the preBeBiTS score for each item was four or less, the BCI robot system showed greater assistive effectiveness in the postBeBiTS assessment. Furthermore, our current robotic hand does not assist with arm and wrist functions, limiting its use in tasks requiring complex hand movements. More participants are required to confirm the training effectiveness of the BCI-robot system, and future research should consider using robots that can assist with a broader range of upper limb functions. This study aimed to determine the BCI-robot system's ability to assist patients in performing daily living activities.

This study introduces a brain-computer interface (BCI) system for stroke patients, which combines electroencephalography and electrooculography signals to control an upper limb robotic hand, enhancing daily activities. The evaluation used the Berlin Bimanual Test for Stroke (BeBiTS).