The investigations were financially supported by the Division for Earth and Life Sciences of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant 833.13.004), the Sci-Tech Landing Projection of Higher Education of Jiangxi Province (KJLD14030) and The Cultivation Plan for Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province (Jinggang star 20153BCB23014). We thank Daomeng Fu, Zhigang Li and Xiaolong Huang for their help in producing the movie.

1.吹叶机，真空吸式采样的修改<ol><li>收集的材料清单列出的所有部件。 </li><li>连接所有的聚氯乙烯（PVC）管道用未增塑聚氯乙烯（PVC-U）胶（管道1-2-3-4-5和6-7）。 </li><li>钻被周围的机器的吸嘴均匀分布的三个孔。 </li><li>通过插入一个螺丝到各三个孔的设备连接到PVC管1-5的结束1。不要用胶水管端1连接到本机，因为连接应该是可逆的对风扇进行清理。 注意:如果在机器的吸入口的直径从这里描述的模型不同，管端1的直径应调整到无缝地机器。 </li><li>添加2层螺纹密封带至管端5和6。 </li><li>把一块金属网的软管和嘴部之间（PVC管6和7），以防止在采样网从被吸进马折角。使用金​​属纱布用0.5mM和0.5厘米网眼直径。 </li><li>连接软管管端5和6金属夹箍。 </li></ol> 2.准备采样盒<ol><li>从一个塑料桶（50升，40厘米底径）卸下底部。外壳的这种尺寸涵盖移植稻田水稻2-4丘陵，根据作物阶段24。 </li><li>附加一个尼龙网套，具有1m的长度，用橡皮筋铲斗的顶部。对于这个套筒，使用网目尺寸是足够小以防止最小的目标节肢动物的逃逸。使用直径小于0.5mm。 </li></ol>修改后的风机叶片-VAC的吸式采样3.领域中的应用<ol><li>使用两个人在现场操作设备。一人操作鼓风机-VAC和其他处理桶外壳和采样网。 </li><li>启动机器。 </li><li>插入一个采样NEŤ进入鼓风机-VAC的口部，并用橡皮筋固定。对于净，使用网目尺寸是足够小以赶上最小靶节肢动物，但不建立明显的气流阻力。使用光尼龙材料0.2-0.5毫米之间的网状直径。 </li><li>快速地放置在外壳上的植物在该领域的随机位置并推斗的底部牢固到土壤。确保套筒被关闭，以防止节肢动物从外壳的顶部逸出。 </li><li>在机箱内的一个自上而下的方式盘旋删除所有节肢动物，对于标准化的采样时间。在营养生长和生殖阶段稻米作物，使用1和2分钟取样持续时间，分别。 </li><li>完成样品后，从采样净去除橡皮筋，迅速收网，并把它拿出鼓风机-VAC的口部，并与结关闭它，同时保持机器运行。 </li><li>重复小号TEPS在为下一个样品中的字段随机位置3.2到3.5。重复的数量取决于在节肢动物的在该领域的空间分布，估计的所要求的精度和研究的目的变化。通常情况下，重复六次会给节肢动物群落和物种丰度的一个好印象。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

吸采样是许多可能的方法农作物取样节肢动物群落之一。在水稻系统科学研究，吸入取样是合适的选择，因为该方法提供节肢动物密度绝对的估计，它是非破坏性的，以及 - 在对比视觉计数 - 允许收集和购买处理的样品的存储。相比于市售的D-VAC，鼓风机-VAC更小，更轻，更容易在（水淹）稻田处理和也更容易与外壳结合起来。例如，鼓风机-VAC重约6公斤，而背包的D-VAC模型，呈现为昆虫采样的国际标准，具有重量12千克11。更重要的是，送风机-VAC的抽样效率比对D-VAC 16,17较高，而送风机-VAC的成本更低。叶鼓风机-VAC成吸入取样修改不需要特殊的技能或设备和所有其他部件已收集后不到一小时。这里描述的鼓风机-VAC是容易制作和比文献16,17先前所描述的版本进行操作，以及所需的零件（ 表1）是被广泛使用的标准的建筑材料。这使得风机-VAC还访问研究人员在发展中国家的小预算。 发动机的动力和位移确定鼓风机-VAC的抽吸力。这里向大家推荐一台机器0.7-1.2千瓦和25-35毫升，这是足够的大米抽样植物栖节肢动物群落之间的位移之间的动力。柔性塑料软管的长度和抽吸口部（配管7）的直径是一个良好的取样性能的关键。软管太长会降低吸力，而软管太短会不方便采样期间使用。同样的，具有过大的直径的口部将降低吸力，而直径太小会降低采样效率由于小面。采样效率关键取决于采样持续时间。如果采样是在整个生长季节进行的，抽样持续时间可能必须调整到工厂规模，结构和种植密度保持效率的类似水平。采样效率应该由采样后的封闭区域的仔细检查进行检查。如果仍有节肢动物目前，抽样持续时间必须增加。在营养阶段推荐的抽样持续时间为稻米作物为1分钟和在生殖和成熟阶段是2分钟。 用鼓风机-VAC吸入取样可在水田中进行，而另一种方法，如陷阱和打片采样不在积水可行的。鼓风机-VAC也可以是用于采样稻田被淹（ 例如 ，食肉水虫）的水面上节肢动物群落，由于本机能够在一些水吸吮。然而，不推荐用于采样水生节肢动物作为电动机可能停止时口部被深深地插入水中，气流被阻止运行。除了 ​​水稻，鼓风机-VAC也可以在其他作物和非作物生境中使用，只要该植物的高度和结构允许外壳25的适当位置。 我们的风机-VAC吸入采样方式是非破坏性的。在采样收集净​​值几乎所有存活的节肢动物，包括软组织如蚊子和豆娘。该方法的应用，但是，有一些局限性和缺点。鼓风机-VAC需要两个人来操作。在字段携带鼓风机-VAC会导致一些干扰，因此，这种方法可能会低估干扰敏感的物种，如蝗虫。在运动的前进方向上的相对未受干扰的区域中的外壳的快速和突然放置可以限制这种潜在的偏差。鼓风机-VAC机的巨响也可能造成干扰，因此不推荐在居民区夜间采样。该方法不适合采样高度机动飞行的昆虫，如蜻蜓目食肉或更大寄生蜂。正如任何采样的方法，该鼓风机-VAC与其他方法，如扫描净采样或植物的破坏收获的组合，可以提供节肢动物社区26的一个更完整的和平衡的评估。

需要对人口动态和物种相互作用的生态研究，包括生物控制的研究和植食性节肢动物食虫在作物的丰度和多样性的反复评估。水稻是主要的主食，由食虫节肢动物1,2生物防治的高潜力，但它可以通过杀虫剂3被打乱。水稻作物节肢动物的多样性可能会很高，而节肢动物物种占据不同的作物阶层（如地面，干，雨棚，花），中移动（ 如行走，跳跃，飞行）的方式不同和觅食策略（ 例如 ，无柄吸血昆虫，狩猎捕食者和访花授粉）4。 有一个广泛的节肢动物采样技术，各有长处和短处。例如，陷阱陷阱可用于采样地栖节肢动物，但提供活性依赖性RELA略去人口估计5,6。扫描网可用于在树冠7-9采样快速飞虫，但给节肢动物丰 ​​度相对估计。节拍片方法可以用于采样植物栖节肢动物群落并提供节肢动物丰 ​​绝对的估计，但它不能被如稻田10有效地淹没农田使用。 吸入取样，当与外壳覆盖该字段的标准化面积组合进行的，提供了植物栖节肢动物的密度的绝对估计。这种方法也可以在水淹稻田中。样品可以储存用于以后的处理和识别。该Dietrick真空（D-VAC）11是首个商业开发吸式采样。尽管D-VACS仍在广泛使用12-14，它们比较昂贵，具有有限的抽吸力15和比较重，这使得它们难以处理稻田被淹16。有田和咀香16开发的吸式采样使用汽油驱动的风机叶片-VAC，而这个原型是由多明戈和Schoenly 17进一步完善。鼓风机-VAC吸入采样相比为D-VAC作为优点在于它更便宜和更容易处理得多。 虽然鼓风机-VAC吸抽样的方法，在许多生态学研究18-23被使用，它的修改和应用的说明还没有明确说明。在这里，我们提出了一个汽油动力风机叶片-VAC在淹没稻田节肢动物种群的吸采样的修改和应用的基于视频的，详细的描述。修改是有田和咀香16和多明戈和Schoenly 17启发，但设计一直是进一步简化相比，这些原始的出版物，促进建设和使用。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Machine&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Leaf blower-vac</td><td>We used Oleo-Mac BV300, Made in Italy</td><td>Power: 1.0 kW, Displacement: 30.5 cc, Max air volume: 720 m&amp;sup3;/hr, Max air speed: 70 m/sec, Weight: 4.5 kg, Diameter of suction mouth: 113&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>There are many different brands and models available. For comparable performance, the specifications concerning power and air speed should be similar to those presented here.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Additional parts for modification&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 1</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash; of end connected to the machine: 112 mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of end connected to PVC pipe 2: 110 mm</td><td>This is the cover of a &amp;oslash; 110 mm PVC pipe</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 2</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 110 mm, Length: 10 cm</td><td>Normal outer &amp;oslash; 110 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 1 and 3</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 3</td><td></td><td>Inner &amp;oslash; of big end: 110 mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of small end: 50 mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 110 mm to &amp;oslash; 50&amp;nbsp;mm downpipe reducer</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 4</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 50 mm, Length: 5&amp;nbsp;cm</td><td>Normal &amp;oslash; 50 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 3 and 5</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 5</td><td></td><td>Inner &amp;oslash;: 50 mm and 32&amp;nbsp;mm, Outer &amp;oslash; of small part: 38 mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 50 mm to &amp;oslash; 32 mm downpipe reducer</td></tr><tr><td>Hose</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 40 mm</td><td>Wire-fortified, flexible plastic hose&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Metal gauze</td><td></td><td>Mesh &amp;oslash;: 1 mm, &amp;oslash;: 60 mm</td><td>Prevent the sampling net from being sucked into the machine</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 6</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash; of small end: 38&amp;nbsp;mm, Inner &amp;oslash; of big end: 63&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>PVC &amp;oslash; 32 mm to &amp;oslash; 63 mm reducer</td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe 7</td><td></td><td>Outer &amp;oslash;: 63 mm, Length: 25 cm</td><td>Normal outer &amp;oslash; 63&amp;nbsp;mm PVC pipe</td></tr><tr><td>U-PVC glue</td><td></td><td></td><td>U-PVC glue; to connect PVC parts</td></tr><tr><td>Metal clamp hoops (2)</td><td>Flexible between &amp;oslash; 35 mm - 51 mm</td><td>To connect the hose with the PVC pipes</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thread seal tape</td><td>Width: 18mm</td><td>Seal the hose-PVC connections</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Screws (3)</td><td></td><td>Length: 25&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>To connect PVC pipe 1 with the suction mouth of the machine</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Sampling net and enclosure&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sampling net</td><td>Mesh size &amp;oslash;: 0.3 mm, Width of the mouth: 10&amp;nbsp;cm, Height: 30 cm</td><td>The sampling net has a conical shape.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bucket</td><td></td><td>Bottom &amp;oslash;: 40 cm, Volume: 50 L</td><td>Cut the bottom</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon sleeve</td><td></td><td>Mesh size &amp;oslash;: 0.3 mm, Length: 1 m</td><td>To cover the bucket as enclosure</td></tr></tbody></table>

modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for field sampling of arthropods

稻田节肢动物举办一个大型的多样性，但调查其种群动态和互动是具有挑战性的。在这里，我们描述了一个吹叶机-VAC对水稻节肢动物人口抽样吸的修改和应用。当与外壳使用时，该取样装置的应用提供了节肢动物按照标准化取样区号码的种群的绝对估计。采样效率关键取决于采样持续时间。在成熟的水稻作物，在0.13米2的外壳两分钟取样得到90％以上的节肢动物种群。该装置还允许节肢动物栖居的水面或在稻田土壤上的取样，但它不适合用于采样快速飞虫，例如掠夺蜻蜓目或更大的寄生蜂。修改后的风机-VAC是简单的构造，更便宜和更容易处理比传统的吸sampli纳克设备，如D-VAC。成本低廉，使修改后的风机-VAC也接触到发展中国家的研究人员。

<html>共有295节肢动物收集来自江西省，中国，成熟阶段水稻作物8三分钟的风机-VAC样本在2015年九月确定相对产量之间的关系（节肢动物的比例收集样品中）和采样时间，每个样本被分成的每个30秒六个子样品。每个样品的个体的平均数为36.9±4.1（平均值±SEM）。共有八名节肢动物订单被发现了，用半翅目（28.8％），蜘蛛（27.5％），双翅目（17.6％）占主导地位（ 图1）。相对产率，表示为收集的节肢动物的数量三分钟之后的百分比，为52.9％±5.1，92.4％±1.9和97.3％±0.9 30秒后，2和2.5分，分别（ 图2）。 <html> 5 / 54655fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图1. 物种组成（在订单一级）南昌市江西省郊区节肢动物样本，中国。八个样品采取每三分钟一个鼓风机-VAC。误差棒代表平均值的标准差。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2.jpg" /> 图2.累积相对产率，为以每个30秒子样本总的采样持续时间的函数。收集到节肢动物的总数的三分钟取样持续时间设定为100％。没有节肢动物在最后一次风机-VAC样本之后，在目视检查发现。误差棒代表八个三分钟样品平均值的标准误差。="htt​​ps://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods at JoVE.com

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

作物节肢动物丰评估是调查人口动态和物种相互作用的关键。在这里，我们描述了一个吹叶机-VAC对水稻节肢动物吸采样的修改和应用。

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

modification-application-leaf-blower-vac-for-field-sampling

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.7K 次观看.  Wageningen University. 作物节肢动物丰评估是调查人口动态和物种相互作用的关键。在这里，我们描述了一个吹叶机-VAC对水稻节肢动物吸采样的修改和应用。 

视频: Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

技术树内组织学习节肢动物和微生物群落

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

科研

环境科学

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with more than 150 of economic value. It is a major pest of greenhouse crops, especially in Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae (e.g., tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini) and greenhouse ornamentals (e.g., roses, chrysanthemum, carnations), annual field crops (such as maize, cotton, soybean, and sugar beet), and in perennial cultures (alfalfa, strawberries, grapes, citruses, and plums)1,2. In addition to the extreme polyphagy that makes it an important agricultural pest, T. urticae has a tendency to develop resistance to a wide array of insecticides and acaricides that are used for its control3-7.
T. urticae is an excellent experimental organism, as it has a rapid life cycle (7 days at 27 &#176;C) and can be easily maintained at high density in the laboratory. Methods to assay gene expression (including in situ hybridization and antibody staining) and to inactivate expression of spider mite endogenous genes using RNA interference have been developed8-10. Recently, the whole genome sequence of T. urticae has been reported, creating an opportunity to develop this pest herbivore as a model organism with equivalent genomic resources that already exist in some of its host plants (Arabidopsis thaliana and the&#160;tomato Solanum lycopersicum)11. Together, these&#160;model organisms could provide insights into molecular bases of plant-pest interactions.
Here, an efficient method for quick and easy collection of a large number of adult female mites, their application on an experimental plant host, and the assessment of the plant damage due to spider mite feeding are described. The presented protocol enables fast and efficient collection of hundreds of individuals at any developmental stage (eggs, larvae, nymphs, adult males, and females) that can be used for subsequent experimental application.

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

Protocols for efficient preparation of homogenous samples of spider mites, infestation of experimental plants, and assessment of plant damage, as required for studies of plant-pest interaction were developed.

二斑叶螨的应用<em&gt;二斑叶螨</em&gt;植物病虫害的相互作用研究

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with ...

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX<em&gt;原位</em&gt;颗粒物与测量溶解的化合物加工后主动悬挂给料机

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

真菌 DNA 分析用职业空气标本的收集与提取

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

不同环境条件下生物气溶胶的组成及分布分析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Quantifying Corticolous Arthropods Using Sticky Traps

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimate of density requires a method with high detection probability and a consistent sampling area. We used manufactured sticky traps to compare abundance, total length (a surrogate for biomass), richness, and Shannon diversity of corticolous arthropods among the boles of 5 tree species. Efficacy of this method was adequate to detect variation in corticolous arthropods among tree species and provide a standard error of the mean that was &#60;20% of the mean for all estimates with sample sizes from 7 to 15 individual trees of each species. Our results indicate, even with these moderate sample sizes, the level of precision of arthropod community metrics produced with this approach is adequate to address most ecological questions regarding temporal and spatial variation in corticolous arthropods. Results from this method differ from other quantitative approaches such as chemical knockdown, visual inspection, and funnel traps in that they provide an indication of corticolous arthropod activity over a relatively long-term, better including temporary bole residents, flying arthropods that temporarily land on the tree bole and crawling arthropods that use the tree bole as a travel route from the ground to higher forest foliage. Furthermore, we believe that commercially manufactured sticky traps provide more precise estimates and are logistically simpler than the previously described method of directly applying a sticky material to tree bark or applying a sticky material to tape or other type of backing and applying that to the tree bark.

We describe a semi-quantitative approach of measuring characteristics of corticolous (bark-dwelling) arthropod communities. We placed commercially manufactured sticky traps on tree boles to estimate abundance, total length (a surrogate to biomass), richness, and Shannon diversity for comparison among tree species.

使用粘性陷阱量化皮质节肢动物

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimate of density ...

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive sampling of flying insects have a poor temporal resolution because it is time-consuming, costly and/or logistically difficult to perform. Effective sampling of flying insects attracted to artificial light at night (ALAN) requires sampling at user-defined time points (nighttime only) across well-replicated sites resulting in major time and labor-intensive survey effort or expensive automated technologies. Described here is a low-cost automated intercept trap that requires no specialist equipment or skills to construct and operate, making it a viable option for studies that require temporal sub-sampling across multiple sites. The trap can be used to address a wide range of other ecological questions that require a greater temporal and spatial scale than is feasible with previous trap technology.

To study the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on nocturnal flying insects, sampling needs to be confined to nighttime. The protocol describes a low-cost automated flight intercept trap that allows researchers to sample at user-defined periods with increased replication.

一种低成本自动飞行拦截陷阱，用于夜间被人造光吸引的飞虫进行时间子采样

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive ...

Electroantennographic Bioassay as a Screening Tool for Host Plant Volatiles

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host plant.1,2 When a host plant is an important agronomic commodity feeding damage by insect pests can inflict serious economic losses to growers. Accordingly, kairomones can be used as attractants to lure or confuse these insects and, thus, offer an environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides for insect control.3 Unfortunately, plants can emit a vast number volatiles with varying compositions and ratios of emissions dependent upon the phenology of the commodity or the time of day. This makes identification of biologically active components or blends of volatile components an arduous process. To help identify the bioactive components of host plant volatile emissions we employ the laboratory-based screening bioassay electroantennography (EAG). EAG is an effective tool to evaluate and record electrophysiologically the olfactory responses of an insect via their antennal receptors. The EAG screening process can help reduce the number of volatiles tested to identify promising bioactive components. However, EAG bioassays only provide information about activation of receptors. It does not provide information about the type of insect behavior the compound elicits; which could be as an attractant, repellent or other type of behavioral response. Volatiles eliciting a significant response by EAG, relative to an appropriate positive control, are typically taken on to further testing of behavioral responses of the insect pest. The experimental design presented will detail the methodology employed to screen almond-based host plant volatiles4,5 by measurement of the electrophysiological antennal responses of an adult insect pest navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) to single components and simple blends of components via EAG bioassay. The method utilizes two excised antennae placed across a "fork" electrode holder. The protocol demonstrated here presents a rapid, high-throughput standardized method for screening volatiles. Each volatile is at a set, constant amount as to standardize the stimulus level and thus allow antennal responses to be indicative of the relative chemoreceptivity. The negative control helps eliminate the electrophysiological response to both residual solvent and mechanical force of the puff. The positive control (in this instance acetophenone) is a single compound that has elicited a consistent response from male and female navel orangeworm (NOW) moth. An additional semiochemical standard that provides consistent response and is used for bioassay studies with the male NOW moth is (Z,Z)-11,13-hexdecadienal, an aldehyde component from the female-produced sex pheromone.6-8

A method to rapidly screen host plant volatiles by measurement of the electrophysiological response of adult navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) antennae to single components and blends via electroantennographic analysis is demonstrated.

作为寄主植物挥发物的筛选工具electroantennographic生物活性

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host ...