The investigations were financially supported by the Division for Earth and Life Sciences of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant 833.13.004), the Sci-Tech Landing Projection of Higher Education of Jiangxi Province (KJLD14030) and The Cultivation Plan for Young Scientists of Jiangxi Province (Jinggang star 20153BCB23014). We thank Daomeng Fu, Zhigang Li and Xiaolong Huang for their help in producing the movie.

1.吹叶机，真空吸式采样的修改<ol><li>收集的材料清单列出的所有部件。 </li><li>连接所有的聚氯乙烯（PVC）管道用未增塑聚氯乙烯（PVC-U）胶（管道1-2-3-4-5和6-7）。 </li><li>钻被周围的机器的吸嘴均匀分布的三个孔。 </li><li>通过插入一个螺丝到各三个孔的设备连接到PVC管1-5的结束1。不要用胶水管端1连接到本机，因为连接应该是可逆的对风扇进行清理。 注意:如果在机器的吸入口的直径从这里描述的模型不同，管端1的直径应调整到无缝地机器。 </li><li>添加2层螺纹密封带至管端5和6。 </li><li>把一块金属网的软管和嘴部之间（PVC管6和7），以防止在采样网从被吸进马折角。使用金​​属纱布用0.5mM和0.5厘米网眼直径。 </li><li>连接软管管端5和6金属夹箍。 </li></ol> 2.准备采样盒<ol><li>从一个塑料桶（50升，40厘米底径）卸下底部。外壳的这种尺寸涵盖移植稻田水稻2-4丘陵，根据作物阶段24。 </li><li>附加一个尼龙网套，具有1m的长度，用橡皮筋铲斗的顶部。对于这个套筒，使用网目尺寸是足够小以防止最小的目标节肢动物的逃逸。使用直径小于0.5mm。 </li></ol>修改后的风机叶片-VAC的吸式采样3.领域中的应用<ol><li>使用两个人在现场操作设备。一人操作鼓风机-VAC和其他处理桶外壳和采样网。 </li><li>启动机器。 </li><li>插入一个采样NEŤ进入鼓风机-VAC的口部，并用橡皮筋固定。对于净，使用网目尺寸是足够小以赶上最小靶节肢动物，但不建立明显的气流阻力。使用光尼龙材料0.2-0.5毫米之间的网状直径。 </li><li>快速地放置在外壳上的植物在该领域的随机位置并推斗的底部牢固到土壤。确保套筒被关闭，以防止节肢动物从外壳的顶部逸出。 </li><li>在机箱内的一个自上而下的方式盘旋删除所有节肢动物，对于标准化的采样时间。在营养生长和生殖阶段稻米作物，使用1和2分钟取样持续时间，分别。 </li><li>完成样品后，从采样净去除橡皮筋，迅速收网，并把它拿出鼓风机-VAC的口部，并与结关闭它，同时保持机器运行。 </li><li>重复小号TEPS在为下一个样品中的字段随机位置3.2到3.5。重复的数量取决于在节肢动物的在该领域的空间分布，估计的所要求的精度和研究的目的变化。通常情况下，重复六次会给节肢动物群落和物种丰度的一个好印象。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

吸采样是许多可能的方法农作物取样节肢动物群落之一。在水稻系统科学研究，吸入取样是合适的选择，因为该方法提供节肢动物密度绝对的估计，它是非破坏性的，以及 - 在对比视觉计数 - 允许收集和购买处理的样品的存储。相比于市售的D-VAC，鼓风机-VAC更小，更轻，更容易在（水淹）稻田处理和也更容易与外壳结合起来。例如，鼓风机-VAC重约6公斤，而背包的D-VAC模型，呈现为昆虫采样的国际标准，具有重量12千克11。更重要的是，送风机-VAC的抽样效率比对D-VAC 16,17较高，而送风机-VAC的成本更低。叶鼓风机-VAC成吸入取样修改不需要特殊的技能或设备和所有其他部件已收集后不到一小时。这里描述的鼓风机-VAC是容易制作和比文献16,17先前所描述的版本进行操作，以及所需的零件（ 表1）是被广泛使用的标准的建筑材料。这使得风机-VAC还访问研究人员在发展中国家的小预算。 发动机的动力和位移确定鼓风机-VAC的抽吸力。这里向大家推荐一台机器0.7-1.2千瓦和25-35毫升，这是足够的大米抽样植物栖节肢动物群落之间的位移之间的动力。柔性塑料软管的长度和抽吸口部（配管7）的直径是一个良好的取样性能的关键。软管太长会降低吸力，而软管太短会不方便采样期间使用。同样的，具有过大的直径的口部将降低吸力，而直径太小会降低采样效率由于小面。采样效率关键取决于采样持续时间。如果采样是在整个生长季节进行的，抽样持续时间可能必须调整到工厂规模，结构和种植密度保持效率的类似水平。采样效率应该由采样后的封闭区域的仔细检查进行检查。如果仍有节肢动物目前，抽样持续时间必须增加。在营养阶段推荐的抽样持续时间为稻米作物为1分钟和在生殖和成熟阶段是2分钟。 用鼓风机-VAC吸入取样可在水田中进行，而另一种方法，如陷阱和打片采样不在积水可行的。鼓风机-VAC也可以是用于采样稻田被淹（ 例如 ，食肉水虫）的水面上节肢动物群落，由于本机能够在一些水吸吮。然而，不推荐用于采样水生节肢动物作为电动机可能停止时口部被深深地插入水中，气流被阻止运行。除了 ​​水稻，鼓风机-VAC也可以在其他作物和非作物生境中使用，只要该植物的高度和结构允许外壳25的适当位置。 我们的风机-VAC吸入采样方式是非破坏性的。在采样收集净​​值几乎所有存活的节肢动物，包括软组织如蚊子和豆娘。该方法的应用，但是，有一些局限性和缺点。鼓风机-VAC需要两个人来操作。在字段携带鼓风机-VAC会导致一些干扰，因此，这种方法可能会低估干扰敏感的物种，如蝗虫。在运动的前进方向上的相对未受干扰的区域中的外壳的快速和突然放置可以限制这种潜在的偏差。鼓风机-VAC机的巨响也可能造成干扰，因此不推荐在居民区夜间采样。该方法不适合采样高度机动飞行的昆虫，如蜻蜓目食肉或更大寄生蜂。正如任何采样的方法，该鼓风机-VAC与其他方法，如扫描净采样或植物的破坏收获的组合，可以提供节肢动物社区26的一个更完整的和平衡的评估。

需要对人口动态和物种相互作用的生态研究，包括生物控制的研究和植食性节肢动物食虫在作物的丰度和多样性的反复评估。水稻是主要的主食，由食虫节肢动物1,2生物防治的高潜力，但它可以通过杀虫剂3被打乱。水稻作物节肢动物的多样性可能会很高，而节肢动物物种占据不同的作物阶层（如地面，干，雨棚，花），中移动（ 如行走，跳跃，飞行）的方式不同和觅食策略（ 例如 ，无柄吸血昆虫，狩猎捕食者和访花授粉）4。 有一个广泛的节肢动物采样技术，各有长处和短处。例如，陷阱陷阱可用于采样地栖节肢动物，但提供活性依赖性RELA略去人口估计5,6。扫描网可用于在树冠7-9采样快速飞虫，但给节肢动物丰 ​​度相对估计。节拍片方法可以用于采样植物栖节肢动物群落并提供节肢动物丰 ​​绝对的估计，但它不能被如稻田10有效地淹没农田使用。 吸入取样，当与外壳覆盖该字段的标准化面积组合进行的，提供了植物栖节肢动物的密度的绝对估计。这种方法也可以在水淹稻田中。样品可以储存用于以后的处理和识别。该Dietrick真空（D-VAC）11是首个商业开发吸式采样。尽管D-VACS仍在广泛使用12-14，它们比较昂贵，具有有限的抽吸力15和比较重，这使得它们难以处理稻田被淹16。有田和咀香16开发的吸式采样使用汽油驱动的风机叶片-VAC，而这个原型是由多明戈和Schoenly 17进一步完善。鼓风机-VAC吸入采样相比为D-VAC作为优点在于它更便宜和更容易处理得多。 虽然鼓风机-VAC吸抽样的方法，在许多生态学研究18-23被使用，它的修改和应用的说明还没有明确说明。在这里，我们提出了一个汽油动力风机叶片-VAC在淹没稻田节肢动物种群的吸采样的修改和应用的基于视频的，详细的描述。修改是有田和咀香16和多明戈和Schoenly 17启发，但设计一直是进一步简化相比，这些原始的出版物，促进建设和使用。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Machine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leaf blower-vac</td>
			<td>We used Oleo-Mac BV300, Made in Italy</td>
			<td>Power: 1.0 kW, Displacement: 30.5 cc, Max air volume: 720 m&#179;/h, Max air speed: 70 m/sec, Weight: 4.5 kg, Diameter of suction mouth: 113 mm&#160;</td>
			<td>There are many different brands and models available. For comparable performance, the specifications concerning power and air speed should be similar to those presented here.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Additional parts for modification</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248; of end connected to the machine: 112 mm, Inner &#248; of end connected to PVC pipe 2: 110 mm</td>
			<td>This is the cover of a &#248; 110 mm PVC pipe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 110 mm, Length: 10 cm</td>
			<td>Normal outer &#248; 110 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 1 and 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inner &#248; of big end: 110 mm, Inner &#248; of small end: 50 mm</td>
			<td>PVC &#248; 110 mm to &#248; 50 mm downpipe reducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 4</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 50 mm, Length: 5 cm</td>
			<td>Normal &#248; 50 mm PVC pipe; to connect PVC pipe 3 and 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inner &#248;: 50 mm and 32 mm, Outer &#248; of small part: 38 mm</td>
			<td>PVC &#248; 50 mm to &#248; 32 mm downpipe reducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 40 mm</td>
			<td>Wire-fortified, flexible plastic hose&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal gauze</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mesh &#248;: 1 mm, &#248;: 60 mm</td>
			<td>Prevent the sampling net from being sucked into the machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 6</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248; of small end: 38 mm, Inner &#248; of big end: 63 mm</td>
			<td>PVC &#248; 32 mm to &#248; 63 mm reducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe 7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer &#248;: 63 mm, Length: 25 cm</td>
			<td>Normal outer &#248; 63mm PVC pipe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-PVC glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>U-PVC glue; to connect PVC parts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Metal clamp hoops (2)</td>
			<td>Flexible between &#248; 35 mm - 51 mm</td>
			<td>To connect the hose with the PVC pipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Thread seal tape</td>
			<td>Width: 18mm</td>
			<td>Seal the hose-PVC connections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screws (3)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Length: 25mm</td>
			<td>To connect PVC pipe 1 with the suction mouth of the machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Sampling net and enclosure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Sampling net</td>
			<td>Mesh size &#248;: 0.3 mm, Width of the mouth: 10 cm, Height: 30 cm</td>
			<td>The sampling net has a conical shape.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bucket</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bottom &#248;: 40 cm, Volume: 50 L</td>
			<td>Cut the bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon sleeve</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mesh size &#248;: 0.3 mm, Length: 1 m</td>
			<td>To cover the bucket as enclosure</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for field sampling of arthropods

稻田节肢动物举办一个大型的多样性，但调查其种群动态和互动是具有挑战性的。在这里，我们描述了一个吹叶机-VAC对水稻节肢动物人口抽样吸的修改和应用。当与外壳使用时，该取样装置的应用提供了节肢动物按照标准化取样区号码的种群的绝对估计。采样效率关键取决于采样持续时间。在成熟的水稻作物，在0.13米2的外壳两分钟取样得到90％以上的节肢动物种群。该装置还允许节肢动物栖居的水面或在稻田土壤上的取样，但它不适合用于采样快速飞虫，例如掠夺蜻蜓目或更大的寄生蜂。修改后的风机-VAC是简单的构造，更便宜和更容易处理比传统的吸sampli纳克设备，如D-VAC。成本低廉，使修改后的风机-VAC也接触到发展中国家的研究人员。

<html>共有295节肢动物收集来自江西省，中国，成熟阶段水稻作物8三分钟的风机-VAC样本在2015年九月确定相对产量之间的关系（节肢动物的比例收集样品中）和采样时间，每个样本被分成的每个30秒六个子样品。每个样品的个体的平均数为36.9±4.1（平均值±SEM）。共有八名节肢动物订单被发现了，用半翅目（28.8％），蜘蛛（27.5％），双翅目（17.6％）占主导地位（ 图1）。相对产率，表示为收集的节肢动物的数量三分钟之后的百分比，为52.9％±5.1，92.4％±1.9和97.3％±0.9 30秒后，2和2.5分，分别（ 图2）。 <html> 5 / 54655fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图1. 物种组成（在订单一级）南昌市江西省郊区节肢动物样本，中国。八个样品采取每三分钟一个鼓风机-VAC。误差棒代表平均值的标准差。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2.jpg" /> 图2.累积相对产率，为以每个30秒子样本总的采样持续时间的函数。收集到节肢动物的总数的三分钟取样持续时间设定为100％。没有节肢动物在最后一次风机-VAC样本之后，在目视检查发现。误差棒代表八个三分钟样品平均值的标准误差。="htt​​ps://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54655/54655fig2large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods at JoVE.com

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

作物节肢动物丰评估是调查人口动态和物种相互作用的关键。在这里，我们描述了一个吹叶机-VAC对水稻节肢动物吸采样的修改和应用。

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

modification-application-leaf-blower-vac-for-field-sampling

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.7K 次观看.  Wageningen University. 作物节肢动物丰评估是调查人口动态和物种相互作用的关键。在这里，我们描述了一个吹叶机-VAC对水稻节肢动物吸采样的修改和应用。 

视频: Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

科研

环境科学

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to two families: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Until now, more than 70 species have been described in the Steinernematidae and there are about 20 species in the Heterorhabditidae. The nematodes have a mutualistic partnership with Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and together they act as a potent insecticidal complex that kills a wide range of insect species.
Herein, we focus on the most common techniques considered for collecting EPN from soil. The second part of this presentation focuses on the insect-baiting technique, a widely used approach for the isolation of EPN from soil samples, and the modified White trap technique which is used for the recovery of these nematodes from infected insects. These methods and techniques are key steps for the successful establishment of EPN cultures in the laboratory and also form the basis for other bioassays that consider these nematodes as model organisms for research in other biological disciplines. The techniques shown in this presentation correspond to those performed and/or designed by members of S. P. Stock laboratory as well as those described by various authors.

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae

Entomopathogenic nematodes are soil-inhabiting roundworms that parasitize a wide range of insects. We demonstrate sampling methods used for the isolation of these nematodes from the soil using two techniques: the insect baiting and the modified White trap, for the recovery of nematodes from soil samples and infected insect cadavers, respectively.

土壤采样及昆虫病原线虫的分离（Steine​​rnematidae，异小）

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Administering and Detecting Protein Marks on Arthropods for Dispersal Research

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ecological interactions. Arthropods are usually tracked in nature by tagging them with a unique mark and then re-collecting them over time and space to determine their dispersal capabilities. In addition to actual physical tags, such as colored dust or paint, various types of proteins have proven very effective for marking arthropods for ecological research. Proteins can be administered internally and/or externally. The proteins can then be detected on recaptured arthropods with a protein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here we describe protocols for externally and internally tagging arthropods with protein. Two simple experimental examples are demonstrated: (1) an internal protein mark introduced to an insect by providing a protein-enriched diet and (2) an external protein mark topically applied to an insect using a medical nebulizer. We then relate a step-by-step guide of the sandwich and indirect ELISA methods used to detect protein marks on the insects. In this demonstration, various aspects of the acquisition and detection of protein markers on arthropods for mark-release-recapture, mark-capture, and self-mark-capture types of research are discussed, along with the various ways that the immunomarking procedure has been adapted to suit a wide variety of research objectives.

Proteins are often used to mark arthropods for dispersal research. Methods for administering internal and external protein marks on arthropods are demonstrated. Protein mark detection techniques, either through indirect or sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), are also illustrated.

管理和检测蛋白标记的节肢动物的扩散研究

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

对于在野外条件下评估种子萌发，休眠和死亡率可靠的方法

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water quality. However, commercially available incubators are often costly, difficult to transport, not flexible in terms of volume, and/or poorly adapted to local field conditions where access to electricity is unreliable. The purpose of this study was to develop an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator that can be constructed using readily available components. The electronic core of the incubator was first developed. These components were then tested under a range of ambient temperature conditions (3.5 &#176;C - 39 &#176;C) using three types of incubator shells (polystyrene foam box, hard cooler box, and cardboard box covered with a survival blanket). The electronic core showed comparable performance to a standard laboratory incubator in terms of the time required to reach the set temperature, inner temperature stability and spatial dispersion, power consumption, and microbial growth. The incubator set-ups were also effective at moderate and low ambient temperatures (between 3.5 &#176;C and 27 &#176;C), and at high temperatures (39 &#176;C) when the incubator set temperature was higher. This incubator prototype is low-cost (&lt; 300 USD) and adaptable to a variety of materials and volumes. Its demountable structure makes it easy to transport. It can be used in both established laboratories with grid power or in remote settings powered by solar energy or a car battery. It is particularly useful as an equipment option for field laboratories in areas with limited access to resources for water quality monitoring.

This paper describes a method for building an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator for microbial testing of drinking water. Our design is based on widely available materials and can operate under a range of field conditions, while still offering the advantages of higher-end laboratory-based models.

建造供野外和实验室使用的低成本移动孵化器

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems are often large and bulky, making transport to the field and operation at the source of emission or within the breathing zone difficult. Through miniaturization of these systems, the lab can be brought to the field, expediting processing time and providing a more appropriate exposure method that does not alter the aerosol prior to contacting the cells. The Portable In vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) adapts a 37 mm filter cassette to allow for in vitro toxicity testing outside of a traditional laboratory setting. The PIVEC was characterized using three sizes of copper nanoparticles to determine deposition efficiency based on gravimetric and particle number concentration analysis. Initial cytotoxicity experiments were performed with exposed lung cells to determine the ability of the system to deposit particles while maintaining cell viability. The PIVEC provides a similar or increased deposition efficiency when comparing to available perpendicular flow in vitro exposure devices. Despite the lower sample throughput, the small size gives some advantages to the current in vitro ALI exposure systems. These include the ability to be worn for personal monitoring, mobility from the laboratory to the source of emission, and the option to set-up multiple systems for spatial resolution while maintaining a lower user cost. The PIVEC is a system capable of collecting aerosols in the field and within the breathing zone onto an air-interfaced, in vitro model.

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

Here, we present a protocol to perform portable cellular aerosol exposures and measure cellular response. The method uses cells, grown at the air-liquid interface, mimicking in vivo physiology. Cellular response to copper nanoparticle aerosols was observed as oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species generation and cytotoxicity as lactate dehydrogenase release.

一种用于气溶胶取样的新型便携式体外曝光盒

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...

Sampling for Estimating Frankliniella Species Flower Thrips and Orius Species Predators in Field Experiments

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. The extensive use of insecticides in attempts to control its populations eliminates natural enemies and competitor flower thrips species, thereby increasing its populations. An unsustainable situation develops with concomitant resistant pest populations, secondary pest outbreaks, and environmental degradation. Integrated pest management utilizes knowledge of pest and natural enemy relationships to implement tactics that are environmentally friendly and sustainable. Minute pirate bugs are the most important worldwide predators of thrips. They can suppress and ultimately control Frankliniella species flower thrips. Flower samples taken at least weekly are needed to understand predator-prey dynamics. Shown here is the sampling of the flowers of fruiting vegetables and companion plants to estimate the densities of individual thrips and minute pirate bug species. Representative data illustrates how the protocol is used to determine the efficacy of management tactics over time and how to evaluate the benefits of predation by minute pirate bugs. The sampling protocol is similarly adaptable to sampling thrips and minute pirate bugs in other plant species hosts.

Sampling for Estimating Frankliniella Species Flower Thrips and Orius Species Predators in Field Experiments

Presented here is a protocol to determine the number of thrips and minute pirate bug predators in crops over multiple dates in field experiments. Also illustrated is how to determine the efficacy of management tactics against thrips and evaluate the benefits of predation by minute pirate bugs.

现场实验中估计富兰克林菌种花纹和奥里乌斯物种捕食者的取样

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. The extensive use of insecticides ...