Parts of this work have been supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) via grants 1515/1-2 and 1515/6-1 to Ingrid Scharlau.

注:在这个协议的某些步骤可以在http://groups.upb.de/viat/TVATOJ使用提供（连同安装说明）定制软件来实现。在该协议的程序和脚本这个集合被称为"TVATOJ"。 1.刺激材料选择<ol><li> 根据研究问题选择刺激。 注意:一般来说，两个目标在屏幕上的不同位置显示。已经使用用本发明的方法刺激包括，例如，形状，数字，字母，单身在弹出显示，并且在自然图像中的对象。后三种是在这个协议中。 注意:几个不同的刺激类型都包含在TOJ插件（"psylab_toj_stimulus"设置有TVATOJ）用于实验助洗剂OPENSESAME 12。 </li><li>当创建新的刺激的类型，确保intere的属性ST必须通过他们在这里感兴趣的属性自动编码任务或者选择重要的刺激进行编码的判断（ 例如 ，在弹出的显示器单身）。 </li></ol> 2.功耗估算和规划<ol><li> 通过模拟数据集选择的模型，计划设计（SOA分布和重复），样本大小和虚拟参数进行贝叶斯功率分析。估计它是否是可能达到的研究目的（例如，在参数一定差异）。如果功率是不够的，通过增加或移位的SOA或重复改变设计并重复分析。 <ol><li>使用提供TVATOJ软件，打开并编辑脚本"EXP1-power.R"。按照文件中的注释来调整它的具体分析。有关贝叶斯功耗估计一般信息，请参阅Kruschke 13。 </li></ol></li></ol> &lt;p系列="jove_title"&gt; 3。规范或实验的编程<ol><li> 使用一个实验制造商或心理呈现库来实现试验。 <ol><li>要使用TVATOJ提供的OPENSESAME TOJ插件，拖动"psylab_toj_stimulus"插件安装到试验演示循环。另外，打开OPENSESAME"简单toj.osexp"示例实验。 </li><li>选择从psylab_toj_stimulus配置中的下拉菜单"刺激类型"中选择所需的刺激类型。按照TVATOJ的说明，如果需要添加新的刺激的类型。 </li></ol></li><li> 如下面的步骤所述指定的审判。 <ol><li>对于每一个实验条件下，建立与计划的SOA试验。当使用psylab_toj_stimulus插件和OPENSESAME，添加所有不同的因素作为变量审判环（ 如 "SOA"）。 </li><li>行添加到表来实现所有因素的组合（ 例如 ，七SOA中，从-100到100毫秒，越过与实验条件的"关注"和"中性"）。调整环的"重复"的属性来创建足够重复（参见用于确定的SOA的分布和重复协议步骤2）。 注意:典型地，至多800试验可以在一小时内被呈现。如果需要更多的重复，考虑拆分实验分成几个会议。确保循环的"订单式"属性在运行实验前设置为"随机"。 </li><li>在psylab_toj_stimulus插件配置，添加占位符（ 如 "[SOA]"）在各自领域的各种因素。在未变化的因素的字段中输入常数值。 注:运行实验前，确保精确的计时保证。如果有更新的显示器适当的时机行为未经过验证，使用CRT显示器和与垂直回扫信号12同步。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.实验步骤<ol><li> 欢迎和参与者简报 <ol><li>欢迎与会者，并告知他们有关实验（计算机为基础的感知实验）的一般形式。告知实验的预期持续时间的参与者。获得参与者的知情同意参加该试验。 </li><li>确保参与者显示正常或矫正到正常视力（最好通过开展短视力检查）。一些缺陷，如色盲，是可以容忍的，如果他们不与特定类型的刺激物质的研究问题干扰。 </li><li>提供该实验进行了一个安静的展位。调整椅子，下巴休息，键盘位置，等等，确保为experime最佳观看效果和反应条件NT。 </li><li>让参与者知道该实验需要注意和精神集中和可疲劳。问他们在需要时采取短暂的休息。它是，但是，同样重要的是不要在强烈的注意力应变执行这些简单的任务。告诉与会代表，它是好的，使一些错误。 </li></ol></li><li> 指导和热身 <ol><li>该任务现在屏幕上的说明，详细呈现序列和响应收集程序。告诉参与者的任务是报告中的目标到达，并认为这将是一些试验困难的顺序。请参与者报告他们的第一印象时，他们不能告诉秩序肯定的，让自己有没有这样的印象，在所有这些猜测。 注意:在这里使用的二进制TOJs，没有选项来指示同时发生的感知。为了避免过多的猜测，不指出与捷联惯试验的存在ltaneously提出的目标明确。让这些仅仅是与上述的说明困难试验。 </li><li>为了避免在试验期间眼球运动，要求学员注视这是在屏幕中间显示一个标志。请他们在下巴休息一下休息他们的头。 </li><li>请参与者在必要时采取短暂的休息。让他们知道符被允许时，当必须避免它们（ 例如 ，在视标显现和响应之前）。 </li><li>包括短期培训，参与者可以习惯的任务。为此，目前的实验性试验的随机子集（见协议步骤3.2）。 注:由于任务本身是相当简单的，十几二十试验通常就足够了。它可以是有利的，以增加参与者的在其在此任务性能的信心。这可以通过放慢介绍和提供反馈来实现。 </li><li>获得参与者的confirmati在他们理解了任务（让他们解释），他们有没有其他问题。 </li></ol></li><li> 运行的主要实验 <ol><li>让实验软件启动与主要试验的演示。离开主实验展位。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5. TOJ数据的基于模型的分析<ol><li>原始数据文件转换为为每SOA"探测第一"的判断计数。例如，运行脚本"os2toj.py"提供TVATOJ。 </li><li>运行贝叶斯估计程序来估计主要参数W p和C中，衍生的那些v p和V R和参数的差异。为了这个目的，运行脚本根据文件中提供的说明编辑后"磨合evaluation.R"。 </li><li>当采样已经完成，为研究问题感兴趣的差异进行评估。为例ES可在以下章节找到。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本文中的协议描述如何进行简单TOJs，适合基于基本刺激编码模型的数据。三个实验演示了如何的结果可以以分层贝叶斯估计的框架进行评估，以评估的关注高度不同的物质刺激的影响。在显着弹出式显示屏导致增加的注意权重。此外，增加的重量估计在自然图像行动空间物体。然而，由于当空间关系被示出上下颠倒这样的图像干扰的持续优势，它很可能是另一个地方注意力益处导致重量增加。外...

注意如何分布在空间和时间是在人类视觉感知的最重要的因素之一。 ，捕捉，因为他们的醒目或重要性的关注对象通常处理速度更快，精度更高。在行为研究等性能优势已被证明在各种实验范式。例如，分配注意力到目标位置加快在探针检测任务1中的反应。同样地，报告信的精度由关注2提高。这些发现证明，重视提高处理，但他们仍然无可救药静音关于这个改进的是如何建立的。 本论文表明后面注意力优点低层机制可以通过测量个体的刺激的处理速度在涉及测量到一个基于模型的框架细粒度的直流电阻进行评估关注TS。根据这样的模型中，刺激间的整体处理能力及其分布可以从处理速度的测量来推断。 Bundesen的（TVA）的视觉注意理论3提供了这项工作的合适模型。它通常应用于从信报告任务的数据。在下文中，TVA的基本面解释并证明他们如何可以扩展到与（几乎）任意刺激获得的时间顺序判断（TOJ）数据模型。这种新颖的方法提供了一种可以容易地解释的处理速度和资源分配的估计。本文中的协议说明了如何计划和进行这样的实验和详细介绍了如何将数据进行分析。 如上所述，在基于TVA建模和关注参数估计通常的范例是字母报告任务。与会者报告了一组字母的身份哪些简要地闪现和变化的延迟后通常掩盖。除其他参数，在该可视元素被编码成视觉短期存储器中的速率可被估计。该方法已成功地应用于基础和临床研究的问题。例如，Bublak和同事4评估其注意力参数在与年龄相关的认知缺陷的不同阶段的影响。在基本注意研究，彼得森Kyllingsbæk和Bundesen 5用于TVA建模的注意力的停留时间的影响，在一定的时间间隔感知的两个目标的第二观察者的困难。信报告模式的主要缺点是它需要足够overlearned和屏蔽的刺激。这种要求限制了方法字母和数字。其他刺激都需要参加大运动量的训练。 该TOJ范式既不需要特定stimul我也不屏蔽。它可与任何种类的刺激的量出现的次序可以判断使用。这扩展了激励范围为几乎所有可能有兴趣，包括直接跨模式的比较6。 调查与TOJs的关注是基于注意力之前进入的现象，这是很多早些时候参加刺激的方式相比，无人察觉1的措施。不幸的是，用于分析TOJ数据，嵌合观察者性能心理功能（如累积高斯或逻辑功能）的常规方法，不能区分注意力是否增加了参加刺激的处理速度，或者如果它降低无人参与刺激7的速率。这种模糊性是一个重要的问题，因为这个问题是否刺激的感知是真正的提高，或者如果它的好处，因为资源从竞争stimul撤出<html>我们的是基础和实际意义的问题。例如，对于人机接口的设计是高度相关的知道，如果增加一个元件的突出于另一个的费用的工作原理。 该TOJ任务通常进行如下:一，固定标记提出了一个短暂的延迟，通常是随机抽取的间隔不到一秒钟短。然后，第一目标，提出，接着可变刺激发病异步（SOA），由第二目标之后。在SOA的负的探头 ，刺激出席，首先显示。在积极的SOA的参考 ，无人值守的刺激，会导致。在零SOA中，两个目标同时显示。 通常情况下，呈现对象是指开关上的刺激。在一定条件下，然而，其它的时间的事件，例如一个已经存在的目标或偏移的闪烁使用8。 _content"&gt;在TOJs，响应被收集在一个unspeeded的方式，通常是通过映射到刺激的身份和介绍订单键（ 例如 ，如果刺激的广场和钻石，一键表示"方第一"，一个又一个"钻石第一"） 。重要的是，用于评价，这些判断必须被转换为"探测第一"（或"参考第一"）的判断。 在目前的工作，TVA和TOJ实验范例的处理模式的组合被用于消除在任一单独的域的问题。用这种方法，很容易解释的速度参数可被估计为几乎任意的视觉刺激，使得能够推断出观察者的注意力被如何分配到竞争的视觉元素。 该模型是基于TVA方程单个刺激的处理，这将在下面进行简要解释。的概率，一个stimul在另一个之前被解释为判断这种刺激作为首先出现的概率我们编码成视觉短期记忆。个别编码持续时间指数分布9: <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54856/54856eq1.jpg" /> （1） 最大的无效曝光持续时间T 0是什么之前，在所有编码的阈值。根据TVA，所述速度v 的x，我在哪些对象x被编码为一个感性i类的部件（例如颜色或形状）由速率方程式给出<img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/54856/54856eq2.jpg" /> 。 （2） 感官的证据表明，x属于第一类是ηX，我表达， 我 β的强度进行分类的刺激，因为我分类的成员决定的偏见。这是通过一个乘以ttentional权重。个人注意力加权W x可通过在视场中的所有对象的注意力权重分配。因此，相对的注意力重量计算为<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54856/54856eq3.jpg" /> （3） 其中R代表所有类别和ηX，我代表感官的证据表明，对象x属于类学家该值πj被称为类j的针对性，反映了偏见，使分类已为J。整体处理能力C是所有处理速率为所有刺激和分类的总和。对于TVA的更详细说明，请参阅Bundesen和Habekost的书9。 在我们的新方法，式1中，其描述了单个刺激的编码，变换成TOJs的模型。假设选择的偏见和报告类别constan实验任务中t时，两个目标刺激探针（p）和参考（r）的处理速率v p和V R取决于C和在V型P = C中的注意力权重·W p和V R = C ·W R，分别为。新TOJ模型表达了参与者判断探针的刺激是首先作为SOA和处理速率的函数的成功概率P p 1日 。它可以形式化如下: <img alt="公式4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54856/54856eq4.jpg" /> （4） 如何这个方程从基本TVA公式得出的更详细的描述由Tünnermann，彼得森和Scharlau公司7中所述。 为简单起见，该参数t 0被省略的模型公式1根据原TVA，叔0应该是博相同在TOJ任务个目标，并且，因此，它抵消了。然而，这种假设可能有时被侵犯（见讨论）。 对于这个拟合方程TOJ数据，分层贝叶斯估计方案11建议。这种方法允许以估计所注意的权重w P和W探头和基准刺激和整体处理速率C.这些参数，所得的吸收速率v p和V R，和它们之间的注意力诱导的差异的R，可以评估与估计的不确定性以及主体和群体水平。分层模型在图1中示出在一个实验的规划阶段，方便贝叶斯功率分析可以进行。 以下协议描述了如何规划，执行和分析实验TOJ从处理速度参数与注意权重的视觉刺激就可以来获得。该协议假定研究人员感兴趣的是在操纵注意力是如何影响的一些感兴趣的目标的处理速度。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54856/54856fig1.jpg" /> 图1:贝叶斯估计过程中使用的图形模式。圆圈表示估计分布;双圆圈表示确定性节点。方块表示数据。的关系给出在图的右侧。圆形框架之外（"板"）的节点代表TVA参数（参见导言）在集团层面的平均和分散的估计。在"歼受试者"板，可以看到如何注意力权重（w）的与整体处理速率（C）与从受试者水平刺激处理速率（v）的组合。板"我的SOA＆＃8221;显示了这些TVA参数如何然后转化（通过在引言中所述的函数P p 1日 ）到在每个SOA中二项式分布的响应的成功概率（θ）。因此，θ与SOA（n）的重复一起描述的数据点（y）的。有关符号和图形模型解释更多的细节，请参考Lee和Wagenmakers 23。注意，为了清楚起见，表示的参数的差异节点已被删去。这些确定性参数在代替的实验结果的数字显示。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54856/54856fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">(Open Source) Experimentation and evaluation software</td>
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measuring attention and visual processing speed by model-based analysis of temporal-order judgments

本协议描述如何进行时间顺序实验测量视觉处理速度和注意力资源分配。所提出的方法是基于三个组件的一种新的和协同组合:所述时间顺序的判断（TOJ）范式，视觉注意的Bundesen理论（TVA），和分层贝叶斯估计框架。该方法提供了易于解释的参数，这是由TVA的理论和神经生理学基础支持。使用TOJs，可以为广泛的刺激来获得基于TVA-估计，而与TVA使用的传统范式主要限于字母和数字。最后，该模型的有意义的参数允许建立一个分层的贝叶斯模型。这样的统计模型允许评估关于这个问题的相干态分析和双方集团层面的成果。 为了演示的可行性和v这种新方法的ersatility，三个实验报告，注重操控合成弹出的显示器，自然的图像和线索信报告范例。

在下文中，报告了所提出的方法获得的结果。三个实验测得不同注意操作的影响有三个非常不同类型的刺激物质。刺激在弹出的图案简单的线段，在自然图像的行动空间物体和线索信的目标。 实验1:凸显在弹出显示 实验1目的是在由合成图案上测量线段的处理速度视觉显着性的影响。受试者判断哪在面向线段的背景图案两?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments at JoVE.com

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

measuring-attention-visual-processing-speed-model-based-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.8K 次观看.  Paderborn University. Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

视频: Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

科研

行为学

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic resonance imaging allows us to estimate voxel-based population receptive fields (pRF), i.e., the part of the visual field that activates the cells within each voxel. Prior, direct, pRF estimation methods1 suffer from certain limitations: 1) the pRF model is chosen a-priori and may not fully capture the actual pRF shape, and 2) pRF centers are prone to mislocalization near the border of the stimulus space. Here a new topographical pRF estimation method2 is proposed that largely circumvents these limitations. A linear model is used to predict the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal by convolving the linear response of the pRF to the visual stimulus with the canonical hemodynamic response function. PRF topography is represented as a weight vector whose components represent the strength of the aggregate response of voxel neurons to stimuli presented at different visual field locations. The resulting linear equations can be solved for the pRF weight vector using ridge regression3, yielding the pRF topography. A pRF model that is matched to the estimated topography can then be chosen post-hoc, thereby improving the estimates of pRF parameters such as pRF-center location, pRF orientation, size, etc. Having the pRF topography available also allows the visual verification of pRF parameter estimates allowing the extraction of various pRF properties without having to make a-priori assumptions about the pRF structure. This approach promises to be particularly useful for investigating the pRF organization of patients with disorders of the visual system.

It is important to obtain unbiased estimates of visual population receptive fields (pRFs) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We use mild regularization constraints to estimate pRF topography without a-priori assumptions about pRF shape, allowing us to choose specific pRF models post-hoc. This is particularly advantageous in subjects with visual-pathway lesions.

人口视觉感受野由功能磁共振成像地形估计

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have indicated benefits in accuracy, balance, force production, jumping performance, movement speed, oxygen consumption, and fatiguing task. Although behavioral outcomes of using an EF strategy are well explored, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. A recent TMS study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) between an EF and an IF. More precisely, this study showed that, when adopting an EF, the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits is enhanced.
On the behavioral level, the present protocol tests the influence of attentional foci on the time to task failure (TTF) when performing submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Additionally, the current paper describes two TMS protocols to assess the influence of attentional conditions on the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. Thus, the present article describes how to use single-pulse TMS at intensities below the motor threshold (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS, inducing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) when applied to the M1. As these methods are assumed to reflect the responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, without being affected by spinal reflex circuitries, they are well suited to measuring the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits within the M1.
The results show that directing attention externally improves motor performance, as participants were able to prolong the time to task failure. Moreover, the results were accompanied by a larger subTMS-induced electromyography suppression and SICI when adopting an EF compared to an IF. As the level of cortical inhibition within the M1 was previously demonstrated to influence motor performance, the enhanced inhibition with an EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency observed in the behavioral task, indicated by a prolonged TTF with an EF.

Using two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols, this manuscript describes how to measure and compare cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex when adopting different attentional foci.

通过改变注意力的焦点, 可以调节皮质在初级运动皮层内的抑制

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new conceptualization of this search process, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We refer to this conceptualization as the 3S Model and illustrate its usefulness through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis. Our experimental examples, which range from manipulating certain stimuli on a single product (e.g., the placement of textual and pictorial packaging elements) to manipulating the entire shopping trip for customers during their stay in a store (e.g., through more or less specific shopping tasks), highlight the broad applicability of this alternative approach for understanding customers&#8217; in-store search behavior. Thus, our model can be seen as a helpful tool for researchers interested in how to conduct experimental eye-tracking studies that shed light on the perceptual processes preceding product choices and purchase decisions. The 3S Model is equally suitable in controlled lab conditions and under ecologically valid settings in the real retail environment. Furthermore, it can be used from the micro level, with a focus on the meaningful metrics on a particular product, through the intermediate level, with the emphasis on the area surrounding products in shelves and other in-store spaces, all the way to the macro level, examining customers&#8217; navigational paths throughout a store as a function of their shopping tasks, cognitive capacity, or ability to acquire in-store information.

This article presents a new conceptualization of the in-store search process, the 3S Model, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We illustrate the usefulness of our conceptualization through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis in the 3S Model.

利用3S 模型, 在库存、货架和商店级别突出客户的视觉关注

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new ...