We thank M. Forney, R. Maged, and K. Hellwinkle for data collection and two anonymous reviewers for comments on a previous version of this manuscript. This research was supported by an NSF award to LDL (IOS-0918268).

所有的程序是由宾夕法尼亚州立大学机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC - 协议ID:43242），并遵守所有地方，州和联邦法规。 1.准备<ol><li>购买或构建巴恩斯迷宫，从而确保该目标孔适当大小为感兴趣的物种。对于这个协议，使用八种成人边斑点蜥蜴（ 歌stansburiana）。确定使用其他种类的研究足够的样本大小。 <ol><li>如果构建巴恩斯迷宫，购买任何标准，无孔圆桌会议（106公分），高架76.2厘米掉了一地。 </li><li>使用卷尺，标记隔开26厘米桌子周围的周边10等距点，并从该表的边缘6.35厘米。使用10洞，而啮齿动物迷宫通常有多个孔。这样做允许在逃逸选项的数量的减少。 </li><li>使用孔锯位（2.54厘米，直径），钻出来所有10个目标孔和沙子锋利的棱角。 </li><li>挂载4枚架子支撑钉用螺丝每孔下，使用家庭外壳作为维度指南。 </li></ol></li><li>将迷宫在安静的房间明亮的顶灯和可用的导航（门，柜等 ）空间线索。 </li><li>装入自动对焦，广角镜头的摄像头（11.3厘米×3.99厘米）或其他适当的相机直接在迷宫的上方。可以肯定，从视频馈送视场包含整个迷宫。 </li><li>将计算机和观察员椅至少有1米的迷宫。 </li><li>标记在地板上的迷宫的腿部用永久性标记或磁带。这允许迷宫在试验的过程中的任何微小移动的校正。 </li><li>随机分配孔为"1"，而其他的孔数之一连续通过"10"。永久性标记，写号沿外侧面迷宫为便于参考。确保该数字不是迷宫内的动物中可见。 </li><li>随机指定目标孔使用一个随机数发生器的主题。 </li></ol> 2.培训试验注:爬行动物具有可以从文献中获得的优选的体温。如果动物成为在多个训练试验低迷，迷宫可能是太爽了，这可能会影响行为。一个小空间加热器或热磁带上的迷宫的下侧能够充分提高迷宫表面温度，体温的最佳的热指示，以保持最佳的体温和行为表现。 <ol><li>如果受试者被安置考场外，把他们家的外壳动物进入室内测试前至少30分钟。可以肯定，以便测试之前保持体温提供家外壳（ 例如 ，加热灯，高温胶带）的热量。 <ol><li>打开跟踪软件和视频输入摄像头应用程序。自定义跟踪软件为Matlab和图像处理工具箱写的;其他跟踪软件商用。 </li><li>从视频源评估的视场。如果迷宫不在视野，检查迷宫是在地板上线之内。 </li><li>打开包含信息的日期工作表，开始训练试验，主题ID，分配目标孔，培训运行试验次数，注释和观察者的缩写/结束时间。 </li><li>随机化，其中受试者将被测试的顺序。考试科目有系统地。 </li></ol></li><li>从它的家笼中删除第一主体并轻轻放在迷宫的中间的主题。将在动物塑料桶;由研究人员这样做可以防止无意识的方向偏差。允许30秒来适应。 </li><li>安装迷宫下动物的笼子，正下方为签订目标孔，通过滑动机箱顶部到销坐骑。可以肯定，在家里笼姥岩石直接进洞，这将作为一个鲈鱼当动物下降到洞下。此时，在导航中使用的家用机柜用于使用热或化学线索是无关紧要的。 <ol><li>啮齿动物迷宫用干净的外壳作为主题的逃脱。然而，鼓励迷宫下安装动物的家外壳训练试验期间进入孔。 </li></ol></li><li>轻轻地从迷宫的顶部取下塑料桶。 </li><li>先从摄像头应用程序的训练试验的记录。 <ol><li>允许受试者对探索迷宫10分钟。如果有什么事情发生不典型，注意，这在工作表中。 </li><li>如果受试者落入或运行从桌子上，轻轻返回受试者对迷宫的中间。继续定时和记录，如果动物是出迷宫30秒或更小的。如果主体是走出迷宫超过30秒的，中止审理。记录在工作簿的说明部分这些信息。 </li><li>如果被摄体下降打入球门洞无助，因为在考虑试用在那个时候。 </li><li>如果主题不降入目标孔，考虑到审判结束后10分钟已经过去了。 </li></ol></li><li>如果10分钟后，这个问题并没有下降到球门洞，用手轻轻地引导动物，头先，到合适的目标孔。 </li><li>停止视频和跟踪软件。保存录像。 </li><li>允许符合其家用机箱休息至少2分钟，在机箱仍然安装在迷宫之下。 </li><li>使用喷雾瓶和纸巾，擦拭迷宫的顶部1:10肥皂与水的稀释肥皂混合物。做导航迷宫的时候所以排除了使用化学线索。有些品种，特别是那些大量使用化学感受信息，necessitate用热水迷宫的额外漂洗，以消除所有的气味线索。 </li><li>从迷宫下卸下外壳，要么重复训练与审判同一个人或一个新的个体。每个主题可以每天最多5训练试验运行中，与个人的试验之间30分钟间隔。 </li><li>重复这个过程，直到主体下降到它的目标孔无助，在3个不同的训练试验，表明已发生的目标位置的学习。三个训练试验不需要是连续的。如果受试者达到这一标准，受试者移动到探测试验，以评估空间记忆。 </li></ol> 3.探头试验注意:一旦一个主题达到标准，这个问题已经学会了如何定位的目标。然而，在这点上，目前还不清楚，如果主题是使用了空间的策略或一些其他导航策略导航。探测试验受试者在训练试验达到标准后为这个和s测试应执行的一天。 <ol><li>旋转迷宫180°，保证了迷宫的腿在地板上的标记内。迷宫的转动允许本地线索直接识别的目标是在直接冲突的更稳定的空间线索。 </li><li>重复步骤2.1 - 2.5.2，省略迷宫下安装主体的外壳家里步骤2.3。否则，不得使用迷宫探险时从家里外壳散发嗅觉或其他线索。 </li><li>在探测试验中，受试者可以自由地探索迷宫的完整的10分钟来评估的探索行为。 10分钟后，停止视频和跟踪软件。 </li><li>拆下迷宫主题，并返回到其家笼。 </li><li>清洁用稀释肥皂混合物迷宫的顶部。 </li></ol> 4.行为的措施注:对于培训TRIALS，包括行为的措施，例如延迟至在目标孔到达，制成的错误数（一nongoal孔的调查;动物的鼻子必须是1厘米孔的内），和时间比例的正确象限花费迷宫。 <ol><li>对于训练试验，确定搜索策略。一个直接的战略被定义为降入了球门孔少于3个错误。串行策略是沿迷宫的周边3个或更多个连续迷宫孔检查。随机的策略是用3个或更多的错误迷宫孔非串行检查。 注:有关探测试验，行为措施包括延迟，在空间上正确的孔到达，调查空间校正洞前所犯的错误数量和时间在迷宫的空间正确的象限花的比例。 </li><li>对于非随机的选择空间校正目标孔，使用无需更换抽样的更严格的评估时计算机会率。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

当对空间学习和记忆试验进行测试时，但是也有一些在一些在协议的主要步骤解决几个重要概念问题。首先，受试者必须证明他们正在学习的目标孔的位置在训练试验的过程。达到预设标准表明已发生的目标孔位置的学习。如果患者不学习目标孔的位置，有没有可行的办法来再确定一个导航的策略。如果动物们达到标准，探测试验是确定哪些线索在迷宫导航过程中优先考虑的重要。在探索试验，?...

许多神经变性疾病如阿尔茨海默氏症的本与认知能力逐渐下降，通常并发与大脑1-4的降解。为了测试脑损伤和退化对认知过程的影响，临床研究已经利用模型啮齿类动物和测试设备和协议的标准化的优点。特别是空间学习和记忆过程已经通过几个标准范式，如Morris水迷宫，迷宫巴恩斯和旋臂迷宫评价（这些和其他范式进行了全面审查，见5,6）。这些空间学习和记忆范式的丰富历史已经证明相当成功，使研究人员能够了解许多方面和中人类的记忆，大脑功能和疾病关系的细微差别。 虽然认知过程的评估在临床研究中被检查退出Ë一段时间以来，针对nonmodel物种的认知能力的研究是比较新的。研究人员在nonmodel物种学习认知通常是在认知过程的生态和进化相关兴趣，尤其是在生存和繁殖的环境。在爬行动物一些研究表明，先进的认知能力，特别是空间记忆，可能依据一些行为，特别是关于导航和定向。然而，尽管许多研究已经证实，爬虫可位移7,8-之后重新调整，认知机制基础方向调整行为尚未梳理开。正因为如此，一些研究试图通过实验评估航行在9-17空间学习和记忆的重要性。在这些研究中的方法啮齿类范例和协议，有时修改后用于在爬行动物使用后都主要设计的，但是这些研究曾在评估空间内存变量成功。有研究显示空间学习和记忆中的一些物种11-17，而其他研究没有发现这样的9,10的证据。因此，在爬行动物中的作用或空间学习和记忆的存在，在导航过程中，目前尚不得而知。 一个问题可能有问题时，实验评估爬行动物的空间学习和记忆是任务的生态意义。爬行动物是一个特殊的分类群啮齿动物截然不同，表明在生态学，行为和生理变化很大。在整个行为爬行动物的种属差异可能会影响空间认知能力的评估，特别是当所用的模式不打入一个自然的行为。例如，在通常寻求庇护的小缝里种，空间能力可以很容易地使用巴恩斯迷宫，而这个迷宫可能不是理想的选择模式评估在通常静止不动一个物种。同样，大多数鳞类爬行动物都没有水产，因此Morris水迷宫不得用于测试空间学习和记忆的合适选择（但见15）;然而，这个迷宫可能是龟16测试空间能力的理想选择。最后，该组的生理学必须考虑，因为爬行动物ectothermic和适当的温度的维护，特别是在基片的，必须在检测过程中被考虑。 该协议这里介绍的范式被用于探测空间学习和记忆成人边斑点蜥蜴（ 歌 stansburiana）13日 ，一只小蜥蜴，通常从大鳄出逃到岩石18小裂缝。知道该物种的自然历史与行为的这一方面，我们所使用的传统的巴恩斯迷宫的变形测试对于空间学习和记忆。巴恩斯迷宫我SA旱地迷宫，通常用于在啮齿动物模型测试空间认知。我们修改迷宫在从啮齿动物迷宫几种方式，在设计和协议（下面描述）。我们的迷宫由一个圆形平台具有10个孔相互沿平台的周边等距离（ 图1）。这里描述的方案涉及参加训练试验学习目标孔的位置的受试者，那么，一旦受试者获知目标孔的位置，探针试验用于导航到目标中，以确定空间内存使用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Barnes maze</td><td>TSE Systems</td><td>302050-BM/M</td><td>Available from other vendors. Alternatively, a Barnes maze can be constructed from a standard, non-porous round table.</td></tr><tr><td>Heat tape</td><td>Big Apple Pet Supply</td><td></td><td>May also use a small space heater situated on the floor under the maze.</td></tr><tr><td>Pet keeper for small animals</td><td>Petco</td><td>1230204</td><td>Housing enclosure that can be mounted under the maze.</td></tr><tr><td>Nickel plated shelf support pegs</td><td>Newegg</td><td>241941</td><td>Pegs attached to underside of maze. Secures enclosure to maze during trials.</td></tr><tr><td>LifeCam Studio webcam</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>Q2F-00013</td><td>Available from other vendors. Other brands of webcams may also be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Tracking software</td><td>Code custom written for Matlab&lt;br/&gt; and the Image Toolbox</td><td></td><td>Video tracking software. Other tracking software such as VideoMot 2 from TSE Systems can be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessing spatial learning and memory in small squamate reptiles

临床研究已经利用了各种范式来评估认知能力下降，通常瞄准的空间学习和记忆能力。然而，在nonmodel物种的认知过程的利益，通常是一个生态环境下，也成为研究的一个新兴领域。特别是，在在爬行动物的认知过程的兴趣不断增加，虽然对爬行动物认知实验研究是稀疏的。少数爬行动物的研究已经进行实验的空间学习和记忆测试使用了修改后在使用爬行动物啮齿类动物的范例。然而，生态的生理学和该分类群组的行为的重要方面，必须对于基于空间的认知测试时考虑。在这里，我们描述了旱地巴恩斯迷宫的修改和相关的测试协议探测空间学习和小鳞类爬行动物记忆能力时可以提高性能。所描述的范例和亲cedures成功与男性侧面斑点蜥蜴（ 歌stansburiana），这表明空间学习和记忆可以在这个分类群与生态相关设备和协议进行评估使用。

该协议允许基于空间的导航的小蜥蜴实验评估。先前的研究成功地利用这个协议探测男性侧面斑点蜥蜴13空间导航。在该特定的研究中，雄性被训练以导航到一个目标孔，并且一旦准则为止，进展到探针试验，以评估导航到一个目标孔时优先的线索。 从研究的代表性成果，这里提出，表明虽然蜥蜴做学习的目标位置，?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles at JoVE.com

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

This paper describes a modification of the Barnes maze, a standard rodent paradigm used to assess spatial memory and learning, for use in small squamate reptiles.

评估空间学习记忆小鳞类爬行动物

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, ...

assessing-spatial-learning-and-memory-in-small-squamate-reptiles

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

7.1K 次观看.  Penn State Altoona. This paper describes a modification of the Barnes maze, a standard rodent paradigm used to assess spatial memory and learning, for use in small squamate reptiles.

视频: Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their behavioral flexibility and required memory duration, the number of goals and pathways, and also the overall task complexity. A confounding feature in many of these tasks is the lack of control over the strategy employed by the rodents to reach the goal, e.g., allocentric (declarative-like) or egocentric (procedural) based strategies. The double-H maze is a novel water-escape memory task that addresses this issue, by allowing the experimenter to direct the type of strategy learned during the training period. The double-H maze is a transparent device, which consists of a central alleyway with three arms protruding on both sides, along with an escape platform submerged at the extremity of one of these arms.
Rats can be trained using an allocentric strategy by alternating the start position in the maze in an unpredictable manner (see protocol 1; &#167;4.7), thus requiring them to learn the location of the platform based on the available allothetic cues. Alternatively, an egocentric learning strategy (protocol 2; &#167;4.8) can be employed by releasing the rats from the same position during each trial, until they learn the procedural pattern required to reach the goal. This task has been proven to allow for the formation of stable memory traces.
Memory can be probed following the training period in a misleading probe trial, in which the starting position for the rats alternates. Following an egocentric learning paradigm, rats typically resort to an allocentric-based strategy, but only when their initial view on the extra-maze cues differs markedly from their original position. This task is ideally suited to explore the effects of drugs/perturbations on allocentric/egocentric memory performance, as well as the interactions between these two memory systems.

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

科研

行为学

Using Pharmacological Manipulation and High-precision Radio Telemetry to Study the Spatial Cognition in Free-ranging Animals

An animal&#39;s ability to perceive and learn about its environment plays a key role in many behavioral processes, including navigation, migration, dispersal and foraging. However, the understanding of the role of cognition in the development of navigation strategies and the mechanisms underlying these strategies is limited by the methodological difficulties involved in monitoring, manipulating the cognition of, and tracking wild animals. This study describes a protocol for addressing the role of cognition in navigation that combines pharmacological manipulation of behavior with high-precision radio telemetry. The approach uses scopolamine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, to manipulate cognitive spatial abilities. Treated animals are then monitored with high frequency and high spatial resolution via remote triangulation. This protocol was applied within a population of Eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) that has inhabited seasonally ephemeral water sources for ~100 years, moving between far-off sources using precise (&#177; 3.5 m), complex (i.e., non-linear with high tortuosity that traverse multiple habitats), and predictable routes learned before 4 years of age. This study showed that the processes used by these turtles are consistent with spatial memory formation and recall. Together, these results are consistent with a role of spatial cognition in complex navigation and highlight the integration of ecological and pharmacological techniques in the study of cognition and navigation.

This paper describes a novel protocol that combines the pharmacological manipulation of memory and radio telemetry to document and quantify the role of cognition in navigation.

使用药理操纵和高精度无线电遥测研究空间认知中自由放养的动物

An animal&#39;s ability to perceive and learn about its environment plays a key role in many behavioral processes, including navigation, migration, ...

环境科学

Assessing Spatial Memory Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Radial Water Tread Maze

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and validated for rat use. The Radial Water Tread (RWT) maze test of spatial memory (designed specifically for mice and requiring no swimming) has been shown previously to successfully distinguish between controlled cortical impact-induced TBI mice and sham controls. Here, a detailed protocol for this task is presented. The RWT maze capitalizes on the natural tendency of mice to avoid open areas in favor of hugging the sides of an apparatus (thigmotaxis). The walls of the maze are lined with nine escape holes placed above the floor of the apparatus, and mice are trained to use visual cues to locate the escape hole that leads out of the maze. The maze is filled with an inch of cold water, sufficient to motivate escape but not deep enough to require that the mouse swim. The acquisition period takes only four training days, with a test of memory retention on day five and a long-term memory test on day 12. The results reported here suggest that the RWT maze is a feasible alternative to rat-validated, swimming-based cognitive tests in the assessment of spatial memory deficits in mouse models of TBI.

Here we present a protocol for a mouse-specific test of cognition that does not require swimming. This test can be used to successfully distinguish controlled cortical impact-induced traumatic brain injury mice from sham controls.

使用径向水痕迷宫评估外伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中的空间记忆障碍

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Using Enclosed Y-Mazes to Assess Chemosensory Behavior in Reptiles

Reptiles utilize a variety of environmental cues to inform and drive animal behavior such as chemical scent trails produced by food or conspecifics. Decrypting the scent-trailing behavior of vertebrates, particularly invasive species, enables the discovery of cues that induce exploratory behavior and can aid in the development of valuable basic and applied biological tools. However, pinpointing behaviors dominantly driven by chemical cues versus other competing environmental cues can be challenging. Y-mazes are common tools used in animal behavior research that allow quantification of vertebrate chemosensory behavior across a range of taxa. By reducing external stimuli, Y-mazes remove confounding factors and present focal animals with a binary choice. In our Y-maze studies, a scenting animal is restricted to one arm of the maze to leave a scent trail and is removed once scent-laying parameters have been met. Then, depending on the trial type, either the focal animal is allowed into the maze, or a competing scent trail is created. The result is a record of the focal animal&#39;s choice and behavior while discriminating between the chemical cues presented. Here, two Y-maze apparatuses tailored to different invasive reptile species: Argentine black and white tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) and Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are described, outlining the operation and cleaning of these Y-mazes. Further, the variety of data produced, experimental drawbacks and solutions, and suggested data analysis frameworks have been summarized.

Y-mazes enable researchers to determine the relevance of specific stimuli that drive animal behavior, especially isolated chemical cues from a variety of sources. Careful design and planning can yield robust data (e.g., discrimination, degree of exploration, numerous behaviors). This experimental apparatus can provide powerful insight into behavioral and ecological questions.

使用封闭的 Y 迷宫来评估爬行动物中的化学感官行为

Reptiles utilize a variety of environmental cues to inform and drive animal behavior such as chemical scent trails produced by food or conspecifics. ...

基于游戏的探索：解锁人类的空间导航能力

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Spatial navigation (SN) is the ability to locomote through the environment, which requires an understanding of where one is located in time and space. This capacity is known to rely on the sequential firing of place cells within the hippocampus. SN is an important behavior to investigate as this process deteriorates with age, especially in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the investigation of SN is limited by the lack of sophisticated behavioral techniques to assess this hippocampal-dependent task. Therefore, the goal of this protocol was to develop a novel, real-world approach to studying SN in humans. Specifically, an active virtual SN task was developed using a cross-platform game engine. During the encoding phase, participants navigated their way through a virtual city to locate landmarks. During the remembering phase, participants remembered where these reward locations were and delivered items to these locations. Time to find each location was captured and episodic memory was assessed by a free recall phase, including aspects of place, order, item, and association. Movement behavior (x, y, and z coordinates) was assessed through an asset available in the game engine. Importantly, results from this task demonstrate that it accurately captures both spatial learning and memory abilities as well as episodic memory. Further, findings indicate that this task is sensitive to exercise, which improves hippocampal functioning. Overall, the findings suggest a novel way to track human hippocampal functioning over the course of time, with this behavior being sensitive to physical activity training paradigms.

作者聚焦：研究身心运动练习对大脑功能的影响

Here, we present a novel, brief, and active spatial navigation task that assesses both spatial navigation and episodic memory ability. Importantly, spatial navigation and episodic memory were associated with one another, and this task demonstrated sensitivity to exercise.

评估虚拟空间中的人类空间导航及其对运动的敏感性

Spatial navigation (SN) is the ability to locomote through the environment, which requires an understanding of where one is located in time and space. ...

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk factor for AD, stroke has also been implicated as a risk factor and an exacerbating factor. The co-morbidity of stroke and AD results in worsened stroke-related motor control and AD-related cognitive deficits when compared to each condition alone. To model the combined condition of stroke and AD, a novel transgenic rat model of AD, with a mutated form of amyloid precursor protein (a key protein involved in the development of AD) incorporated into its DNA, is given a small unilateral striatal stroke.
For a model with the combination of both stroke and AD, behavioral tests that assess stroke-related motor control, locomotion and AD-related cognitive function must be implemented. The cylinder task involves a cost-efficient, multipurpose apparatus that assesses spontaneous forelimb motor use. In this task, a rat is placed in a cylindrical apparatus, where the rat will spontaneously rear and contact the wall of the cylinder with its forelimbs. These contacts are considered forelimb motor use and quantified during video analysis after testing. Another cost-efficient motor task implemented is the beam-walk task, which assesses forelimb control, hindlimb control and locomotion. This task involves a rat walking across a wooden beam allowing for the assessment of limb motor control through analysis of forelimb slips, hindlimb slips and falls. Assessment of learning and memory is completed with Morris water maze for this behavioral paradigm. The protocol starts with spatial learning, whereby the rat locates a stationary hidden platform. After spatial learning, the platform is removed and both short-term and long-term spatial reference memory is assessed. All three of these tasks are sensitive to behavioral differences and completed within 28 days for this model, making this paradigm time-efficient and cost-efficient.

To investigate the co-morbid Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and stroke condition in a novel model, three behavior tasks are described that assess both motor control and cognitive behaviors. These tasks include the beam-walk task, cylinder task and Morris water maze.

汽车和海马依赖空间学习和记忆参考评估与中风阿尔茨海默氏病的转基因大鼠模型

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk ...

医学

An Open-Source Virtual Reality System for the Measurement of Spatial Learning in Head-Restrained Mice

Head-restrained behavioral experiments in mice allow neuroscientists to observe neural circuit activity with high-resolution electrophysiological and optical imaging tools while delivering precise sensory stimuli to a behaving animal. Recently, human and rodent studies using virtual reality (VR) environments have shown VR to be an important tool for uncovering the neural mechanisms underlying spatial learning in the hippocampus and cortex, due to the extremely precise control over parameters such as spatial and contextual cues. Setting up virtual environments for rodent spatial behaviors can, however, be costly and require an extensive background in engineering and computer programming. Here, we present a simple yet powerful system based upon inexpensive, modular, open-source hardware and software that enables researchers to study spatial learning in head-restrained mice using a VR environment. This system uses coupled microcontrollers to measure locomotion and deliver behavioral stimuli while head-restrained mice run on a wheel in concert with a virtual linear track environment rendered by a graphical software package running on a single-board computer. The emphasis on distributed processing allows researchers to design flexible, modular systems to elicit and measure complex spatial behaviors in mice in order to determine the connection between neural circuit activity and spatial learning in the mammalian brain.

Here, we present a simplified open-source hardware and software setup for investigating mouse spatial learning using virtual reality (VR). This system displays a virtual linear track to a head-restrained mouse running on a wheel by utilizing a network of microcontrollers and a single-board computer running an easy-to-use Python graphical software package.

一种用于测量头部约束小鼠空间学习的开源虚拟现实系统

Head-restrained behavioral experiments in mice allow neuroscientists to observe neural circuit activity with high-resolution electrophysiological and ...

评估空间学习记忆小鳞类爬行动物

摘要

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此视频中的章节

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

使用药理操纵和高精度无线电遥测研究空间认知中自由放养的动物

使用径向水痕迷宫评估外伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中的空间记忆障碍

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

使用封闭的 Y 迷宫来评估爬行动物中的化学感官行为

评估虚拟空间中的人类空间导航及其对运动的敏感性

评估虚拟空间中的人类空间导航及其对运动的敏感性

评估虚拟空间中的人类空间导航及其对运动的敏感性

汽车和海马依赖空间学习和记忆参考评估与中风阿尔茨海默氏病的转基因大鼠模型

一种用于测量头部约束小鼠空间学习的开源虚拟现实系统