This work was supported by startup funds from The University of Tennessee and TN-SCORE, a multi-disciplinary research program sponsored by NSF-EPSCoR (EPS-1004083).

1.样品的制备<ol><li>生长表达纺锤体极体标记Sad1在每个-mCherry 23和II型肌球蛋白调节轻链RLC1-番茄24中，YE液体培养基在32℃下8代裂殖酵母细胞。 注:对于温度敏感的突变体，在25℃生长细胞。生长细胞对数中期，以叶为0.5的OD 600。欲了解更多有关裂殖酵母的生长条件是指裂殖酵母实验手册25。 </li><li>豫备（或最少）的媒体用0.6％琼脂糖（琼脂糖的媒体表现出相较于琼脂少荧光背景）。到熔融的介质添加的抗坏血酸为1mM（维生素C）。维生素C的骤冷，由于被释放到光漂白，从而减少光毒性自由基。 </li><li>倒入3 - 维生素C的股价融化到一个玻璃底培养皿媒体4毫升。让媒体冷却和固化。 注意:在培养皿的玻璃的厚度取决于适于在显微镜盖玻片的厚度。在这里，使用盖玻片号1.5。 </li><li>轻轻地从用锋利的解剖刀的帮助培养皿提高固化介质。放置介质板和培养皿为了防止板坯从落回到菜（ 图1）之间的枪头。 </li><li>取1毫升新鲜生长的细胞如上面1.1中描述。轻轻旋转细胞在300 XG 30秒。弃去上清液。悬浮细胞在弃去上清后仍保留在管中的少量残余介质。 </li><li>负载2 - 5μL媒体板和培养皿的玻璃底部之间重悬浮细胞培养。细胞应该在玻璃上。放置媒体和盘之间的枪头使细胞培养物的容易装载。 </li><li>轻轻地除去枪头和放置媒体板坯回其原来的位置上的铜lture菜。请一定要避免任何气泡。如果需要通过滑动枪头在介质板顶部的背面轻轻压出气泡。 </li><li>让细胞坐在在该镜将被执行的温度培养皿30分钟至一小时在黑暗中。由于对细胞生长条件改变这一点很重要，以防止任何冲击。 </li></ol> 2.图像采集<ol><li>放置的油上的培养皿的玻璃的外侧的下降。放在倒置显微镜培养皿。 </li><li>为了最大限度地减少叶媒体的自动荧光使用GFP滤波器具有窄波长范围（520 - 535纳米）。 </li><li>专注于细胞的中间平面，并确保他们是好间隔并没有太拥挤。确保以启动图像采集的细胞在细胞周期的适当阶段。在这个实验中，遵循后期G2细胞。 </li><li> 程序中的图像采集软件进行tO拍摄GFP，RFP和细胞的DIC图像。 <ol><li>此实验使用10毫秒的曝光时间为DIC和75毫秒的曝光时间的GFP和RFP滤波器。曝光时间依赖于显微镜，所研究的蛋白质，实验的持续时间的设置。对于给定的显微镜设置，使用50％的激光功率。 </li><li>要在3个维度，程序中的图像采集软件，Z-级成像捕捉图像。使用0.4μm的周围的小区的中央聚焦点步长大小为3.0微米（半总的z）的距离。这导致了每个时间点16的Z-帧为6微米的总Z方向的距离捕获。 注:Z系列图像采集允许主轴极体的捕获。 </li></ol></li><li>取的图像，每2分钟。根据实验的需要改变曝光时间。曝光时间也可以根据所关注和信号强度的蛋白质变化。但是请注意，短呃因此细胞只能在短时间内跟随间隔或更长的曝光时间的增加光毒性由于漂白和。 </li><li>获取图像，直到细胞由DIC图像观察到物理上独立的，或者软件90分钟后停止收购方案。 </li></ol> 3.图像分析<ol><li> cytokinetic事件的时空分析 <ol><li>使用图像采集软件使在Z帧的每个时间点的预测。使不同的文件为所获取的图像的每一个波长。 </li><li>导出此投影时间点系列作为.tiff文件。 </li><li>分析使用ImageJ软件图像。打开波长中的任一项的图像系列。 </li><li>选择的小区来进行研究。双击工具栏的行选项。这将打开另一个窗口调整线条宽度。调节线宽度，以对应于单元宽度。对于WT细胞，这是大约40 - 50像素。绘制沿一条线感兴趣的细胞的长轴。 </li><li>点击分析&gt;工具&gt;投资回报率Manager，然后单击添加。这将在稍后选定的行添加到ROI窗口使用。请不要关闭此窗口。 </li><li>点击感兴趣的图像，并选择编辑&gt;选择&gt;拉直。这将打开另一扇窗。检查"处理整个堆栈"。这将理顺水平的细胞。 </li><li>点击图片&gt;变换&gt;旋转90度右。此图片现在垂直拉直。 </li><li>点击图片&gt;栈&gt;制作蒙太奇。这将打开一个窗口分配行和列的数目为堆栈，用于图像大小的比例因子，对蒙太奇的第一和最后的片（帧）和用于蒙太奇帧增量。检查标签的切片，然后回车。 </li><li>如所示与所关注的细胞的一蒙太奇的窗口，打开的其他波长的图像系列。 </li><li>点击ROI的经理行标识符。这将选择对第二图像文件相同的细胞。重复步骤3.1.6 - 3.1.8。这将打开第二图像的一个蒙太奇。 </li><li>在与主轴极体标记Sad1在-mCherry形象，寻找主轴极体标记的分离发生和标记该时间点为时间0。 </li><li>按照图像上的RLC1番茄信号随着时间的推移，寻找，而不是RLC1番茄的补丁出现作为一个独特的线上的信号。这个时间点，标志着肌动球蛋白环组件/成熟阶段开始的完成。 </li><li>通过电影下一个滚动一段时间，以确定何时RLC1-番茄环开始的尺寸减小。此标记为成熟期/发病环收缩的结束。 </li><li>按照随着时间的推移RLC1-番茄信号整个收缩直到它出现在细胞轴的中间的点。此标记为隔膜进入的环收缩/结束的结束。 </li><li>继DIC图像的蒙太奇，确定最终的细胞分离。记录的时间点的细胞的物理分离。 </li><li>对于纺锤体极体分离使用ImageJ的直线工具测量随着时间的推移在两个主轴极体之间的距离。剧情随着时间的推移主轴极体之间的距离。 </li><li>记录不同时间点的不同cytokinetic事件来计算每个cytokinetic阶段的持续时间和与纺锤极体的分离随着时间的推移进行比较。 </li></ol></li><li> cytokinetic事件的空间分析 <ol><li>选择带有明显的肌动球蛋白环的细胞。双击ImageJ的工具栏的行选项。这将打开另一个窗口调整线条宽度。调节线宽度，以对应于所述环的厚度（15 - 20个像素）。绘制沿环照顾，以确保环的整个厚度的线是包括在内。 </li><li>点击分析&gt;工具&gt;投资回报率Manager，然后单击添加。这将在稍后选定的行添加到ROI窗口使用。请不要关闭此窗口。 </li><li>点击感兴趣的图像，并选择编辑&gt;选择&gt;拉直。这将打开另一扇窗。检查"处理整个堆栈"。这将理顺水平环。 </li><li>使用图像复位最亮面的强度在拉直Z堆栈（从3.1.6）&gt;调整&gt;亮度/对比度&gt;重置。 </li><li>单击该选项卡STK&gt; 3D项目上。这将打开一个对话框。改变投射方法亮的点和切片间距为2或3个像素。最后，旋转X或Y轴的变化轴（这将取决于所需的视角改变），单击插值并单击确定以生成图像的3D投影。使用滚动条下方的形象旋转图像。 </li><li>打开使用ImageJ其它波长的图像系列。 </li><li>点击ROI的经理行标识符。这将选择第二图像文件相同的环。重复步骤4.2.4和4.2.5。这将与其他波长的图像中打开一个三维环。 </li><li>随着这两种3D图像环打开时，单击图像&gt;彩色&gt;合并通道。这将打开一个盒子。选择从下拉的期望相应的颜色菜单每一个图像，然后单击确定。这将打开两个在不同波长的图像的组合。 </li><li>与在cytokinetic环问候本地化或ingressing膜比较不同的标记的本地化。 RLC1-GFP是用于cytokinetic环的标记。蛋白质共同本地化与RLC1-GFP定位于环，而蛋白质本地化背后RLC1-GFP信号定位于ingressing膜。 注:感兴趣的蛋白质必须是不同的荧光团相比，该环标记的。 </li><li>生成期间胞质的不同阶段3维环全部通过胞质来比较蛋白质的空间定位。 </li></ol></li><li> 蛋白质DISTRI分析bution在cytokinetic环<ol><li>为了比较和分析蛋白质的分布沿环形衡量合作效率蛋白质分布的方差。高共高效方差指示沿分裂部位的蛋白质的分布不均，并建议不当环组件，成熟或隔膜形成，这取决于相位成像或分析。 </li><li>使用3维重构cytokinetic环（来自3.2.2），将图像分为至少4个象限，使得环的四分之一出现在每个象限中。对于这种用直线工具画在图像上垂直线。每一行点击图片后&gt;覆盖&gt;添加选择或使用短切按Ctrl + B。 </li><li>进入分析&gt;设置测量。选择在打开的对话框平均灰度值。点击OK。 </li><li>使用上面作为指南绘制一个矩形使用矩形工具来定义每个象限绘制的线条。 </li><li>为了测量每个象限，点击的平均强度在分析&gt;测量或使用快捷键Ctrl + M。 </li><li>记录所有四个象限平均灰度值（MG 1 -MG 4）。 </li><li>选择在环作为背景选择以外的每个象限一个小区域。 </li><li>衡量背景选择为所有四个象限平均灰度值（BG 1 -BG 4）。 </li><li> LI&gt;背景扣除每个象限使用MG式- -平均1（BG 1:BG 4）以下=环的强度在每一个象限（IRQ）。在此阶段有4个的IRQ值，每个象限。 </li><li>下一个计算方差的系数，使用下列公式标准偏差每个环（IRQ 1:IRQ 4）/平均值（IRQ 1:IRQ 4）。计算平均共同有效方差每个菌株，并比较所述其他菌株。 注:在共同有效方差的统计学显著增加的菌株与对照相比INDicates不均匀分布的蛋白质/沿着分工站点胞质那个阶段交付。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dma1+ubiquitinates+the+SIN+scaffold,+Sid4,+to+impede+the+mitotic+localization+of+Plo1+kinase.">Dma1 ubiquitinates the SIN scaffold, Sid4, to impede the mitotic localization of Plo1 kinase.</a> EMBO J. 30 (2), 341-354 (2011).</li><li>Yonetani, A., Chang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+cytokinesis+by+the+formin+cdc12p.">Regulation of cytokinesis by the formin cdc12p.</a> Curr Biol. 20 (6), 561-566 (2010).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fission Yeast: A laboratory Manual. , (2016).</li><li>Hachet, O., Simanis, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mid1p/anillin+and+the+septation+initiation+network+orchestrate+contractile+ring+assembly+for+cytokinesis.">Mid1p/anillin and the septation initiation network orchestrate contractile ring assembly for cytokinesis.</a> Genes Dev. 22 (22), 3205-3216 (2008).</li><li>Zhou, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contractile+ring+coordinates+curvature-dependent+septum+assembly+during+fission+yeast+cytokinesis.">The contractile ring coordinates curvature-dependent septum assembly during fission yeast cytokinesis.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 26 (1), 78-90 (2015).</li><li>Chen, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lattice+light-sheet+microscopy:+imaging+molecules+to+embryos+at+high+spatiotemporal+resolution.">Lattice light-sheet microscopy: imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution.</a> Science. 346 (6208), 1257998 (2014).</li><li>Huang, Y. S., Karashima, T., Yamamoto, M., Hamaguchi, H. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular-level+investigation+of+the+structure,+transformation,+and+bioactivity+of+single+living+fission+yeast+cells+by+time-+and+space-resolved+Raman+spectroscopy.">Molecular-level investigation of the structure, transformation, and bioactivity of single living fission yeast cells by time- and space-resolved Raman spectroscopy.</a> Biochemistry. 44 (30), 10009-10019 (2005).</li><li>Huang, C. K., Ando, M., Hamaguchi, H. O., Shigeto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disentangling+dynamic+changes+of+multiple+cellular+components+during+the+yeast+cell+cycle+by+in+vivo+multivariate+Raman+imaging.">Disentangling dynamic changes of multiple cellular components during the yeast cell cycle by in vivo multivariate Raman imaging.</a> Anal Chem. 84 (13), 5661-5668 (2012).</li><li>Le Goff, X., Woollard, A., Simanis, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+cps1+gene+provides+evidence+for+a+septation+checkpoint+in+Schizosaccharomyces+pombe.">Analysis of the cps1 gene provides evidence for a septation checkpoint in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.</a> Mol Gen Genet. 262 (1), 163-172 (1999).</li></ol>

作者宣称没有竞争经济利益。

在这里，我们已经描述了协议来研究在裂殖酵母cytokinetic事件以时间的方式。这里所描述的协议提供了参照彼此不同cytokinetic事件的时间分辨率;蛋白质招聘或参照cytokinetic缺相的时间;整个胞质的不同阶段的环的结构;和胞质的参照的有丝分裂的进展。与此协议是可能的精确定义可以在不同的突变体而改变，从而提供涉及不同cytokinetic相蛋白质的更详细的了解cytokinetic相。另外，为了在时间上区分不同...

胞质，在细胞分裂的最后一步，是适当的分化，发育，和生物体的存活一个复杂的过程是必不可少的。胞质分裂涉及到的组织，以确保成功细胞分离，同时保持基因组的完整性1多个事件。胞质涉及事件，其中一次组装的肌动球蛋白环经历收缩，这是并发膜膨胀和开沟，和细胞外细胞基质重塑，最后接着细胞脱落1，2，3。 cytokinetic事件的不当组织可导致细胞的分离和倍性的缺陷，并可能导致的疾病，如癌症4，5，6，7，8。的基本原则，使Òcytokinetic事件rganization都不能很好地理解，因此导致路障中的这些疾病的病因学的理解。 裂殖酵母粟酒裂殖酵母 （ 裂殖酵母）是研究胞质优异的模型系统，由于涉及1蛋白质的保守性质。裂殖酵母，肌动球蛋白环组件后，该环进入成熟/停留期，此时它不收缩9。成熟与肌动球蛋白环收缩，并发膜开沟和隔侵入开始结束。多年来开创性的工作给了我们肌动球蛋白环组件的一个相当不错的理解裂殖酵母1,9，10。在一些真核生物，包括裂殖酵母中，肌动球蛋白环的成功组装不足以膜开沟。 f中ission酵母，环缩单独不提供足够的力来克服对沟形成11内部膨压。最近的模型表明，这股力量代替由隔侵入11提供。在另一个模型中，质膜的扩展的作用已建议向沟形成12，13。环收缩和膜开沟不允许BGS1 / CPS1温度敏感突变cps1-191，对于主隔膜形成14，15中的主要酶发生。缺乏BGS1细胞显示缺陷主要隔，延长环收缩15，16。 BGS1是肌动球蛋白环组件17,18后成熟过程中招募到细胞分裂站点隔侵入。 SimilarlY，在果蝇胚胎细胞化过程中，环形缩窄是双相有显著缓慢的初始速度收缩19，类似在裂殖酵母中观察到的成熟阶段。双相环收缩可能会减慢膜开沟以确保足够的膜扩张20和细胞外基质的修改。这表明，肌动球蛋白环组件后，发生环收缩有效地仅当电池已经满足了沟形成的要求。它不能很好地理解，需要什么样的条件对于环组件后肌动球蛋白环收缩，也不是调节该过程的分子事件。我们最近表明，以下肌动球蛋白环组件中的小GTP酶的Cdc42经历一种独特的时空激活图案21。此模式是由Cdc42的胍核苷酸交换因子的独特的定位图案（建立全环基金）的激活Cdc42的。全球环境基金GEF1定位于组装肌动球蛋白环和促进环收缩和隔侵入发病，而SCD1定位于开沟膜和促进正常的隔膜形成。我们发现，通过其环基金建立的Cdc42的激活模式导致不同cytokinetic事件的调节。 理解的事件，最终导致细胞分离以下肌动球蛋白环组件的分子机制，需要按照时间和空间上的不同cytokinetic事件。裂殖酵母，胞质分裂首先涉及细胞核周围前驱节点，最终招II型肌球蛋白，所述formin CDC12，以及肌动球蛋白环组件所需的其他蛋白质的组装。到时的不同cytokinetic事件和提供一个参考帧，的纺锤体极体标志物（纺锤体形成）分离被认为是时间0 22。个的组件È肌动球蛋白环可通过监测在一段时间，如II型肌球蛋白调节轻链RLC1一个荧光标记的肌动球蛋白环蛋白的强度。在这里，我们描述了微观的方法随时间推移分析胞质的不同阶段。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Yeast extract media</td><td>Sunrise Science Products</td><td>YES 225</td><td>0.5% w/v yeast extract, 3% w/v glucose, 225mg/L adenine, histidine, leucine, uracil, and lysine</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>SeaKem LE agarose, Lonza</td><td>50001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ascorbic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A4544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Bottomed culture dish</td><td>MatTek Corporation</td><td>P35G-1.5-14-C</td><td>Coverslip No. 1.5 was used. This will vary as per the microscope specifications used.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>VT-Hawk 2D array laser scanning confocal microscopy system</td><td>Visitech International, UK</td><td></td><td>with an Olympus IX-83 inverted microscope with a 100X / numerical aperture 1.49 UAPO lens (Olympus) and EM-CCD digital camera (Hamamatsu).&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ</td><td>NIH</td><td></td><td>Image analysis software</td></tr></tbody></table>

spatiotemporal analysis of cytokinetic events in fission yeast

胞质，在细胞分裂的最后一步是维持基因组完整性的关键。正确的胞质分裂是细胞分化和发育非常重要。胞质分裂涉及一系列在时间上和空间上很好地协调活动。胞质涉及在分割部位的肌动球蛋白环的形成，随后通过环收缩，膜沟的形成和细胞外基质重塑。裂殖酵母， 裂殖酵母 （ 裂殖酵母）是揭示有大量的清晰度在胞质分裂的初始事件充分研究的模型系统。但是，我们不明白cytokinetic事件显然有什么不同spatiotemporally协调。为了确定这一点，需要分析很详细的不同cytokinetic事件在时间和空间。在这里，我们描述了一个显微镜的方法来研究不同cytokinetic EV需求测试的活细胞。使用这种方法，可以不同的时间cytokinetic事件和确定胞质中不同蛋白质的募集时间。此外，我们描述的协议在细胞分裂的部位比较蛋白质的定位和分布。这是一个基本的协议来研究胞质裂殖酵母，也可以用于其它酵母和真菌的系统。

表达该环标记裂殖酵母细胞，RLC1-GFP（绿色， 图2）和纺锤体极体标记Sad1在每个-mCherry（红， 图2）胞质中被成像。纺锤体极体标记的发病（白色箭头， 图2A，B），被认为是时间0 RLC1-GFP信号出现时间-4分钟参照纺锤极体的分离（红色箭头，图2A，2B）。 RLC1-GFP信号形成连续的环10分钟后纺锤极体的分离（空箭头， 图2A，B）的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spatiotemporal Analysis of Cytokinetic Events in Fission Yeast at JoVE.com

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Cytokinetic Events in Fission Yeast

裂殖酵母， 粟酒裂殖酵母是研究胞质极好的模型系统，在细胞分裂的最后阶段。在这里，我们描述了一个显微镜的方法来分析活裂殖酵母细胞不同cytokinetic事件。

在裂殖酵母中Cytokinetic活动的时空分析

Cytokinesis, the final step in cell division is critical for maintaining genome integrity. Proper cytokinesis is important for cell differentiation and ...

spatiotemporal-analysis-of-cytokinetic-events-in-fission-yeast

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.3K 次观看.  University of Tennessee. 裂殖酵母， 粟酒裂殖酵母是研究胞质极好的模型系统，在细胞分裂的最后阶段。在这里，我们描述了一个显微镜的方法来分析活裂殖酵母细胞不同cytokinetic事件。 

视频: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Cytokinetic Events in Fission Yeast

Measuring Replicative Life Span in the Budding Yeast

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used extensively to study the biology of aging, and several determinants of yeast longevity have been shown to be conserved in multicellular eukaryotes, including worms, flies, and mice 1. Due to the lack of easily quantified age-associated phenotypes, aging in yeast has been assayed almost exclusively by measuring the life span of cells in different contexts, with two different life span paradigms in common usage 2. Chronological life span refers to the length of time that a mother cell can survive in a non-dividing, quiescence-like state, and is proposed to serve as a model for aging of post-mitotic cells in multicellular eukaryotes. Replicative life span, in contrast, refers the number of daughter cells produced by a mother cell prior to senescence, and is thought to provide a model of aging in mitotically active cells. Here we present a generalized protocol for measuring the replicative life span of budding yeast mother cells. The goal of the replicative life span assay is to determine how many times each mother cell buds. The mother and daughter cells can be easily differentiated by an experienced researcher using a standard light microscope (total magnification 160X), such as the Zeiss Axioscope 40 or another comparable model. Physical separation of daughter cells from mother cells is achieved using a manual micromanipulator equipped with a fiber-optic needle. Typical laboratory yeast strains produce 20-30 daughter cells per mother and one life span experiment requires 2-3 weeks.

In this article we present a general protocol for measuring the replicative life span of yeast mother cells.

在芽殖酵母中的自我复制寿命测量

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The budding ...

科研

生物学

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular 1. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome2. The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP 3. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour 4. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast 5. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) 6. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM 7. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a good model system to study basic cellular processes. Here we describe a method to perform quantitative live cell analysis of fission yeast. In this particular experiment we focus on organisation of the genome within the cell nucleus, but the method can also be used to study cytosolic factors.

裂殖酵母的活细胞定量荧光显微镜分析

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle microtubules to prevent anaphase onset until the chromosomes are properly connected. Cells use this mechanism to prevent aneuploidy or genomic instability, and hence cancers and other human diseases like birth defects and Alzheimer's1. A number of the SAC components such as Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, Mps1, Zw10, Rod and Aurora B kinase have been identified and they are all kinetochore dynamic proteins2. Evidence suggests that the kinetochore is where the SAC signal is initiated. The SAC prime regulatory target is Cdc20. Cdc20 is one of the essential APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome) activators3 and is also a kinetochore dynamic protein4-6. When activated, the SAC inhibits the activity of the APC/C to prevent the destruction of two key substrates, cyclin B and securin, thereby preventing the metaphase to anaphase transition7,8. Exactly how the SAC signal is initiated and assembled on the kinetochores and relayed onto the APC/C to inhibit its function still remains elusive.
Drosophila is an extremely tractable experimental system; a much simpler and better-understood organism compared to the human but one that shares fundamental processes in common. It is, perhaps, one of the best organisms to use for bio-imaging studies in living cells, especially for visualization of the mitotic events in space and time, as the early embryo goes through 13 rapid nuclear division cycles synchronously (8-10 minutes for each cycle at 25 &deg;C) and gradually organizes the nuclei in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex9.
Here, I present a bio-imaging method using transgenic Drosophila expressing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or its variant-targeted proteins of interest and a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope system to study the SAC function in flies, by showing images of GFP fusion proteins of some of the SAC components, Cdc20 and Mad2, as the example.

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The kinetochore is where the SAC initiates its signal monitoring the mitotic segregation of the sister chromatids. A method is described to visualize the recruitment and turnover of one of the kinetochore proteins and its coordination with the chromosome motion in Drosophila embryos using a Leica laser scanning confocal system.

龙虎斗动粒蛋白的动态行为与染色体运动，在生活学习有丝分裂关卡<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;合胞胚胎

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS

Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of many biological processes at the single-cell level. In particular, movies depicting the temporal dependence of gene expression provide insight into the dynamics of its regulation; however, there are many technical challenges to obtaining and analyzing fluorescence movies of single cells. We describe here a simple protocol using a commercially available microfluidic culture device to generate such data, and a MATLAB-based, graphical user interface (GUI) -based software package to quantify the fluorescence images. The software segments and tracks cells, enables the user to visually curate errors in the data, and automatically assigns lineage and division times. The GUI further analyzes the time series to produce whole cell traces as well as their first and second time derivatives. While the software was designed for S. cerevisiae, its modularity and versatility should allow it to serve as a platform for studying other cell types with few modifications.

We present a simple protocol to obtain fluorescence microscopy movies of growing yeast cells, and a GUI-based software package to extract single-cell time series data. The analysis includes automated lineage and division time assignment integrated with visual inspection and manual curation of tracked data.

获取荧光时间推移电影的芽殖酵母和分析单细胞动力学移植物

Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of many biological processes at the single-cell level. In particular, movies ...

Temporal Quantification of MAPK Induced Expression in Single Yeast Cells

The quantification of gene expression at the single cell level uncovers novel regulatory mechanisms obscured in measurements performed at the population level. Two methods based on microscopy and flow cytometry are presented to demonstrate how such data can be acquired. The expression of a fluorescent reporter induced upon activation of the high osmolarity glycerol MAPK pathway in yeast is used as an example. The specific advantages of each method are highlighted. Flow cytometry measures a large number of cells (10,000) and provides a direct measure of the dynamics of protein expression independent of the slow maturation kinetics of the fluorescent protein. Imaging of living cells by microscopy is by contrast limited to the measurement of the matured form of the reporter in fewer cells. However, the data sets generated by this technique can be extremely rich thanks to the combinations of multiple reporters and to the spatial and temporal information obtained from individual cells. The combination of these two measurement methods can deliver new insights on the regulation of protein expression by signaling pathways.

Two complementary methods based on flow cytometry and microscopy are presented which enable the quantification, at the single cell level, of the dynamics of gene expression induced by the activation of a MAPK pathway in yeast.

在单酵母细胞MAPK诱导表达的时空定量

The quantification of gene expression at the  single cell level uncovers novel regulatory mechanisms obscured in measurements  performed at the population ...

Microscopy of Fission Yeast Sexual Lifecycle

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been an invaluable model system in studying the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle progression, the mechanics of cell division and cell polarity. Furthermore, classical experiments on its sexual reproduction have yielded results pivotal to current understanding of DNA recombination and meiosis. More recent analysis of fission yeast mating has raised interesting questions on extrinsic stimuli response mechanisms, polarized cell growth and cell-cell fusion. To study these topics in detail we have developed a simple protocol for microscopy of the entire sexual lifecycle. The method described here is easily adjusted to study specific mating stages. Briefly, after being grown to exponential phase in a nitrogen-rich medium, cell cultures are shifted to a nitrogen-deprived medium for periods of time suited to the stage of the sexual lifecycle that will be explored. Cells are then mounted on custom, easily built agarose pad chambers for imaging. This approach allows cells to be monitored from the onset of mating to the final formation of spores.

We provide a reproducible basic method for the long-term microscopy of the fission yeast sexual lifecycle. With minor adjustments described, the presented protocol allows research focus on different steps of the reproductive process.

裂殖酵母性生命周期的显微镜

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been an invaluable model system in studying the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle progression, the ...

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells regulate these processes and how genetic mutations impact regulation. The quantification of microtubule dynamics in metazoan models has a number of associated challenges, including a high microtubule density and limitations on genetic manipulations. In contrast, the budding yeast model offers advantages that overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method to measure the dynamics of single microtubules in living yeast cells. Cells expressing fluorescently tagged tubulin are adhered to assembled slide chambers, allowing for stable time-lapse image acquisition. A detailed guide for high-speed, four-dimensional image acquisition is also provided, as well as a protocol for quantifying the properties of dynamic microtubules in confocal image stacks. This method, combined with conventional yeast genetics, provides an approach that is uniquely suited for quantitatively assessing the effects of microtubule regulators or mutations that alter the activity of tubulin subunits.

Budding yeast is an advantageous model for studying microtubule dynamics in vivo due to its powerful genetics and the simplicity of its microtubule cytoskeleton. The following protocol describes how to transform and culture yeast cells, acquire confocal microscopy images, and quantitatively analyze microtubule dynamics in living yeast cells.

高分辨率成像和芽殖酵母个人星体微管动力学分析

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells ...

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does not interfere with cell physiology, and requires minimal experimental handling. The low levels of technical interference enable researchers to study cells across multiple cycles of mitosis and to observe meiosis from beginning to end. Using fluorescent tags such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), researchers can analyze different factors whose functions are important for processes like transcription, DNA replication, cohesion, and segregation. Coupled with data analysis using Fiji (a free, optimized ImageJ version), live-cell imaging offers various ways of assessing protein movement, localization, stability, and timing, as well as nuclear dynamics and chromosome segregation. However, as is the case with other microscopy methods, live-cell imaging is limited by the intrinsic properties of light, which put a limit to the resolution power at high magnifications, and is also sensitive to photobleaching or phototoxicity at high wavelength frequencies. However, with some care, investigators can bypass these physical limitations by carefully choosing the right conditions, strains, and fluorescent markers to allow for the appropriate visualization of mitotic and meiotic events.

Here, we present live-cell imaging which is a non-toxic microscopy method that allows researchers to study protein behavior and nuclear dynamics in living fission yeast cells during mitosis and meiosis.

荧光活细胞显微镜对微孔裂变酵母核动力学的检测

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does ...

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

Live cell time-lapse imaging is an important tool in cell biology that provides insight into cellular processes that might otherwise be overlooked, misunderstood, or misinterpreted by the fixed-cell analysis. While the fixed cell imaging and analysis is robust and sufficient to observe cellular steady-state, it can be limited in defining a temporal order of events at the cellular level and is ill-equipped to assess the transient nature of dynamic processes including mitotic progression. In contrast, live cell imaging is an eloquent tool that can be used to observe cellular processes at the single-cell level over time and has the capacity to capture the dynamics of processes that would otherwise be poorly represented in fixed cell imaging. Here we describe an approach to generate cells carrying fluorescently labeled markers of chromatin and microtubules and their use in live cell imaging approaches to monitor metaphase chromosome alignment and mitotic exit. We describe imaging-based techniques to assess the dynamics of spindle formation and mitotic progression, including the identification of cells at various stages in mitosis, identification&#160;and tracking of mitotic defects, and analysis of spindle dynamics and mitotic cell fate following the treatment with mitotic inhibitors.

Here we present a protocol to assess the dynamics of spindle formation and mitotic progression. Our application of time-lapse imaging enables the user to identify cells at various stages of mitosis, track and identify mitotic defects, and analyze spindle dynamics and mitotic cell fate upon exposure to anti-mitotic drugs.

活细胞成像，以评估在斜接主轴扰动后元相定时和细胞命运的动态

Live cell time-lapse imaging is an important tool in cell biology that provides insight into cellular processes that might otherwise be overlooked, ...

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the understanding of meiotic cell-cycle events by providing temporal and spatial data that is often not seen by imaging fixed cells. Budding yeast has proved to be an important model organism to study meiotic chromosome segregation because many meiotic genes are highly conserved. Time-lapse microscopy of meiosis in budding yeast allows the monitoring of different meiotic mutants to show how the mutation disrupts meiotic processes. However, many proteins function at multiple points in meiosis. The use of loss-of-function or meiotic null mutants can therefore disrupt an early process, blocking or disturbing the later process and making it difficult to determine the phenotypes associated with each individual role. To circumvent this challenge, this protocol describes how the proteins can be conditionally depleted from the nucleus at specific stages of meiosis while monitoring meiotic events using time-lapse microscopy. Specifically, this protocol describes how the cells are synchronized in prophase I, how the anchor away technique is used to deplete proteins from the nucleus at specific meiotic stages, and how time-lapse imaging is used to monitor meiotic chromosome segregation. As an example of the usefulness of the technique, the kinetochore protein Ctf19 was depleted from the nucleus at different time points during meiosis, and the number of chromatin masses was analyzed at the end of meiosis II. Overall, this protocol can be adapted to deplete different nuclear proteins from the nucleus while monitoring the meiotic divisions.

Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

Time-lapse microscopy is a valuable tool for studying meiosis in budding yeast. This protocol describes a method that combines cell-cycle synchronization, time-lapse microscopy, and conditional depletion of a target protein to demonstrate how to study the function of a specific protein during meiotic chromosome segregation.

使用延时显微镜和蛋白质的阶段特异性核耗竭来研究酿酒酵母的减数分裂

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized the understanding of meiotic cell-cycle events by providing temporal and spatial data that is often ...