This work was supported by the Huffington Center on Aging at Baylor College of Medicine, Geriatrics, CVS DeBakey Heart Center at Houston Methodist Hospital and BCM, NIH RO-1 HL 13870 to ML Entman, as well as a Career Development Award # IK2BX002410 from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (LMP), Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Program.
We are immensely grateful to Mark Entman M.D. for sharing his wisdom and supporting this work.

所有的动物都按照健康指南全国学院的照顾和实验动物使用的贝勒医学院的指导方针照顾。 1.建立<ol><li>打开超声心动图系统。从下拉菜单中选择显示"心脏测量"启动软件并点击"初始化"。 </li><li>首先在屏幕的上半部分的"新建"按钮，一项新的研究点击进入学习鼠标的人口统计信息。例如鼠标ID，性别，出生日期，以及操作人员做研究的名字。 </li><li>通过点击"TEMP ON / OFF"按钮打开温控EKG板。将其设置为使用向上和向下箭头的39℃的温度。 </li><li>要开始设立麻醉室，首先确保氧气和异氟烷水平在各输送系统的合适。 </li><l我&gt;将鼠标在麻醉室，并与异氟醚和氧气，直到卧位诱导，然后将其传送到口罩。确认鼠标，已经正确捏它的爪子和检查缺乏运动麻醉。保持在可避免的正爪缩回响应可能的最低水平的异氟烷。 </li><li>将鼠标在温度控制EKG板仰卧位和磁带的每个爪子板上的相应传感器元件。或者，使用传感器霜来改善信号。 </li><li>鼠标的眼睛应用人工泪液眼软膏的润滑剂，以防止干燥。 </li><li>一旦鼠标贴在EKG板，观察心电图在显示屏的下部的跟踪。监测在整个研究的心脏速率，以确保最佳结果。 400次的心脏速率/分钟是理想的。低于此范围的心脏速率可能暗示异氟醚的效果。 </li><li>确保鼠标不断地接受和氧气通过面罩异氟醚。 </li><li>使用电动剃须刀，从鼠标的前胸部及上腹部区剃除身上的皮毛一体。使用脱毛霜如果必要，以进一步确保皮毛去除。 </li><li>把传感器凝胶大方量在鼠标的胸部。 </li></ol> 2.图像采集<ol><li> 左心房测量 <ol><li>找到EKG板下方的手柄。使用手柄调整可动EKG板，其中将小鼠放置的角度。沿X轴和沿Y轴为0°角45°角 - 由心电图板调整到30开始。作者将其称为"仰卧"位置。请对所有左心房测量获取这一立场。 </li><li>放置在超声心动图可动臂夹紧的25MHz的扫描头在长轴图。确保选择的超声心动图系统的心脏测量滤波器和二维B模式。 </li><li>注意，回声心动描记集具有可以顺时针或逆时针移动的X和Y轴调节扭矩。旋转它们在主动脉流出道的水平，以获得心脏的长轴，并获得5秒动画拍摄。通过按下键盘的超声心动图系统的"电影商店"按钮获得的扫描。使用此计算LA的优越劣测量。 </li><li>电影收购完成后，按键盘的超声心动图系统的"M-MODE"键切换超声心动图，以M-模式。 </li><li>观察矢状图和光标。将光标，以便它包含整个洛杉矶在主动脉流出道的电平。获得这一新观点的3张照片。通过按下键盘的超声心动图系统的"帧存储"按钮获得的扫描。使用此计算LA的前后测量。 </li><li>通过按下"B型"返回B型，但<html>吨键盘超声系统上。 </li><li>旋转集顺时针90°的可动臂夹紧。这将在短轴视图设置扫描头。 </li><li>使用Y轴扭矩发现关节内隔。确保想象中庭的墙壁上。获得5秒动画拍摄。通过按下键盘的超声心动图系统的"电影商店"按钮获得的扫描。使用此计算LA的内 - 外的测量。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55214/55214fig1.jpg" /> 图1:"仰卧"位置。在"仰卧"位置鼠标的表示。约30 - 沿X轴45°角度并沿Y轴为0°角。这个位置是用来收购所有左心房测量。T ="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <ol start="2"><li> 大血管测量 <ol><li>通过为30 MHz的扫描头交换25 MHz的扫描头继续。除去从可动臂夹紧的25MHz的扫描头，并将30MHz的扫描头代替。确保选择的超声心动图系统的腹部测量滤波器和二维B模式。 </li><li>找到EKG板下方的手柄。使用手柄来调整移动EKG板，其中鼠标所在的角度。由心电图板调整到沿X轴和沿Y轴60°角度的5°角开始。使用此podition收购的主动脉和肺动脉的测量。称此为"起立"的位置。 </li><li>在主动脉流出道的水平，超声心动图组使用X和Y轴调节扭矩，让心脏的长轴，并获得5秒动画拍摄。收购日e。通过按键盘的超声心动图系统的"电影商店"按钮进行扫描。用这个来计算主动脉内径。 </li><li>电影收购完成后，集旋转顺时针90°的动臂夹紧。这将在短轴视图设置扫描头。 </li><li>使用Y轴扭矩定位在其分叉水平的肺动脉，并获得5秒动画拍摄。通过按下键盘的超声心动图系统的"电影商店"按钮获得的扫描。用这个来计算肺动脉内径。 注:研究人员可以利用多普勒成像作为一种工具，以确保肺动脉正确识别。如果需要的话，一旦完成步骤2.2.5按键盘的超声心动图系统获得多普勒成像对"私服"按钮。如果肺特征描记波被视为，研究者可以放心正确的位置被确定。 </li></ol></li></ol<html> &gt; <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55214/55214fig2.jpg" /> 图2:"起立"的位置。在"起立"位置鼠标的表示。大约5°角沿X轴和沿Y轴60°角。这个位置是用来采集主动脉和肺动脉直径。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55214/55214fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55214/55214fig3.jpg" /> 图3:肺动脉多普勒。特点肺动脉多普勒成像。研究人员可以利用多普勒成像作为一种工具，以确保肺动脉正确识别。空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 3.程序后恢复动物<ol><li>为了安全地删除该EKG板鼠标，请从鼠标的胸部凝胶从四肢取出磁带。 </li><li>关掉麻醉和氧气输送系统。返回鼠标笼子里，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧不要离开鼠标无人值守。 </li></ol> 4.图像分析<ol><li> 图像传输 <ol><li>使用USB闪存驱动器中的超声心动图系统收集到的图像传输到计算机。将USB闪存驱动器插入的超声心动图系统的USB端口。 </li><li>选择学习或研究，通过点击研究姓名（或名称）来传输。 </li><li>点击"复制到"位于屏幕的上部按钮。显示文件和目录将应用程式的新窗口耳。选择与刚插入的USB闪存驱动器的目录，然后单击"确定"。 </li><li>拆下超声心动图系统中的USB闪存驱动器，然后将其插入计算机的USB端口用于分析。 </li><li>启动超声心动图软件。点击"复制自"位于屏幕的上部按钮。观察显示文件和目录的新窗口。选择研究，从对应于刚插入的USB闪存驱动器的目录进行复制，然后单击"确定"。 </li><li>复制文件后，观察他们在研究名单。要开始分析其名称的研究，双击并选择操作分析的名称。 </li></ol></li><li> 左心房分析 注:以下所有心房测量使用EKG为指导，以选择P波为那里的研究人员希望测量LA点。这对应于前心房收缩时第ËLA是其最大容量。 <ol><li>选择对应于左心房（步骤2.1.3）的高级劣尺寸的影片剪辑。确定使用心电图作为引导心房预收缩时间。这样的空腔在它的最大容量进行测定。 </li><li>从屏幕顶部的工具栏上，单击"工具"，然后选择"测量"。将出现一个新的窗口。点击"线性距离测量工具"图标（它对应的第一个图标在窗口的左上角）。测量其最大直径腔。 </li><li>选择对应于左心房（步骤2.1.5）的前后尺寸图像。确定使用心电图作为引导心房预收缩时间。这样的空腔在它的最大容量进行测定。为了衡量重复步骤4.2.2。 </li><li>选择对应于左心房（步骤2.1.8）的内 - 外尺寸图像。确定预心房承包商使用心电图作为指导和灰的时间。这样的空腔在它的最大容量进行测定。测量从房间隔的相对壁的空腔中的对角的方式。为了衡量重复步骤4.2.2。 注:重复步骤4.2.1直通4.2.4至少3次，并获得平均值，以减少错误。 </li></ol></li><li> 大血管分析 注:以下所有大血管测量使用EKG为指导后，QRS波群为那里的研究人员希望测量点选择时间。这对应于大血管是在其最大容量的点。 <ol><li>选择对应于主动脉（步骤2.2.3）的短片。确定使用心电图QRS波之后的一个点。使用血管壁作为基准测量在90°角的直径。为了衡量重复步骤4.2.2 </li><li>选择对应于肺动脉（步骤2.2.5）的短片。决定在Q后点RS使用EKG。使用血管壁作为基准测量在90°角的直径。选择肺动脉分叉以上的平面。为了衡量重复步骤4.2.2。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

有成功测量LAV，主动脉和PA直径的三个关键步骤。在设定了它完全删除在胸前的毛皮是非常重要的;如果不这样做会导致图像质量的干扰。在图像采集步骤，重要的是获得具有其相应的探针和过滤器各图像每秒帧从探头变化来探测:即25兆赫和心脏筛选为LAV的评估和30兆赫和评估腹部过滤的主动脉和PA的直径。研究者有时由图像获取差如果鼠标具有的脂肪量很大，或者如果一个肋使得难以得到良好的窗...

目前的方法教调查员如何衡量和使用LAV，主动脉直径和PA直径二维超声心动图小鼠下异氟醚。心脏衰竭与老年人射血分数（HFPEF）影响的那些80年高达10％及以上1和结果显著发病率和死亡率。显著的死亡率也由肺动脉高压（PH），一个阴险的疾病过程有类似症状HFPEF，其中肺动脉压力升高导致劳力性呼吸困难，进行正确的心脏衰竭，并经常提出的死亡发生。 2既HFPEF和PH值的日益流行表示用于开发了一种方法，允许在非侵入性，非终端的方法准确的评价，并在小鼠模型干预监测。 通过心室艺术改变老化导致舒张功能恶化erial硬化，血管功能障碍，炎症3，受损的钙调节4，降低β肾上腺素能响应性和身体功能失调产生积极的减缓放松和增加被动刚度。随着时间的推移这将导致增加的LV充盈压和洛杉矶的代偿性肿大。 五 虽然其他病因，如瓣膜功能不全（二尖瓣关闭不全或狭窄）和浸润工艺导致在LA 1压力和容积升高，欧洲心脏病学会支持添加LA大小为LV功能的无创性反映。 6 洛杉矶量和舒张功能的微创措施之间的相关性进行了研究，小鼠。在功能差异相关洛杉矶量确定侵入年龄组为14位和31个月之久的米冰。在14个月大的老鼠，LA体积舒张功能的三个标准侵入措施相关-dP / DTMIN（R 2 = 0.5，P &lt;0.05），头（松弛时间常数（R 2 =。6， p &lt;0.05），左室舒张末压（R 2 = 0.25，p &lt;0.05）; 31个月大的老鼠，洛杉矶量和-dP / DTMIN（R 2 = 0.92，p之间的关系&lt; 0.05），左室舒张末压（R 2 = 0.61，p &lt;0.05），但明显与头的关系是不太清楚。因此，洛杉矶量不仅跨组，但年龄组中舒张功能障碍增加。7 在使用导管技术来评估心脏功能，虽然严格而可靠的，被限制的鼠模型的心脏功能的研究由于其与反复评估不相容性。 8替代侵入的措施，如MRI和三维超声心动图也可以是比2D超声心动图技术更准确，但它们比较昂贵; 2D超声心动图被认为足以洛杉矶量评估。 9，10 对LA体积和PA直径与超声心动图评估允许产生在肺动脉阻力主要增加导致与在洛杉矶的压力或LAV从那些没有变化的增加的PA直径，其中肺动脉和左心房都放大作为模型之间的区别对心脏的左侧充盈压升高的结果。这种方法是采取斯卡利亚等。谁发现，在人，超声心动图肺动脉左心房比（ePLAR）是给患者预先肺毛细血管高血压和capillaryhypertension柱之间精确区分的参数。 11

<table><tbody><tr><td>Vevo 770 high-resolution in vivo micro-imaging system</td><td>Visual Sonics</td><td>Vevo 770-120</td><td>Echocardiographic Equipment</td></tr><tr><td>707B RMV (Real time MicroVisualization) 30 MHz Scanhead with encapsulated transducer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Visual Sonics</td><td>707B-256</td><td>Real Time Microvisualization Scanhead</td></tr><tr><td>710B RMV (Real time MicroVisualization) 25 MHz Scanhead with encapsulated transducer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Visual Sonics</td><td>710B-159</td><td>Real Time Microvisualization Scanhead</td></tr><tr><td>Vevo integrated rail system including physiological monitoring unit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Visual Sonics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inhalation Anesthesia System</td><td>VetEquip</td><td>VE2627</td><td>Anesthesia System</td></tr><tr><td>Isofluorane</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>50033</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electric razor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wahl</td><td>General supply</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hair removal cream</td><td>Nair</td><td>General supply</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transductor cream</td><td>Parker</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transductor gel</td><td>Parker</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Gauze pads&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>McKeeson</td><td>General supply</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tape</td><td>Durapore</td><td>General supply</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nose cone&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>For anesthesia delivery</td></tr><tr><td>Water&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vet eye ointment&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Puralube</td><td>General supply&amp;nbsp;</td><td>To prevent dryness&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton tipped applicators&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>General supply</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>USB Flash Drive</td><td></td><td>General supply</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

murine echocardiography of left atrium, aorta, and pulmonary artery

本方法教导研究者如何测量并使用LAV通过超声心动图中左心室舒张压慢性升高的替代，以及获得小鼠主动脉和PA直径的测量。 比的年龄10天老年小鼠中可以使用本技术进行分析。该技术是由3个主要步骤:设置，图像采集和图像分析。的设立步骤包括得到含有1％异氟烷麻醉小鼠，剃须它，并在仰卧位置到加热的EKG板，其中所述图像采集将于胶带它的。图像获取步骤包括学习以识别心脏结构和获得所有与它的相应探针和轴所需的图像，以便能够计算体积和直径。图像分析步骤包括在计算机软件的帮助下测定以前获得的图像。

对LA体积和PA直径与超声心动图评估允许其中增加PA的直径没有变化的LAV从那些肺动脉和左心房扩大都在充盈压升高的两个结果增加肺动脉阻力结果模型之间的区别左侧的心脏。显示在两个病理生理学差异图像示于图4。洛杉矶和PA的图像从年轻，缺氧引起肺动脉高压和年龄有关的左心室舒张功能障碍。肺动脉高压模型的发展离不开左心房容积超过4周周期的变化?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery at JoVE.com

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

以下方案描述了用于获得左心房容积（LAV），主动脉（AO）的直径，以及肺动脉（PA）的直径在小鼠心脏超声图像的获取和分析的方法。这种技术是一种非侵入性的，非终端程序，允许心肺功能的评估。

左心房，主动脉和肺动脉的超声心动图小鼠

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

murine-echocardiography-of-left-atrium-aorta-and-pulmonary-artery

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.3K 次观看.  Baylor College of Medicine. 以下方案描述了用于获得左心房容积（LAV），主动脉（AO）的直径，以及肺动脉（PA）的直径在小鼠心脏超声图像的获取和分析的方法。这种技术是一种非侵入性的，非终端程序，允许心肺功能的评估。 

视频: Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

经胸超声心动图在小鼠

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

科研

医学

Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1 Echocardiography provides a powerful, non-invasive tool to serially assess cardiac morphometry and function in a living animal.2 However, using this technique on mice poses unique challenges owing to the small size and rapid heart rate of these animals.3 Until recently, few ultrasound systems were capable of performing quality echocardiography on mice, and those generally lacked the image resolution and frame rate necessary to obtain truly quantitative measurements. Newly released systems such as the VisualSonics Vevo2100 provide new tools for researchers to carefully and non-invasively investigate cardiac function in mice. This system generates high resolution images and provides analysis capabilities similar to those used with human patients. Although color Doppler has been available for over 30 years in humans, this valuable technology has only recently been possible in rodent ultrasound.4,5 Color Doppler has broad applications for echocardiography, including the ability to quickly assess flow directionality in vessels and through valves, and to rapidly identify valve regurgitation. Strain analysis is a critical advance that is utilized to quantitatively measure regional myocardial function.6 This technique has the potential to detect changes in pathology, or resolution of pathology, earlier than conventional techniques. Coupled with the addition of three-dimensional image reconstruction, volumetric assessment of whole-organs is possible, including visualization and assessment of cardiac and vascular structures. Murine-compatible contrast imaging can also allow for volumetric measurements and tissue perfusion assessment.

This video demonstrates use of a rail-mounted high-frequency ultrasound probe to perform echocardiography on an anesthetized mouse. The methods describe both conventional two-dimensional and M-mode measurements of cardiac function in addition to newer, more powerful tools such as color Doppler, strain analysis, as well as general and targeted contrast imaging.

小鼠超声心动图和超声成像

Rodent models of cardiac pathophysiology represent a valuable research tool to investigate mechanism of disease as well as test new therapeutics.1  ...

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

小鼠胎儿超声心动图

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential therapies. Given the expense and time involved in creating animal models of disease, it is critical that researchers have tools to accurately assess phenotypic expression of disease. Right ventricular dysfunction is the major manifestation of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is the mainstay of the noninvasive assessment of right ventricular function in rodent models and has the advantage of clear translation to humans in whom the same tool is used. Published echocardiography protocols in murine models of PAH are lacking.
In this article, we describe a protocol for assessing RV and pulmonary vascular function in a mouse model of PAH with a dominant negative BMPRII mutation; however, this protocol is applicable to any diseases affecting the pulmonary vasculature or right heart. We provide a detailed description of animal preparation, image acquisition and hemodynamic calculation of stroke volume, cardiac output and an estimate of pulmonary artery pressure.

This article provides a protocol for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and pulmonary hypertension in mice. Applications include phenotype determination and serial assessment in transgenic and toxin-induced mouse models of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary vascular disease.

右心小鼠的超声心动图评价

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, the RV is significantly affected in pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). In addition, the RV is remarkably sensitive to cardiac pathologies, including left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, valvular disease or RV infarction4. To understand the role of RV in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases, a reliable and noninvasive method to access the RV structurally and functionally is essential.
A noninvasive trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) based methodology was established and validated for monitoring dynamic changes in RV structure and function in adult mice. To impose RV stress, we employed a surgical model of pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) and measured the RV response over a 7-day period using a high-frequency ultrasound microimaging system. Sham operated mice were used as controls. Images were acquired in lightly anesthetized mice at baseline (before surgery), day 0 (immediately post-surgery), day 3, and day 7 (post-surgery). Data was analyzed offline using software.
Several acoustic windows (B, M, and Color Doppler modes), which can be consistently obtained in mice, allowed for reliable and reproducible measurement of RV structure (including RV wall thickness, end-diastolic&#160;and end-systolic dimensions), and function (fractional area change, fractional shortening, PA peak velocity, and peak pressure gradient) in normal mice and following PAC.
Using this method, the pressure-gradient resulting from PAC was accurately measured in real-time using Color Doppler mode and was comparable to direct pressure measurements performed with a Millar high-fidelity microtip catheter. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RV measurements obtained from various complimentary views using echocardiography are reliable, reproducible and can provide insights regarding RV structure and function. This method will enable a better understanding of the role of RV cardiac dysfunction.

Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, yet limited methodologies are available for its evaluation. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging provide a noninvasive and accurate option for longitudinal RV study. Herein, we detail a step-by-step echocardiographic method using a murine model of RV pressure overload.

右心室结构和功能的肺动脉缩窄经胸超声小鼠模型的评估

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, ...

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in rodents, with detailed descriptions of the appropriate methods for anesthesia, the echocardiographic windows used, the imaging planes and probe orientations for image acquisition, the methods for data analysis, and the limitations of emerging technologies for the evaluation of cardiac and valvular function. Importantly, we also highlight several future areas of research in cardiac and heart valve imaging that may be leveraged to gain insights into the pathogenesis of valve disease in preclinical animal models. We propose that using a systematic approach to evaluating cardiac and heart valve function in mice can result in more robust and reproducible data, as well as facilitate the discovery of previously underappreciated phenotypes in genetically-altered and/or physiologically-stressed mice.

This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice.

超声心动图方法和协议心脏瓣膜疾病的综合表型特征小鼠

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

小鼠右心室舒张参数的超声心电图测量

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional imaging to study the cardiac anatomy of the left ventricle and M-mode echo to assess its dimensions. However, this could limit a comprehensive study. Herein, we describe a protocol that allows an assessment of the heart chamber size, left ventricular function (systolic and diastolic) and valvular function. A conventional medical ultrasound machine was used in this protocol and different echo views were obtained through left parasternal, apical and suprasternal windows. In the left parasternal window, the long and short axis were acquired to analyze left chamber dimensions, right ventricle and pulmonary artery dimensions, and mitral, pulmonary and aortic valve function. The apical window allows the measurement of heart chamber dimensions and evaluation of systolic and diastolic parameters. It also allows Doppler assessment with detection and quantification of heart valve disturbances (regurgitation or stenosis). Different segments and walls of the left ventricle are visualized throughout all views. Finally, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta can be imaged through the suprasternal window. A combination of ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow and tissue Doppler assessment have been obtained to study cardiac morphology and function. This represents an important contribution to improve the assessment of cardiac function in adult rats with impact for research using these animal models.

A non-invasive protocol for transthoracic echocardiography assessment of cardiac anatomy and function for adult rats is presented in the current study. The heart valves, all four cardiac chambers and the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta are studied in detail.

成人大鼠心脏解剖与功能的超声心动图评估

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional ...

Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Coronary Flow in Neonate Mice

Echocardiography is a non-invasive procedure that enables the evaluation of structural and functional parameters in animal models of cardiovascular disease and is used to assess the impact of potential treatments in preclinical studies. Echocardiographic studies are usually conducted in young adult mice (i.e., 4-6 weeks of age). The evaluation of early neonatal cardiovascular function is not usually performed because of the small size of the mouse pups and the associated technical difficulties. One of the most important challenges is that the short length of the pups&#39; limbs prevents them from reaching the electrodes in the echocardiography platform. Body temperature is the other challenge, as pups are very susceptible to changes in temperature. Therefore, it is important to establish a practical guide for performing echocardiographic studies in small mouse pups to help researchers detect early pathological changes and study the progression of cardiovascular disease over time. The current work describes a protocol for performing echocardiography in mouse pups at the early age of 7 days old. The echocardiographic characterization of cardiac morphology, function, and coronary flow in neonatal mice is also described.

The present protocol describes the echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular morphology, function, and coronary blood flow in 7-day old neonate mice.

新生小鼠左心室结构、功能和冠状动脉血流的超声心动图表征

Echocardiography is a non-invasive procedure that enables the evaluation of structural and functional parameters in animal models of cardiovascular ...

Transthoracic Echocardiography to Assess Post-Resuscitation Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest in Pigs

One of the main causes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is acute myocardial infarction (AMI). After successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest, approximately 70% of patients die before hospital discharge due to post-resuscitation myocardial and cerebral dysfunction. In experimental models, myocardial dysfunction after cardiac arrest, characterized by an impairment in both left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, has been described as reversible but very little data are available in cardiac arrest models associated with AMI in pigs. Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line diagnostic test for the assessment of myocardial dysfunction, structural changes and/or AMI extension. In this pig model of ischemic cardiac arrest, echocardiography was done at baseline and 2-4 and 96 hours after resuscitation. In the acute phase, the examinations are done in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs (weight 39.8 &#177; 0.6 kg) and ECG is recorded continuously. Mono- and bi-dimensional, Doppler and tissue Doppler recordings are acquired. Aortic and left atrium diameter, end-systolic and end-diastolic left ventricular wall thicknesses, end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters and shortening fraction (SF) are measured. Apical 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-chamber views are acquired, LV volumes and ejection fraction are calculated. Segmental wall motion analysis is done to detect the localization and estimate the extent of myocardial infarction. Pulsed Wave Doppler echocardiography is used to record trans-mitral flow velocities from a 4-apical chamber view and trans-aortic flow from a 5-chamber view to calculate LV cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV). Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) of LV lateral and septal mitral anulus is recorded (TDI septal and lateral s&#39;, e&#39;, a&#39; velocities). All the recordings and measurements are done according to the recommendations of the American and European Societies of Echocardiography Guidelines.

Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line diagnostic test for post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction and structural changes in a pig model of cardiac arrest.