1。设备准备<ol><li>检查超声换能器的缺陷。根据所使用的设备上，这一步可能是不必要的。 <ol><li>如果气泡被观察到，除去位于右侧的换能器头的螺钉，并且通过用26号针头的孔中添加无菌水。换能器头内的气泡是常见的。他们会阻碍收购质量的图像。 </li><li>检查膜覆盖探测是否有泄漏或孔。必要时进行更换。 </li></ol></li><li>打开软件并初始化探头。 <ol><li>从下拉菜单中选择心脏包，以及适当的换能器。点击"初始化"。使用20-60 MHz探头的老鼠在35 g和a 15-45 MHz探头对小鼠大于35克</li><li>选择运算符，动物和日期的人口统计数据屏幕上，并选择"启动"。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。鼠标Preparat离子包括麻醉，脱毛，并定位<ol><li> 麻醉方法 :鼠标放置在感应腔和麻醉用便携式，桌面麻醉含有异氟醚蒸发器和废气容器的机器。 <ol><li>汽化器与3升/分钟的氧流量设定为3％。此相对高的麻醉速率是用来实现快速麻醉效果，因此减少应激反应，可能影响心脏功能。该协议的期限短最大限度地减少任何潜在危险的动物。这是非常重要的，以始终保持麻醉速率是相同的。该协议已被优化，专用异氟醚作为麻醉剂，因此对其他药物的最佳条件可能与本协议而有所不同。麻醉的下部深度可被选择，这取决于试验的需要，但是一旦麻醉协议是成立的，不能改变。麻醉会影响心脏速率和行吟诗人ř血流动力学测量。因此，如果麻醉深度的实验过程中发生变化时，数据可能不适合的分析是有用的。如果几个老鼠是在一天内进行成像，麻醉分开他们。 </li><li>监控室内温度，以确保它是实验组之间是相同的。室温下可影响血管反应性，甚至当鼠标在加热的表，所以它应该监测和保持相同，将被比较实验组之间。虽然这个协议并不直接测量动物的温度，恒定的环境和表温度确保有实验组之间几乎没有温度变化。 </li></ol></li><li> 脱毛 :从胸部用脱毛霜去除头发鼠标被麻醉后。开始应用程序与棉签，在锁骨，并继续到刚好低于隔膜。 <ol><li>将小鼠放回麻醉室1分钟使脱毛工作。要确定是否麻醉是有效的，坚决按您的缩略图对鼠标的爪子之一。如果不存在退出，麻醉是足够的。如果肢体撤回，将鼠标放回麻醉室一分钟。 </li><li>取少量润滑软膏鼠标的眼睛，以避免损坏角膜。 </li><li>从胸部取出头发用2×2纱布垫。在脱毛霜使用的化学品具有腐蚀性，并且会伤害皮肤，如果它留太久，所以应注意从皮肤移除所有的产品。 </li><li>适用于皮肤保湿以下脱毛。 </li></ol></li><li> 定位:鼠标放置在一个ventrodorsal位置上加热表设置为37°C。正确的定位是必要的收购质量的图像。使用可捕捉体温，呼吸和心脏速率的表。使用集成的铁路系统的所有OWS进行精确定位，随后，图像优化。 <ol><li>轻轻地用胶带了所有四只爪子和应用传导凝胶一角钱大小的量于胸。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3。采集图像:成像在胸骨旁长轴观<ol><li>锁的超声换能器到位的安装内侧的轨道系统上，并且将其旋转10°逆时针，从而使金属探头换能器的直接在心脏放置。更具体地，所述探针应该是在胸部左侧，在第二或第三肋间隙，并横向于胸骨。 <ol><li>操纵x和位于铁路系统的y轴，直到获得正确的观点。 </li><li>选择"B模式"。这是在系统控制台的右上部发现，为了项目二维实时图像。 </li><li>查看显示器上的以下解剖结构: <ol><li>从顶点整个心脏到aort一个 - 顶点将会显现在最左边的画面，并在最右边的主动脉。 </li><li>左心室（LV）的内腔</li><li>左心室后壁（LPW） </li><li>室间隔（IVS） </li><li>右心室的内腔（RV） </li><li>前，后二尖瓣瓣叶（AML与PML） </li><li>升主动脉（AO） </li><li>左心房（LA） </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>按扫描/冻结按钮"冻结"的形象获得主动脉的一个直径测量这一观点。然后用鼠标拉回通过视频环路在图像的底部，直到左心室处于收缩期，并且在主动脉是在其最大直径。 <ol><li>单击测量工具在屏幕的左上角和选择，看起来像一条对角线的图标。左击鼠标，并从前方画一条直线到主动脉，perpendicula后壁r以它的长轴。保存按"帧存储"按钮。 </li><li>按"日比商店"创建一个视频环路</li></ol></li></ol> 4， 采集图像:成像在胸骨旁短轴切面 <ol><li>重新换能器的3点和9点位置（横向）。角度稍微尾端通过操纵传感器安装，实现了主动脉和左心室腔的最佳观赏。金属探针将被水平，并直接放置在胸骨。 <ol><li>操纵的x轴和y轴的轨道系统上，直到获得正确的视图。左心室内腔可以看出，随着前外侧和后内侧乳头肌，这是显示器的右侧可见。这是为短轴的标准参考点，这表明了左心室的中间部分，其中尺寸的测定。稍微从基准点与x轴和y轴，以使不同的解剖结构视图偏离将是必要的，但定位是通过参考上述观点进行说明。 </li></ol></li><li>获得短轴视图下进行下列测量: <ol><li> B模式 <ol><li>主动脉的两个直径测量值。 </li><li>三次测量肺动脉流出道。 </li></ol></li><li> 脉冲多普勒模式（PW） <ol><li>主动脉三个速度时间积分测量（VTI） </li><li>肺动脉三VTI测量测量刚好接近肺动脉瓣。 </li><li>通过跟踪VTI曲线从血液流动开始到峰值速度测量肺动脉加速时间。 </li></ol></li><li> M模式 <ol><li>三次测量的左室内径在二中astole（LVIDd比值） </li><li>三次测量的左室内径的收缩（LVIDs） </li><li>三次测量右心室内径（RVID）的。右室腔将只显示在该视图中如果扩张。 </li><li>使用M-模式追踪的LV在三个不同的心动周期前壁2舒张峰值之间的距离测量心脏速率的三倍。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> B模式测量: <ol><li>从乳头肌视图颅操纵Y轴，直到主动脉半月瓣进入焦点。 </li><li>获得的主动脉刚刚阀上面的测量在最大的直径。 </li><li>点击测量工具，在屏幕的左上角，然后选择看起来像一个斜线的图标。 </li><li>左击鼠标，并从前方画一条直线到主动脉后壁。 </li><li>操纵吨他的x轴和y轴，直到主肺动脉分叉。这个结构将在前方看到的，并在液晶显示屏上主动脉的右侧。 </li><li>操纵y轴尾端直到主肺动脉瓣环映入眼帘。它不会被作为明确定义为主动脉。 </li><li> "冻结"的形象，并获得测量在收缩。 </li><li>收集共有三个测量。 </li></ol></li><li>脉冲波（PW）多普勒测量:PW模式主要用于血液流经动脉和静脉的血流动力学评估。在这个协议中，它会被用于检索主动脉和肺动脉的3速度时间积分的测量。 <ol><li>把主动脉回视图如步骤4.3.1，和子弹点1所述。 <ol><li>选择"私服模式"。这是位于系统控制台的右上角，并会产生血流的多普勒读数通过主动脉。 </li><li>放置SA投影机的简易体积的正上方的主动脉瓣的电平。在x轴和y轴可能需要稍微调整，以获得足够的多普勒信封。信封应该有白色边框，以及内部中空，表示层的血流量。 </li><li>一旦得到充分的观点是，"冻结"的形象和跟踪多普勒信封的边缘。这将计算VTI。 </li><li>旋转"角度"旋钮位于系统控制台顺时针旋转，直到分段黄线对显示器的右上侧看到的图像在温度为0°。此黄色线表示血流通过血管的方向。由于换能器本身是成角度以这样的方式来产生所述心脏的横截面或横向视图，该线必须被调整到0℃，以配合的血液通过升主动脉的垂直流动。 </li></ol></li><li>将样品体积近端肺动脉瓣中的中心的水平右室流出道和重复VTI测量方法同上。血液的流动应该出现反转，或血液中相对于显示器上的主动脉的流动相反。 </li></ol></li><li> M模式下测量:M-模式成像提供沿着单个超声波束的组织运动的高时间分辨率，并用于量化腔的尺寸，以及学习瓣膜，心肌，和血管壁的运动。 <ol><li>恢复"B模式"和重新定位的换能器获取的"参考视图"（左心室在乳头肌水平的横截面图）。 </li><li>按"M型"。这将产生一个连续的视频源在以下解剖结构的运动将作为"丝带"可见。如果扩张，右室腔内会出现在饲料的顶部是一个非常薄的黑色丝带。室间隔（IVS）将作为正下方的房车不透明的带状可见流明。 LV的管腔将直接看到下面的IVS。它是大黑的空间，占据了大部分的饲料。下面的左心室内腔是LV后壁（LVPW），这将被看作是一个不透明的带状。 </li><li>冻结图像，并根据需要到呼吸不发生点拉回到通过视频环。当鼠标呼吸作用，图像获取被隔膜和胸壁的运动受阻，从而产生所发生与常规频率在饲料中扭曲的"污点"伪影。 </li><li>使用对角线图标获得以下测量: <ol><li>三种测量左室舒张末期内径，其表现为室间隔和左室后壁之间的最大距离。 </li><li>三次测量左室收缩末期维度，它显示为室间隔和左室后壁之间的最短距离。 </li><li>三种测量心脏速率，这是通过单击心脏图标，然后从收缩期峰值测量到的做在左室后壁收缩期峰值。 </li><li>如果RV管腔扩张，取得使用对角线图标三次测量。 </li></ol></li><li>记录在"B模式"，按"日比商店"按钮，短胸骨旁轴视图的视频循环。 </li><li>进入"文件"，选择"浏览学习"来概括一下你的测量，单击"结束会话"，然后"提交会话数据。" </li><li>恢复鼠标所概述IACUC协议，并清理。 </li><li>将数据导出为CSV文件到U盘以供后续分析。 </li></ol></li><li>计算心脏功能（ 表1）的参数如下: <ol><li>左室流出道面积</li><li>左心室搏出量</li><li>左心室心输出量</li><li>短轴缩短率</li><li>肺动脉区</li><li>肺动脉加速时间</li><li>右心室每搏输出量</li><li>心脏指数</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoskeletal+defects+in+Bmpr2-associated+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension.">Cytoskeletal defects in Bmpr2-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 302, L474-L484 (2012).</li><li>Johnson, J. A., West, J., Maynard, K. B., Hemnes, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACE2+improves+right+ventricular+function+in+a+pressure+overload+model.">ACE2 improves right ventricular function in a pressure overload model.</a> PLoS One. 6, e20828 (2011).</li></ol>

小鼠模型中的疾病，无论是转基因或毒素相关的，需要的表型的验证，该模型实际上是概括了人类疾病它被用于仿真。此验证通常可以通过一个特定特征的存在或不存在来实现，对于肿瘤的例子发展。然而，导致血流动力学异常，如左心室肥厚或我们的转基因PAH的模型主动脉缩窄模型模型更难以验证。这些模型需要血液动力学或工具的任意终端测量到测量无创血流动力学异常和心脏功能。超声心?...

升高的肺动脉压和右心室（RV）功能障碍是肺血管疾病的动物模型和人类患者的肺动脉高压（PAH）的标志。 PAH的转基因和毒性（ 如野百合碱或缺氧）模型被广泛用于研究PAH的病理生理和调查潜在的治疗方法。定的费用和参与创建疾病的动物模型的时候，也有研究工具，以准确地评估疾病的表型的表达是至关重要的。 超声心动图是在啮齿类动物模型1,2心室功能的无创性评估的中流砥柱。超声心动图具有明显的翻译给人类在其中相同的工具用于的优势。此外，一些遗传模型表现出不完全外显3，无创识别受影响的动物的能力，节省了宝贵的时间和资源。 disea的无创性评估在不牺牲动物本身的严重程度也可以让研究人员连续调查研究治疗的效果。这一点尤其重要，因为快速性与平移疗法可进展为人体试验4,5。 在人类中，房车大小和肺动脉高压的超声心动图评价是由于胸骨位置和房车6的不规则形状特别具有挑战性。啮齿类动物模型具有体积小的附加挑战和极其快速的心脏速率（300〜700次/ min）。最近的进展包括更高的帧速率和更小的换能器具有改进的图像质量，在某些实验方案甚至允许有意识的成像，虽然大多数啮齿动物成像在麻醉下7,8完成。超声心动图在肺动脉高压大鼠模型的极好的实验方案进行了描述和验证对MRI和侵入血流动力学1,9。然而，超声心动图发布肺动脉高压小鼠模型的协议所缺乏的。 在这篇文章中，我们描述了一个协议，用于评估PAH的小鼠模型具有显性负突变BMPRII和肺动脉环缩后孤立右室后负荷模型房车和肺血管的功能，但是，这个协议适用于任何疾病的影响肺血管或心脏的权利。我们将介绍动物准备和房车的尺寸和功能以及主肺动脉（PA）的大小的详细的评估。我们还演示了估计每搏输出量和心输出量所需要的技术和计算。技术上的限制，排除肺动脉压精确的多普勒估计，但我们已经应用了经过验证的人代孕，肺动脉加速时间，估计PA的压力。

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echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in mice

转基因和肺动脉高压（PAH）的毒性模型被广泛用于研究PAH的病理生理和调查潜在的治疗方法。定的费用和参与创建疾病的动物模型的时候，也有研究工具，以准确地评估疾病的表型的表达是至关重要的。右心室功能不全是肺动脉高压的主要表现。超声心动图是在啮齿动物模型右心室功能的无创性评估的主体，有明确的翻译给人类在其中相同的工具用于的优势。肺动脉高压小鼠模型发布超声心动图协议所缺乏的。 在这篇文章中，我们描述了一个协议，用于评估RV和肺动脉高压的小鼠模型具有显性负突变BMPRII肺血管的功能，但是，这个协议适用于影响肺血管或心脏右任何疾病。我们提供动物制剂，图像采集和血液动力学计算每搏量，心输出量和肺动脉压力的估计值的详细说明。

该协议的主要目标是量化的RV大小和功能，并了解在何种程度上肺血管病变是。无论是鼠标和超声心动图设备适当的准备是必不可少的获得准确和可重复的结果。老鼠应该有自己的胸部脱毛和四肢固定在成像平台用胶带。麻醉，在这种情况下，异氟醚，经鼻锥给药。换能器应该检测的缺陷，特别是气泡，这可能会降低图像质量。获得心脏的优良品质四腔观是相当困难的小鼠所以使用胸骨旁短轴和?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice at JoVE.com

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

本文提供了一个协议，右心室的大小和小鼠肺动脉高压的超声心动图评价。应用范围包括表型测定和序列评估转基因和心肌病和肺血管病变的毒素诱导的小鼠模型。

右心小鼠的超声心动图评价

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

echocardiographic-assessment-of-the-right-heart-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

22.7K 次观看.  Vanderbilt University Medical Center. 本文提供了一个协议，右心室的大小和小鼠肺动脉高压的超声心动图评价。应用范围包括表型测定和序列评估转基因和心肌病和肺血管病变的毒素诱导的小鼠模型。 

视频: Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods.
Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images.
Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow.
Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.

An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF.

磁共振衍生的心肌劳损评估使用特征跟踪

Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that ...

科研

医学

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.

This protocol describes the porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model using a 90 min closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, the protocol for several outcome parameters, such as cardiac function, hemodynamics, microvascular resistance, and infarct size, are also presented.

心肌梗死和功能预后评估的猪

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

颈椎异位心脏移植小鼠

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

An original piglet model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) associated with chronic Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction is described. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) was induced in 3-week-old piglets by a progressive obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed. A ligation of the left Pulmonary Artery (PA) was performed first through a mini-thoracotomy. Second, weekly embolizations of the right lower pulmonary lobe were done under fluoroscopic guidance with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate during 5 weeks. Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (mPAP) measured by ritght heart catheterism, increased progressively, as well as Right Atrial pressure and Pulmonary Vascular Resistances (PVR) after 5 weeks compared to sham animals. Right Ventricular (RV) structural and functional remodeling were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (RV diameters, RV wall thickness, RV systolic function). RV elastance and RV-pulmonary coupling were assessed by Pressure-Volume Loops (PVL) analysis with conductance method. Histologic study of the lung and the right ventricle were also performed. Molecular analyses on RV fresh tissues could be performed through repeated transcutaneous endomyocardial biopsies. Pulmonary microvascular disease in obstructed and unobstructed territories was studied from lung biopsies using molecular analyses and pathology. Furthermore, the reliability and the reproducibility was associated with a range of PH severity in animals. Most aspects of the human CTEPH disease were reproduced in this model, which allows new perspectives for the understanding of the underlying mechanisms (mitochondria, inflammation) and new therapeutic approaches (targeted, cellular or gene therapies) of the overloaded right ventricle but also pulmonary microvascular disease.

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) and Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction were induced in piglets by progressive obstruction of the pulmonary arteries. Consequences were remarkably similar to those observed in CTEPH patients. This animal model would be a very useful tool for pathophysiology and therapeutic experiments on CTEPH and RV failure.

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压和右心室功能的仔猪评估

An original piglet model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) associated with chronic Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction is described. ...

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in rodents, with detailed descriptions of the appropriate methods for anesthesia, the echocardiographic windows used, the imaging planes and probe orientations for image acquisition, the methods for data analysis, and the limitations of emerging technologies for the evaluation of cardiac and valvular function. Importantly, we also highlight several future areas of research in cardiac and heart valve imaging that may be leveraged to gain insights into the pathogenesis of valve disease in preclinical animal models. We propose that using a systematic approach to evaluating cardiac and heart valve function in mice can result in more robust and reproducible data, as well as facilitate the discovery of previously underappreciated phenotypes in genetically-altered and/or physiologically-stressed mice.

This protocol provides a detailed description of the echocardiographic approach for comprehensive phenotyping of heart and heart valve function in mice.

超声心动图方法和协议心脏瓣膜疾病的综合表型特征小鼠

The aim of this manuscript and accompanying video is to provide an overview of the methods and approaches used for imaging heart valve function in ...

Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is&#160;expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.

Echocardiographic examination is frequently used in mice. Expensive high-resolution ultrasound devices have been developed for this purpose. This protocol describes an affordable echocardiographic procedure combined with histological morphometric analyses to determine cardiac morphology.

超声心动图与小鼠心脏形态学的组织学检查

An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

小鼠右心室舒张参数的超声心电图测量

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Assessment and Characterization of Hyaloid Vessels in Mice

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed regression of hyaloid vessels can be seen in diseases such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), leading to an obstructed light path and impaired visual function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyaloid vessel regression may lead to new molecular insights into the vascular regression process and potential new ways to manage diseases with persistent hyaloid vessels. Here we describe the procedures for imaging hyaloid in live mice with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and a detailed technical protocol of isolating and flat-mounting hyaloid ex vivo for quantitative analysis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) knockout mice were used as an experimental model of persistent hyaloid vessels, to illustrate the techniques. Together, these techniques may facilitate a thorough assessment of hyaloid vessels as an experimental model of vascular regression and studies on the mechanism of persistent hyaloid vessels.

This protocol describes both in vivo and ex vivo methods to fully visualize and characterize hyaloid vessels, a model of vascular regression in mouse eyes, using optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the live imaging and ex vivo isolation and subsequent flat mount of hyaloid for quantitative analysis.

小鼠透明血管的评估与表征

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

兔子模型中的跨胸超声心动图检查

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...

Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment for the Right Ventricular System and Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Mice

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and severe cardiopulmonary disorder. Mice are a popular animal model used to mimic this disease. However, the evaluation of right ventricular pressure (RVP) and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) remains technically challenging in mice. RVP and PAP are more difficult to measure than left ventricular pressure because of the anatomical differences between the left and right heart systems. In this paper, we describe a stable right heart hemodynamic measurement method and its validation using healthy and PAH mice. This method is based on open-chest surgery and mechanical ventilation support. It is a complicated procedure compared to closed chest procedures. While a well-trained surgeon is required for this surgery, the advantage of this procedure is that it can generate both RVP and PAP parameters at the same time, so it is a preferable procedure for the evaluation of PAH models.

Here, we present a protocol to perform an invasive hemodynamic assessment of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery in mice using an open-chest surgery approach.

小鼠右心室系统及缺氧诱发肺动脉高血压的侵入性血液动力学评估

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and severe cardiopulmonary disorder. Mice are a popular animal model used to mimic this disease. ...