通过美国能源部科学办公室的支持, 在人造光合作用联合中心进行了钙钛矿的工艺开发、薄膜合成、结构和形态表征。根据奖项编号 DE-SC0004993 的能源。C.M.S.-F。承认瑞士国家科学基金会 (P2EZP2_155586) 的财政支持。

警告: 请在使用前查阅所有相关的材料安全数据表 (MSDS)。这些合成中使用的几种化学物质具有剧毒、致癌性和生殖毒性。内爆和爆炸风险与 Schlenk 线的使用有关。请确保检查玻璃器具的完整性, 然后再执行程序。不正确使用 Schlenk 线与液氮冷阱相关联可能会导致液态氧 (淡蓝色) 的凝结, 从而形成爆炸性。在使用真空系统、Schlenk 线和低温液体之前, 请确保专家接受适当的职业培训。在执行综合时, 请使用所有适当的安全做法, 包括使用工程控制 (油烟罩) 和个人防护设备 (安全眼镜、手套、实验室大衣、全长长裤、双脚趾鞋)。以下所述的所有步骤均在空气中的油烟罩中进行, 除非有不同的说明. 
 1. Methylammonium 卤化物的制备 <ol> <li> 到250毫升圆底烧瓶装有搅拌棒, 添加乙醇 (100 毫升) 和甲胺 (190 摩尔, 16.5 毫升, 40% 重量 在 H 2 O), 并冷却烧瓶到0和 #176; C一个冰浴. </li>
	<li> 而甲胺溶液是搅拌 (约5分钟在600革命每分钟 (rpm)), 添加 HI (76 摩尔, 10 毫升, 57% 重量 在 h 2 o) 或评论 (76 摩尔, 8.6 毫升, 48% 重量 在 h 2 o) 滴, 并密封烧瓶与隔膜. </li>
	<li> 允许反应在0和 #730 时搅动2小时; C. </li>
	<li> 将反应瓶从冰浴中取出, 并在减压 (〜50乇) 上蒸发溶剂和未挥发性成分, 在60和 #730 上装有水浴的旋转蒸发器; C 为4小时或直到挥发物被去除. </li>
	<li> 要结晶所产生的固体, 请添加温热 (〜50和 #176; C) 乙醇 (100 毫升) 并溶解残余物质. </li>
	<li> 缓慢添加乙醚 (200 毫升), 以诱导白色固体结晶. </li>
	<li> 真空过滤器混合在一个粗50毫米玻璃熔块过滤器. </li>
	<li> 回收上清液并加入二乙醚 (200 毫升), 以诱导白色固体的额外结晶。真空过滤器的混合物在第二粗50毫米玻璃熔块过滤器. </li>
	<li> 将白色固体混合在粗糙的 50 mm 玻璃熔块过滤器上, 而在真空过滤时, 将产生的粉末用乙醚洗涤三次 (每次30毫升). </li>
	<li> 在真空下干燥白色固体。本程序产生 (58.9 摩尔, 9.360 克, 77%) methylammonium 碘 (ch 3 nh 3 I) 和 (55.5 摩尔, 6.229 g, 73%) 的 methylammonium 溴 (ch 3 nh 3 Br). </li>
	<li> 存储在黑暗中, 在室温下干燥, 以减少随着时间的推移分解. </li>
</ol> 2。Methylammonium 铅卤化物的制备 (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 x Br x ) 薄膜 6 、 20 <ol> <li> Schlenk 管的预调节 <ol> <li> 将50毫升 Schlenk 管 (直径2.5 厘米) 装入0.1 克 methylammonium 卤化物。为防止化学制品粘附在试管壁上, 使用称重纸筒将 methylammonium 卤化物转移到试管中. 
		注: 在 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x br x 中, i/(i + br) 的最终比率由测试管中的 methylammonium 卤化物组成确定。例如, 为了达到 30% I 的内容, Schlenk 管加载了 0.03 g ch 3 NH 3 I 和 0.07 g ch 3 nh 3 Br. 实际获得的成分可能会随着实验的设置而变化, 所以合成条件的校准产生特定的靶成分是必要的。在本例中, 这是通过通过能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDX) 测量合成薄膜中的卤化物含量来实现的. </li>
		<li> 使用装有旋转泵的 Schlenk 线连接和疏散管道。将压力调整到0.185 乇。然后, 把试管浸入硅油浴预热到120和 #176; C, 用磁力搅拌器 (600 rpm) 为 2 h (预处理 Schlenk 管). 
		注意: 这一步允许 methylammonium 前驱体沿 Schlenk 管的两侧升华。重要的是要确保 methylammonium 前体的升华在两个小时的预处理。一层薄薄的 methylammonium 前驱体将沿 Schlenk 管的两侧凝结, 以覆盖管的下半部。如果 methylammonium 前驱体的升华未被观察或发生得太快, 检查 Schlenk 线的压力和油浴的温度是否正确, 或尝试使用新鲜的 methylammonium 卤化物前驱物. #160; </li> <li> 删除 Schlenk管从油浴和离开 methylammonium 卤化物下的超压流动 N 2 , 以避免水分摄入. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 衬底准备 <ol> <li> 几种一个衬底 (玻璃或 FTO 镀膜玻璃, 14 x 16 mm 2 ), 含水 (〜3毫升) 含有洗涤剂为 15 min 在试管 (直径 1.5 cm 和高度 15 cm) 在35赫. </li>
		<li> 用超纯水 (10 毫升) 冲洗5次, 将洗涤剂/水丢弃. </li>
		<li> 丢弃超纯水, 加入丙酮 (〜3毫升), 几种为15分钟, 35 赫. </li>
		<li> 丢弃丙酮, 加入异丙醇 (〜3毫升), 并几种15分钟, 在35赫. </li>
		<li> 丢弃异丙醇, 用镊子从试管中回收基体, 并用 N 2 十五年代枪将其烘干. </li>
		<li> 沉积在 FTO 玻璃基底上的 2 致密层 (100 nm), 电子束蒸发在基底温度为350和 #176; C, 沉积速率为0.5 和 #197;/s 使用衬底旋转。 21 </li> </ol> </li> <li> 准备 MAPbI 3-x <ol> Brx (0 和 #60; x 和 #60; 3), 溶解 PbI <li> 2 (0.8 摩尔, 0.369 g) 和 PbBr 2 (0.2 摩尔, 0.073 g) 在1毫升 DMF 中达到最后浓度0.8 米的 PbI 2 和 0.2 m 的 PbBr 2 。几种为5分钟, 在35赫完全溶解的前兆。
		<ol> <li> 用于制备纯碘或溴薄膜, 在0.8 毫升 DMF 中溶解 PbI 2 (1 摩尔、0.461 g) 或 PbBr 2 (0.294 摩尔, 1 g), 分别达到 1 m 和 0.8 m 的最终浓度。几种为5分钟, 在35赫完全溶解前体. </li>
			<li> 用于制备掺氯的 methylammonium 铅钙钛矿薄膜, 溶解 PbI 2 (0.369 g) 和 PbCl 2 (0.056 g) 在1毫升 DMF 中, 以达到 PbI 0.8 m 的最终浓度, PbCl 2 和 0.2 m 的。几种为5分钟, 在35赫完全溶解前体. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 使用0.2 和 #956; m 聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 过滤器筛选前体解决方案. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 引线卤化物沉积 <ol> <li> 热板上的前体溶液设置为110和 #176; C 为 5 min. </li>
		<li> 带微, 下落80和 #956; 预热铅卤化物前驱体溶液到旋转基板上 (玻璃或镀膜 2 沉积在 FTO 涂层玻璃上; 14 x 16 mm 2 大小)。旋转在 500 rpm 为 5 s, 加速率为 500 rpm s -1 , 和 1500 rpm 为3分钟的 accelerati1500 rpm s -1 的速率. </li>
		<li> 在通风橱, 干燥前体膜为15分钟, 在110和 #176; C 在热板上流动 N 2 . 
		注: 使用 crystalizing 盘并放置在基板上, 以使前驱体在 N 2 大气中干燥。为了改变所产生的钙钛矿膜的厚度, 第二自旋涂层步骤的速度可从1200到 1.2万 rpm 不等, 以达到500至 100 nm 范围内的薄膜厚度。为进一步降低薄膜厚度, 可采用稀释前体溶液. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 蒸气辅助退火 <ol> <li> 将样品装入 Schlenk 管 (根据2.1.2 节的说明编写)。将压力调整到0.185 乇. 
		注: 样品位于 methylammonium 卤化物上方的试管中, 不与它直接接触。为了减缓 methylammonium 的合并, 铅卤化物表面是面向远离 methylammonium 卤化物. </li>
		<li> 将装有试样的 Schlenk 管浸入加热到120和 #176 的硅油浴中; C 为 2 h. </li>
		<li> 取出样品, 并将其浸入含有异丙醇的烧杯中快速冲洗。立即用 N 个 2 枪擦干冲洗过的样品. 
		注: 要准备纯 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 使用 PbI 2 作为卤化前驱体和纯 methylammonium 碘化物在蒸气辅助退火步骤中。要准备 CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 使用 PbBr 2 作为卤化物前驱体, 并在蒸气辅助退火步骤中采用纯 methylammonium 溴化物. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

为了制备高效的有机铅平面钙钛矿异, 活性层的均匀性是一个关键的要求。对于现有的解决方案2、16、17和 vacuum-based18、19方法, 我们的过程非常适合于可以综合在全 CH3NH3PbI3 xBrx组成空间, 具有高光电质量和重现性。6,<sup class=...

混合有机-无机铅卤化物 perovskites (CH3NH3PbX3, X = I, Br, Cl) 是一种新的半导体类, 在过去几年中迅速涌现。该材料类显示了优异的半导体性能, 如高吸收系数1、可调谐带隙的2、长电荷载流子扩散长度3、高缺陷容差4和高光致发光量子屈服5,6。这些特性的独特组合使得卤化铅 perovskites 在光电器件中具有很好的应用前景, 如单结点7、8和面光伏9, 10、激光器11、12和指示灯13。
CH3NH3PbX3胶片可由各种合成方法制作而成14, 其目的是提高这一半导体材料的能量应用效率15。然而, 光伏器件的优化依赖于卤化钙钛矿活性层的质量, 以及它与电荷选择性接触 (即电子和空穴传输层) 的界面, 从而促进了这些载波的收集。设备.具体来说, 连续的, 无针孔的主动层是必要的, 以减少分流电阻, 从而提高设备的性能。
在制备有机铅卤化物钙钛矿薄膜的最广泛的方法是解决和 vacuum-based 过程。最常见的解决方法是使用在胺 (DMF)、砜 (亚砜) 或γ-丁内 (GBL) 或这些溶剂的混合物中溶解的卤化铅和 methylammonium 卤化物的摩尔比值。2,16,17前体浓度和溶剂型, 以及退火温度、时间和大气, 必须精确控制以获得连续和无针孔薄膜。16例如, 为了提高表面覆盖度, 我们展示了一种溶剂工程技术, 以产生致密和极均匀的薄膜。17在这种技术中, 在钙钛矿溶液的纺丝过程中, 溶剂 (甲苯) 滴在钙钛矿层上。17这些方法通常很适合介观异, 它采用了介孔的.2作为与增加接触面积和减少载流子传输长度的电子选择性接触。
然而, 平面异, 使用选择性接触的基础上薄 (通常为2) 电影, 更可取的, 因为它们提供了一个简单的和可伸缩的配置, 可以更容易地采用太阳能电池技术。因此, 在平面异的作用下, 开发出具有高效、稳定的有机铅卤化物钙钛矿活性层, 可能会导致该领域的技术进步。然而, 制造平面异的主要挑战之一仍然是由活性层的均匀性所代表。一些尝试, 根据真空的过程, 已作出准备均匀层在薄的2电影。例如, Snaith 和合作者已经证明了双蒸发过程, 它产生高度均匀的钙钛矿层, 高功率转换效率的光伏应用。18虽然这项工作代表了该领域的一个重大进展, 但使用高真空系统和缺乏调谐的组成的活性层限制了该方法的适用性。有趣的是, 通过蒸气辅助解决方案 (VASP)19和修改后的低压 VASP (LP-VASP)620, 实现了极高的一致性。虽然 VASP, 由杨和合作者建议的19, 需要更高的温度和使用一个手套箱, LP-VASP 是基于在 methylammonium 卤化物蒸气存在的铅卤化物前驱层的退火, 在减少压力和通风橱的温度相对较低。这些特定的条件使接入混合钙钛矿组成, 并制作纯 CH3nh3PbI3, ch3nh3PbI3 xClx, ch3nh3PbI3可以轻松实现 x Brx和 CH3NH3PbBr3 。具体地说, CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx胶片在整个合成空间上可以合成高光电质量和再现性6,20。
本文详细介绍了通过 LP VASP 合成有机-无机卤化铅钙钛矿层的协议, 其中包括合成 methylammonium 卤化物前驱体的程序。一旦合成了前驱体, CH3NH3PbX3胶片的形成包括 i 的 two-step 过程) PbI2/PbBr2 (PbI2或 PbI2/PbCl 的自旋涂层2) 在玻璃衬底或掺氟锡氧化物 (FTO) 涂层玻璃基板上的前驱物, 其平面上有2, 作为电子传输层, ii) 在 CH3NH3I 的混合物中进行低压蒸气辅助退火CH3NH3Br 可根据所需的光学带隙 (1.6 ev ≤ Eg ≤ 2.3 ev) 进行微调。在这些条件下, 在气相中的 methylammonium 卤化物分子慢慢扩散到卤化铅薄膜中, 产生连续的无针孔卤化物钙钛矿膜。这一过程产生两倍的体积扩展从开始的卤化铅前驱层到完成有机-无机卤化铅钙钛矿。钙钛矿薄膜的标准厚度约 400 nm。通过改变第二个自旋涂层的速度, 可以在100-500 纳米之间变化这一厚度。该技术的结果, 在高光电质量的薄膜, 它转化为光伏设备的功率转换效率高达19% 使用一个 Au/螺 OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx紧凑的2/FTO/玻璃太阳电池结构。21

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead (II) bromide, 99.999%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>398853</td>
			<td>Acute toxicity, Carcinogenicity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead (II) Iodide, 99.9985%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>12724</td>
			<td>Acute toxicity, light sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N, N-Dimethylformamide, &#62; 99.9%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270547</td>
			<td>Acute toxicity, flamable; store in well ventilated place</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol, 99.5%</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH1133-4LP</td>
			<td>Flamable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylamine ca. 40% in water</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>M0137</td>
			<td>Acute toxicity, flamable; Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrobromic acid 48 wt. % in H2O, &#8805;99.99%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>339245</td>
			<td>Acute toxicity, Corrosive; air and light sensitive; store in well ventilated place</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroiodic acid 57 wt. % in H2O, distilled, stabilized, 99.95%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>210021</td>
			<td>Corrosive; air and light sensitive; store in well ventilated place 
			Recommended storage temperature 2/8 &#176;C; air and light sensitiv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Ether Anhydrous BHT Stabilized/Certified ACS</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td>E 138-4</td>
			<td>Acute toxicity, flamable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol Denatured (Reagent Alcohol), ACS</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH1156-4LP</td>
			<td>Flamable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alconoxdetergent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>242985</td>
			<td>Soap utilized for substrate cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-QIntegral 3 Water Purification System</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ZRXQ003WW</td>
			<td>Dispenser of ultrapure water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorine-doped Thin Oxide (FTO) coated glass</td>
			<td>Thin Film Devices</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Glass: dimensions 13.8mm x 15.8mm &#177; 0.2mm, thickness 2.3mm &#177; 0.1mm; FTO: dimensions 3000&#197; &#177; 100&#197;, resistivity 7-10 ohms/sq, transmission 82% @ 550nm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass substrates</td>
			<td>C &#38; A Scientific - Premiere</td>
			<td>9101-E</td>
			<td>Plain. Length: 75 mm, Width: 25 mm, Thickness: 1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer and Heater</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97043-992</td>
			<td>2.8 L (0.7 gal.)24L x 14W x 10D cm (97/16x 51/2x 315/16&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Advance 500</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>Z115311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quanta 250 FEG Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>743202032141</td>
			<td>Equipped with a Bruker Xflash 5030 Energy-dispersive X-ray detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SmartLab X-ray diffractometer</td>
			<td>Rigaku</td>
			<td>2080B411</td>
			<td>Using Cu K&#945; radiation at 40 kV and 40 mA</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

low pressure vapor-assisted solution process for tunable band gap pinhole-free methylammonium lead halide perovskite films

有机铅卤化物 perovskites 最近引起了人们对薄膜光电和光电子的潜在应用的极大兴趣。本文通过低压蒸气辅助溶液 (LP-VASP) 法, 提出了一种在平面质钙钛矿太阳能电池中产生19% 功率转换效率的协议。首先, 我们报告的合成 methylammonium 碘化物 (ch3nh3I) 和 methylammonium 溴 (ch3nh3Br) 从甲胺和相应的卤化物酸 (HI 或评论)。然后, 我们描述的制造无针孔, 连续 methylammonium 铅卤化物钙钛矿 (CH3NH3PbX3与 X = I, Br, Cl 和他们的混合物) 影片与 LP-VASP。此过程基于两个步骤: i) 将卤化铅前驱体的同质层的自旋涂覆到基板上, ii) 将此层转换为 ch3NH3PbI3-xBrx , 将基底暴露在混合 ch 的蒸气中3nh3I 和 CH3nh3Br 在减压和120° c。通过缓慢扩散的 methylammonium 卤化物蒸汽进入铅卤化物前驱体, 我们实现了缓慢和控制生长的连续, 无针孔的钙钛矿薄膜。LP VASP 允许在 CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx中以0≤ x ≤3对完整的卤化物合成空间进行综合访问。根据气相的组成, 带隙可以调谐 1.6 ev ≤ Eg ≤ 2.3 ev。此外, 通过改变卤化物前驱体和气相的组成, 我们还可以获得 CH3NH3PbI3 xClx。从 LP VASP 获得的薄膜具有重现性, 经 X 射线衍射测定证实的相纯度, 具有高光致发光量子产率。该过程不需要使用手套。

质子核磁共振 (NMR) 光谱后, methylammonium 卤化物合成验证分子纯度 (图 1)。在蒸气退火 (图 2) 之前和之后获得扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 图像, 以表征混合铅卤化物前驱体和 CH3NH3PbI3 xBrx 的形貌和均匀性影片。收集 x 射线衍射 (XRD) 模式, 以确定相纯度和转换的铅卤化物到 CH3NH3PbI3-x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films at JoVE.com

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

在这里, 我们提出了一个协议的合成 CH3nh3I 和 ch3nh3Br 前体和随后形成无针孔, 连续 CH3NH3PbI3 xBrx薄膜在高效太阳能电池等光电器件中的应用。

可调谐带隙无针孔 Methylammonium 铅卤化物钙钛矿薄膜的低压蒸气辅助解决工艺

Organo-lead halide perovskites have recently attracted great interest for potential applications in thin-film photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Herein, ...

low-pressure-vapor-assisted-solution-process-for-tunable-band-gap

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.5K 次观看.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 在这里, 我们提出了一个协议的合成 CH3nh3I 和 ch3nh3Br 前体和随后形成无针孔, 连续 CH3NH3PbI3 xBrx薄膜在高效太阳能电池等光电器件中的应用。

视频: Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Template Directed Synthesis of Plasmonic Gold Nanotubes with Tunable IR Absorbance

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes have been under development since the 1990's and have become a common method to template the synthesis of high aspect ratio nanostructures, mostly by electrochemical growth or pore-wetting. Recently, these membranes have become commercially available in a wide range of pore sizes and densities, leading to an extensive library of functional nanostructures being synthesized from AAO membranes. These include composite nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes made of metals, inorganic materials or polymers 3-10. Nanoporous membranes have been used to synthesize nanoparticle and nanotube arrays that perform well as refractive index sensors, plasmonic biosensors, or surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates 11-16, as well as a wide range of other fields such as photo-thermal heating 17, permselective transport 18, 19, catalysis 20, microfluidics 21, and electrochemical sensing 22, 23. Here, we report a novel procedure to prepare gold nanotubes in AAO membranes. Hollow nanostructures have potential application in plasmonic and SERS sensing, and we anticipate these gold nanotubes will allow for high sensitivity and strong plasmon signals, arising from decreased material dampening 15.

Solution-suspendable gold nanotubes with controlled dimensions can be synthesized by electrochemical deposition in porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes using a hydrophobic polymer core. Gold nanotubes and nanotube arrays hold promise for applications in plasmonic biosensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, photo-thermal heating, ionic and molecular transport, microfluidics, catalysis and electrochemical sensing.

的模板导演电浆黄金纳米管的合成与可调谐红外吸收

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) ...

科研

化学

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and lignin. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process which relies on the assembly of oppositely charged molecules from aqueous solutions was used to build a freestanding composite film of isolated wood polymers of lignin and oxidized nanofibril cellulose (NFC). To facilitate the assembly of these negatively charged polymers, a positively charged polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammomium chloride) (PDDA), was used as a linking layer to create this simplified model cell wall. The layered adsorption process was studied quantitatively using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The results showed that layer mass/thickness per adsorbed layer increased as a function of total number of layers. The surface coverage of the adsorbed layers was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complete coverage of the surface with lignin in all the deposition cycles was found for the system, however, surface coverage by NFC increased with the number of layers. The adsorption process was carried out for 250 cycles (500 bilayers) on a cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. Transparent free-standing LBL assembled nanocomposite films were obtained when the CA substrate was later dissolved in acetone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fractured cross-sections showed a lamellar structure, and the thickness per adsorption cycle (PDDA-Lignin-PDDA-NC) was estimated to be 17 nm for two different lignin types used in the study. The data indicates a film with highly controlled architecture where nanocellulose and lignin are spatially deposited on the nanoscale (a polymer-polymer nanocomposites), similar to what is observed in the native cell wall.

The objective of this research was to form synthetic plant cell wall tissue using layer-by-layer assembly of nanocellulose fibrils and isolated lignin assembled from dilute aqueous suspensions.&#160; Surface measurement techniques of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy were used to monitor the formation of the polymer-polymer nanocomposite material.

朝仿生学木:纳米纤维素，木质素的装配式自由站立电影和合成聚阳离子

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and ...

Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films

Atomically defined substrate surfaces are prerequisite for the epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. In this protocol, two approaches to obtain such surfaces are described. The first approach is the preparation of single terminated perovskite SrTiO3 (001) and DyScO3 (110) substrates. Wet etching was used to selectively remove one of the two possible surface terminations, while an annealing step was used to increase the smoothness of the surface. The resulting single terminated surfaces allow for the heteroepitaxial growth of perovskite oxide thin films with high crystalline quality and well-defined interfaces between substrate and film. In the second approach, seed layers for epitaxial film growth on arbitrary substrates were created by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition of nanosheets. As model system Ca2Nb3O10- nanosheets were used, prepared by delamination of their layered parent compound HCa2Nb3O10. A key advantage of creating seed layers with nanosheets is that relatively expensive and size-limited single crystalline substrates can be replaced by virtually any substrate material.

Various procedures are outlined to prepare atomically defined templates for epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. Chemical treatments of single crystalline SrTiO3 (001) and DyScO3 (110) substrates were performed to obtain atomically smooth, single terminated surfaces. Ca2 Nb3 O10- nanosheets were used to create atomically defined templates on arbitrary substrates.

原子定义模板复合氧化物薄膜的外延生长

Atomically defined substrate surfaces are prerequisite for the epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. In this protocol, two approaches to obtain ...

Fabrication of Large-area Free-standing Ultrathin Polymer Films

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films. Typically, ultrathin films are prepared using either sacrificial layers, which may damage the film or affect its mechanical properties, or they are made on freshly cleaved mica, a substrate that is difficult to scale. Further, the size of ultrathin film is typically limited to a few square millimeters. In this method, we modify a surface with a polyelectrolyte that alters the strength of adhesion between polymer and deposition substrate. The polyelectrolyte can be shown to remain on the wafer using spectroscopy, and a treated wafer can be used to produce multiple films, indicating that at best minimal amounts of the polyelectrolyte are added to the film. The process has thus far been shown to be limited in scalability only by the size of the coating equipment, and is expected to be readily scalable to industrial processes. In this study, the protocol for making the solutions, preparing the deposition surface, and producing the films is described.

We describe a method for the fabrication of large-area (up to 13 cm diameter) and ultrathin (as thin as 8 nm) polymer films. Instead of using a sacrificial interlayer to delaminate the film from its substrate, we use a self-limiting surface treatment suitable for arbitrarily large areas.

大面积的制造自立性的超薄聚合物薄膜

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films.  Typically, ultrathin films are prepared ...

Preparation of Macroporous Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon by Chemical Solution Deposition

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step process based on the preparation of a sol in a one-pot synthesis which is followed by the deposition of a gel film on Si(100) substrates by evaporation induced self-assembly using the dip-coating technique and ends with a thermal treatment of the material to induce the gel crystallization and the growth of the quartz film. The formation of a silica gel is based on the reaction of a tetraethyl orthosilicate and water, catalyzed by HCl, in ethanol. However, the solution contains two additional components that are essential for preparing mesoporous epitaxial quartz films from these silica gels dip-coated on Si. Alkaline earth ions, like Sr2+ act as glass melting agents that facilitate the crystallization of silica and in combination with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) amphiphilic template form a phase separation responsible of the macroporosity of the films. The good matching between the quartz and silicon cell parameters is also essential in the stabilization of quartz over other SiO2 polymorphs and is at the origin of the epitaxial growth.

A protocol is presented for the preparation of piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial films of quartz on silicon by solution chemistry using dip-coating and thermal treatments in air.

化学溶液沉积在硅外延大孔石英薄膜的制备

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step ...

Low-energy Cathodoluminescence for (Oxy)Nitride Phosphors

Nitride and oxynitride (Sialon) phosphors are good candidates for the ultraviolet and visible emission applications. High performance, good stability and flexibility of their emission properties can be achieved by controlling their composition and dopants. However, a lot of work is still required to improve their properties and to reduce the production cost. A possible approach is to correlate the luminescence properties of the Sialon particles with their local structural and chemical environment in order to optimize their growth parameters and find novel phosphors. For such a purpose, the low-voltage cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy is a powerful technique. The use of electron as an excitation source allows detecting most of the luminescence centers, revealing their luminescence distribution spatially and in depth, directly comparing CL results with the other electron-based techniques, and investigating the stability of their luminescence properties under stress. Such advantages for phosphors characterization will be highlighted through examples of investigation on several Sialon phosphors by low-energy CL.

Low-energy Cathodoluminescence for OxyNitride Phosphors

An excellent chemical and luminescence stabilities of (oxy)nitride phosphors present it as an promising alternative to currently used sulfide and oxide phosphors. In this paper, we present the way to investigate its local luminescence properties using low-energy cathodoluminescence (CL).

低能量的阴极射线（氧）氮化物荧光粉

Nitride and oxynitride (Sialon) phosphors are good candidates for the ultraviolet and visible emission applications. High performance, good stability and ...

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a commercially utilized deposition method for electronic materials. ALD growth of thin films offers thickness control and conformality by taking advantage of self-limiting reactions between vapor-phase precursors and the growing film. Perovskite oxides present potential for next-generation electronic materials, but to-date have mostly been deposited by physical methods. This work outlines a method for depositing SrTiO3 (STO) on germanium using ALD. Germanium has higher carrier mobilities than silicon and therefore offers an alternative semiconductor material with faster device operation. This method takes advantage of the instability of germanium's native oxide by using thermal deoxidation to clean and reconstruct the Ge (001) surface to the 2&#215;1 structure. 2-nm thick, amorphous STO is then deposited by ALD. The STO film is annealed under ultra-high vacuum and crystallizes on the reconstructed Ge surface. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is used during this annealing step to monitor the STO crystallization. The thin, crystalline layer of STO acts as a template for subsequent growth of STO that is crystalline as-grown, as confirmed by RHEED. In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to verify film stoichiometry before and after the annealing step, as well as after subsequent STO growth. This procedure provides framework for additional perovskite oxides to be deposited on semiconductors via chemical methods in addition to the integration of more sophisticated heterostructures already achievable by physical methods.

This work details the procedures for the growth and characterization of crystalline SrTiO3 directly on germanium substrates by atomic layer deposition. The procedure illustrates the ability of an all-chemical growth method to integrate oxides monolithically onto semiconductors for metal-oxide semiconductor devices.

锗通过原子层沉积钙钛矿型钛酸锶的外延生长

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a commercially utilized deposition method for electronic materials. ALD growth of thin films offers thickness control and ...

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The number of well-characterized metalloid tin clusters, synthesized by applying the disproportionation of a metastable Sn(I) halide in the presence of a sterically demanding ligand, has increased in recent years. The metastable Sn(I) halide is synthesized at&#160;&#34;outer space conditions&#34; via the preparative co-condensation technique. Thereby, the subhalide is synthesized in an oven at high temperatures, around 1,300 &#176;C, and at reduced pressure by the reaction of elemental tin with hydrogen halide gas (e.g., HCl). The subhalide (e.g., SnCl) is trapped within a matrix of an inert solvent, like toluene at -196 &#176;C. Heating the solid matrix to -78 &#176;C gives a metastable solution of the subhalide. The metastable subhalide solution is highly reactive but can be stored at -78 &#176;C for several weeks. On heating the solution to room temperature, a disproportionation reaction occurs, leading to elemental tin and the corresponding dihalide. By applying bulky ligands like Si(SiMe3)3, the intermediate metalloid cluster compounds can be trapped before complete disproportionation to elemental tin. Hence, the reaction of a metastable Sn(I)Cl solution with Li-Si(SiMe3)3 gives [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- 1 as black crystals in high yield. 1 is formed via a complex reaction sequence including salt metathesis, disproportionation, and degradation of larger clusters. Further, 1 can be analyzed by various methods like NMR or single crystal X-ray structure analysis.

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The disproportionation reaction of a metastable Sn(I) chloride solution, obtained via the preparative co-condensation technique, is used for the synthesis of a metalloid tin cluster compound.

的合成[锡<sub&gt; 10</sub&gt;（SI（SIME<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;）<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;）<sub&gt; 4</sub&gt;]<sup&gt; 2</sup<sup&gt; -</sup&gt;使用亚稳锡（I）卤溶液通过共缩聚合成技术

The number of well-characterized metalloid tin clusters, synthesized by applying the disproportionation of a metastable Sn(I) halide in the presence of a ...

Capillary Electrophoresis to Monitor Peptide Grafting onto Chitosan Films in Real Time

Free-solution capillary electrophoresis (CE) separates analytes, generally charged compounds in solution through the application of an electric field. Compared to other analytical separation techniques, such as chromatography, CE is cheap, robust and effectively requires no sample preparation (for a number of complex natural matrices or polymeric samples). CE is fast and can be used to follow the evolution of mixtures in real time (e.g., chemical reaction kinetics), as the signals observed for the separated compounds are directly proportional to their quantity in solution.
Here, the efficiency of CE is demonstrated for monitoring the covalent grafting of peptides onto chitosan films for subsequent biomedical applications. Chitosan&#39;s antimicrobial and biocompatible properties make it an attractive material for biomedical applications such as cell growth substrates. Covalently grafting the peptide RGDS (arginine - glycine - aspartic acid - serine) onto the surface of chitosan films aims at improving cell attachment. Historically, chromatography and amino acid analysis have been used to provide a direct measurement of the amount of grafted peptide. However, the fast separation and absence of sample preparation provided by CE enables equally accurate yet real-time monitoring of the peptide grafting process. CE is able to separate and quantify the different components of the reaction mixture: the (non-grafted) peptide and the chemical coupling agents. In this way the use of CE results in improved films for downstream applications.
The chitosan films were characterized through solid-state NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. This technique is more time-consuming and cannot be applied in real time, but yields a direct measurement of the peptide and thus validates the CE technique.

Free solution capillary electrophoresis is a fast, cheap and robust analytical method that enables the quantitative monitoring of chemical reactions in real time. Its utility for rapid, convenient and precise analysis is demonstrated here through analysis of covalent peptide grafting onto chitosan films for improved cell adhesion.

毛细管电泳监视肽接枝壳聚糖膜实时

Free-solution capillary electrophoresis (CE) separates analytes, generally charged compounds in solution through the application of an electric field. ...

Solution-Processed "Silver-Bismuth-Iodine" Ternary Thin Films for Lead-Free Photovoltaic Absorbers

Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are regarded as promising photo-active semiconductors for environment-friendly and air-stable solar cell applications. However, poor surface morphologies and relatively high bandgap energies have limited their potential. Silver-bismuth-iodine (Ag-Bi-I) is a promising semiconductor for optoelectronic devices. Therefore, we demonstrate the fabrication of Ag-Bi-I ternary thin films using material solution processing. The resulting thin films exhibit controlled surface morphologies and optical bandgaps according to their thermal annealing temperatures. In addition, it has been reported that Ag-Bi-I ternary systems crystallize to AgBi2I7, Ag2BiI5, etc. according to the ratio of the precursor chemicals. The solution-processed AgBi2I7 thin films exhibit a cubic-phase crystal structure, dense, pinhole-free surface morphologies with grains ranging in size from 200 to 800 nm, and an indirect bandgap of 1.87 eV. The resultant AgBi2I7 thin films show good air stability and energy band diagrams, as well as surface morphologies and optical bandgaps suitable for lead-free and air-stable single-junction solar cells. Very recently, a solar cell with 4.3% power conversion efficiency was obtained by optimizing the Ag-Bi-I crystal compositions and solar cell device architectures.

Herein, we present detailed protocols for solution-processed silver-bismuth-iodine (Ag-Bi-I) ternary semiconductor thin films fabricated on TiO2-coated transparent electrodes and their potential application as air-stable and lead-free optoelectronic devices.

无铅光伏吸收剂的溶液处理 "银铋碘" 三元薄膜

Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are regarded as promising photo-active semiconductors for environment-friendly and air-stable solar cell applications. ...