这项工作一直由美国心脏协会的科学家发展给予 (#12SDG12200001) E.瓦苏德万供资。R.Hamzey 当前加入是机械工程系，波士顿大学，美国，马萨诸塞州，波士顿。E.柯克当前加入是物理治疗系的麻省总医院卫生专业研究所。

所有程序已都获机构的审查委员会，石溪分校。
 1.实验装置 注: 拆分带跑步机实验中常用的术语的定义，请参阅 补充文件 1-定义。
<ol><li>屏幕所有与会者的拆分带跑步机的经验。 
	注: 人已被证明更快适应事先的暴露后，拆分带跑步机 29 ， 30。这些人们时间刻度 &#34; 忘记 &#34; 拆分带跑步机不目前所知的;因此，拆分带跑步机的经验可能是一个混杂变量，如果不控制。</li>
	<li>进行所有的测试，在安静的环境，和尽量减少活动在考场中的。</li>
	<li>集向上运动到记录运动跟踪系统 （根据系统的指示），拆分带跑步机和在上地面走道。 
	注: 例如，当前的协议使用运动与活动 LED 标记跟踪系统。四个三脚架式传感器单元检测到活动的标记，与放在任一侧 （右和左的跑步机上） 和两个 7 万地面走道两边的两个单位的三维位置。</li>
	<li>与运动跟踪 标记、 肌电图等 装备参与者。</li>
	<li>包括分区之间拆分带跑步机上以防止腿从跨越到对侧带的两个带的考虑。此分区不是严格必要神经完好无损的成人，但可能有助于测试儿童或临床的人口。请注意是否存在分区可能会增加台阶宽度;然而，对，这影响拆分带适应程度是未知。</li>
	<li>设置安全带在跑步机上以保护参与者掉落在跑步机上行走. 
	注: 束应该不支持体重，除非这是研究问题的部分。虽然落在跑步机上行走过程中是非常少见的许多研究伦理委员会要求安全线束使用。</li>
	<li>维护一致性的手臂运动跨实验范式和参与者。当手臂运动 （例如，抱着扶手，自然地挥舞着手臂），类型决定的考虑什么将是舒适的学科群和典型摆臂是否将可见性关键标记用于运动的捕获 （例如，标记放在臀部）。
	<ol><li>无论手臂运动指导所有参与者举行同时启动和停止跑步机为安全扶手。</li>
	</ol></li> <li>跨实验范式维护一致性倾向。 
	注: 我们所知，所有发表的分裂带跑步机协议，其中包括当前，有用于零倾斜跑步机和在地面上走动。</li>
</ol> 2。基线期 注: 基准期的目的，是要建立什么正常行走协调是为每一个人。基线协调应在后遗症被测试的所有条件下测试。例如，在当前的协议中，后遗症被测试在跑步机上和地面行走以不同的速度 (0.7 和 1.4 m/s)。因此，基线在地面和跑步机上试验在 0.7 1.4 m/s 并包括在内。这允许直接比较的基线步行协调在相同的速度和上下文的后遗症。在走基线的地面试验可以消除时的实验目标不包括推广到在地面上走动。
<ol><li>为在地面基准试验，指导参与者走在地面上走道哪里可以收集运动捕获数据。收集 10 个步幅周期建立基线在地面上走动最低的限度。
	<ol><li>如果运动捕捉系统只允许在有限的空间内的运动捕捉参与者通过运动捕获空间执行几个通行证 （如、 审判）。在每个审判结束，指导参与者要停止，到位，转身准备研究员 &#39; s 提示开始下一轮试验。</li>
		<li>为每个审判，确保在运动捕捉空间，不包括第一个和最后一个跨越周期内进行至少两个跨越周期。 
		注意: 这些初始的和最终的步幅周期将丢弃从分析加速/减速的步伐，正如他们不稳态走。</li>
		<li>有参与者执行几个 (通常 10) 在地面行走试验。
		<ol><li>如果需要特定的速度，则有参与者步行，跑步机 （上绑安全带） 那种速度，让他/她熟悉的任务。然后在此基础上，将移回人行道，指导参与者以同样的速度走，他 （她） 一样，跑步机，，在每个试验的时间参与者，在地面上走动。在每个审判加速或减速下来，口头反馈，如果需要 25。</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li> <li>跑步机基准试验，指导参与者走上绑安全带 1 5 分钟 
	注意: 这构成单基线审判。如果参与者是陌生的跑步机上行走，这一时期可能被延长，以能成为舒适的任务的人。
	<ol><li>匹配的基线 speed(s) 试验到 speed(s) 的后遗症将测试，以允许对前和后适应步态协调等效速度的比较。 
		注: 多个比较基准试验 （即，1-5 分钟块） 捆绑带速度不同可能需要;例如，在当前的协议中，基准试验在绑皮带速度 0.7 m/s 和 1.4 m/s 被收集因为那些被用来评估后遗症的速度。</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 3。适应期 注: 参与者不需要指示他们即将走上分裂带。在许多实验中，包括目前在位，参与者不是告知会否带绑-或拆分-;他们只是被告知，跑步机将开始或停止时。这允许实验测量中的步行环境意外变化的影响。
<ol><li>虽然参与者站在固定的跑步机皮带，开始分裂带跑步机上跑得更快，比另一个带和允许参与者走至少 7 分钟 （10-15 分钟是更常见）。
	<ol><li>指导参与者，直视前方，不降在他们脚下。</li>
		<li>设置一个带速度快于其他 （例如，2-3 折皮带速度差异）。 
		注: 更高的速度比率曾在过去的 8 ， 31。当前的协议使用 0.7:1.4 m/s 的比例为 2:1。
		<ol><li>随机化哪条腿靠慢皮带或一贯选择一条腿 （显性或非显性） 作为由慢皮带驱动腿。</li>
			<li>皮带速度差可能逐渐引入 （快速带速度是以增量方式增加和/或慢带速度惊人精神上减少了几分钟) 或突然 (从停止的位置, 传送带加速到目标速度在几秒钟内). 
			注意: 分体式带的方式会影响个体的适应能力, 以及他们如何将适应的模式转移到不同的行走环境, 以及他们个的分割带24小时后 27 , 32 . 目前, 大多数的分割带行走协议 (包括当前的), 突然引入了分裂带. </li>
			<li> 如果预计将需要工间休息 ( 例如, 对于年幼的儿童、年长的成年人或流动性有限的个人, 请将预定的休息时间添加到所有参与者的协议中。确保这些断点的长度一致;应记录并定时出现意外中断, 因为这可能是分析 33 中考虑的因素. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> 4。捕获试用 注意: 在跑步机 (系带) 上进行捕捉试验, 用于简要测试参与者和 #39; 目前为止, 在协议中的后遗症, 表明他们已经适应了多少。渔获量试验是一个短 (通常和 #60; 二十年代) 捆绑带步行周期, 以快速评估在分裂带适应期内后遗症的发展. 
<ol> <li> 一旦参与者完全适应了分割带 (最小7分钟分带行走), 请立即停止皮带, 并以相同速度运行的两条皮带重新启动跑步机。执行捕捉试验, 以相同的速度启动跑步机在分裂带适应 28 , 因为后遗症将是最大的在这里。
	<ol> <li> 在拆分带适应的 0.7: 1.4 米/秒时最大化后效振幅, 在0.7 米/秒执行 catch 试验. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 要减轻 de-adaptation, 请结束 catch 试验 ( 即 , 停止跑步机), 一旦参与者在所需的捕获试验速度 (约10-15 秒) 中采取了大约五大步. </li>
	<li> 要评估在多个不同的行走速度下执行的渔获量试验的后遗症 (或行走环境中的其他变化, 如 , 向前和向后行走 24 ), 个参与者至少2分钟每个渔获量试验之间的分型带. 
	注: 渔获量试验的顺序应为随机的 25 和/或第一次渔获量试验应在适应期结束前重新, 以确定是否有系统地减少后效大小与重复切换在捆绑带 (抓住试验) 和分裂传送带 (适应) 之间 28 . </li>
	<li> 在最后一次捕捉试验之后, 停止跑步机并使用拆分带 (与适应相同的配置, 请参阅步骤 3.1.2) 将其重新启动2-5 分钟, 以允许参与者个. </li>
</ol> 5。后适应-测试后的效果在地上行走 注意: 此步骤是可选的, 取决于实验的目标。在本议定书中, 目标包括评估对地面步行的泛化, 从而在地面测试期间 post-adaptation. 
<ol> <li> 停止跑步机并将参与者转移到使用轮椅的过地上走道, 以防止参与者在到达录制区域之前采取未记录的步骤. </li>
	<li> 指示参与者沿地上走道行走, 如步骤2.1 所示。
	<ol> <li> 如果需要特定的行走速度, 请指示个人复制基线行走速度 25 。
		<li> 完全洗地面行走的后遗症, 使人们回到他们的基线协调, 让参加者执行10-15 步行通过6米以上的地面走道 
		注意: 这已经被证明是足够的 26 , 27 , 相当于大约30大步 27 。如果超过地面行走不连续地被记录 ( 例如 , 通过记录区域采取几个通行证), 将有几个步骤, 没有分析在每一个以上的地面步行试验, 参与者放慢, 轮流到位,开始走在另一个方向。de-adaptation 在地面 post-adaptation (PA) 试验的速度应谨慎解释, 除非实验设置允许连续记录的地面行走. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 6。后适应试验-在跑步机行走后的效果测试 注意: 在步骤5中, 此步骤是可选的, 并取决于学习目标。如果包括一个 PA 期间, 随后的跑步机 post-adaptation 周期测试的存在的跑步机后遗症后的地面后遗症已被褪色 23 , 26 , 27 . 如果没有 PA 周期, 跑步机 post-adaptation 周期可以用来评估跑步机的后遗症 (前 1-5 步幅 post-adaptation) 和/或跑步机 de-adaptation 率 22 , 29 , 34 . 
<ol> <li> 如果没有 PA, 在适应期结束时, 请停止单调的跑步机, 然后用绑带重新启动。如果有一个超过地面的步行周期, 使用轮椅将参与者送回固定式跑步机, 并用系带重新启动;轮椅是重要的, 以尽量减少没有记录的步骤数。
	<ol> <li> 简单地测量后效大小, 记录绑带走短时间 ( 例如 , 三十年代)。为了评估 de-adaptation 率, 记录连续的捆绑带步行至少10分钟, 以确保完全洗的后遗症. </li>
		<li> 根据所提出的假设, 在 post-adaptation 期间设置绑带的速度, 因为在拆带适应过程中, 当系皮带速度与低速带的匹配时, 最大的跑步机后遗症发生在 25 中, 28 。如果在0.7 和1.4 米/秒的分带速度下进行适应, 则将绑带速度设置为0.7 米/秒, 以观察最大的后遗症. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

作者没有透露。

许多研究表明, 人们在分体式跑步机上调整步态协调以恢复间协调参数 (如步长和双支撑时间) 的对称性。当自然步行条件恢复后, 分带步行, 参与者继续使用适应的步态模式, 导致后遗症, 必须不知道, 以恢复正常步行协调。研究人员主要使用适应率和后效振幅来量化学习这种新的行走模式的能力, 并将这种学习推广到其他的行走环境和任务中。正确解释这些变化的适应率和后效振幅需要仔细遵守的?...

拆分带跑步机上有可以开车每条腿，在不同的速度或方向不同的两个带。此设备是第一次用于 45 年前作为一种工具研究的双腿之间 （即，肢间协调） 行走1过程中的协调。这一点，和其他早期的研究主要使用猫作为实验模型1，，23，但昆虫也研究了的4。在人类的婴儿和成人的拆分带运动的第一批调查发表在 1987 年和 1994 年，分别为5，6。这些初期的研究在人类和非人类的动物主要是研究了短期 （即，立即） 调整在肢间的协调，以维持稳定和向前进展，当以不同的速度驱动的双腿。1995 年的研究指出，长时间 （几分钟） 拆分带行走的损害人类的成年人，准确地感知跑步机传送带速度并进行调整的能力，以均衡速度在每边。这表明，走路的感觉运动映射重新调整的7。然而，它是不直到 2005 年第一次详细的人类电机适应运动报告超过 10 分钟的拆分带跑步机上行走被出版的8。
电机的适应是指错误驱动的过程，其间的纯熟的动作感觉运动映射将在响应新的、 可预测的需求9中调整。这是一种发生在扩展的实习期间 （分钟到数小时） 的运动技能学习和后遗症，是运动模式时删除需求的变化和/或条件的结果返回到正常。例如，最初走上分裂带导致人与不对称的肢间协调，类似于一瘸一拐行走。在拆分带步行几分钟，人适应他们行走的协调，使他们的步态变得更加对称。当两个带随后返回到相同的速度 （即捆绑带） 时，从而恢复正常行走的情况下，人们表现出后遗症步行，以不对称的协调。这些后遗症必须积极地去适应，或在几分钟的系带行走之前正常行走协调是恢复的8不通。
继 2005年斯曼等人8走在人类的拆分带运动学分析，在发表的研究拆分带跑步机的使用增加了大约十倍相比前, 十年。为什么拆分带跑步机正越来越受到欢迎，作为实验的工具？拆分带移动显然是一项实验室的任务 — — 最接近真实的模拟是转弯或走在一个紧密的圆圈，但拆分带跑步机诱导更极端的版本的转动，一条腿比其他更快推动两到四倍。事实上，分裂带跑步机是一个极不寻常的行走任务提供研究自发学习的几个优点。首先，它是新型的大多数人不分年龄和独立行走的经验;它是易于屏幕实验参与者为新奇的拆分带行走。第二，拆分带跑步机诱导肢间协调不迅速解决的相当大变化。相对较慢的适应和脱适应率允许我们研究如何不同训练干预可以改变这些费率而不必接近上限。第三，运动8，10，动力学11，，1213，14，肌电图6，15，16，和感性7，17，，1819修改出现的拆分带跑步机适应已经完善的研究，由于这项任务20 神经控制 ，，2122。换句话说，拆分带跑步机适应有被记录和复制由几个不同的组，使这清晰的描述自发学习任务。
过去十多年来，几个研究表明拆分带适应的任务和特定于上下文的性质。在振幅大大减少这些后遗症拆分带适应修改后，如果他们测试了从培训状况的不同条件下。例如，后遗症较小，如果人移动到一个不同的环境 （例如，在地面行走23），执行不同的运动任务 （例如，向后走路或跑步13，24)，或甚至走在以不同的速度从慢带的速度适应25。正在努力建立控制的运动适应泛化参数。
本文的目的是描述一个协议来使用拆分带跑步机探讨人类运动适应和适应模式对其他行走的上下文 （即，不同的行走速度和环境） 的泛化。虽然议定书 》 所述这里是大多数直接派生中 Hamzey等人所用25 (图 1)，应该指出的是，本议定书获悉由大量的研究，它之前8，23，，2426， 27，28。该方法最初是假说保持恒常步行速度之间，跑步机和地面环境相比会提高泛化拆分带穿过这些不同的环境25。在下面的协议部分，我们给说明如何复制此版本的拆分带跑步机的方法，以指示如何可能对不同方法用于修改某些协议步骤的说明。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="997">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="220">
			<td height="220" style="height:220px;width:216px;">Split-belt treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Woodway</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:591px;">The WOODWAY SPLIT-BELT is an advanced gate measurement and analysis tool used for synchronous or asynchronous running/walking. With its unique and innovative dual belt system, the &#34;SPLIT-BELT,&#34; provides infinitely variable speed control of each leg independently. Used for gait rehab, the gas-assisted, fully adjusted handrail options provide more room for therapists and patients.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Codamotion CX1</td>
			<td>Charmwood Dynamics, Ltd, Leicestershire, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using a split-belt treadmill to evaluate generalization of human locomotor adaptation

了解运动学习的基本机制有助于研究人员和临床医生优化步态再培训作为汽车康复的一部分。然而, 研究人类的运动学习可能是有挑战性的。在婴儿期和孩童时期, 神经肌肉系统是相当不成熟的, 而且在发育早期阶段的运动学习不太可能与成年时相同的机制所支配。当人类达到成熟的时候, 他们是如此精通步行, 很难想出一个足够新颖的任务来研究从头开始的运动学习。分体式跑步机, 它有两个皮带, 可以以不同的速度驱动每条腿, 使研究短-(即, 立即) 和长期 (即, 超过分钟的时间; 运动学习的形式) 步态的修改, 以响应在步行环境中的新变化。个人可以很容易地被筛选为以前暴露于分裂带式跑步机, 从而确保所有实验参与者没有 (或同等) 的先验经验。本文介绍了一个典型的分体式跑步机适应协议, 它包含了测试方法, 以量化运动学习和推广这种学习的其他步行环境。关于设计分体式跑步机试验的重要考虑因素如下: 包括跑步机皮带速度、休息时间和干扰。此外, 讨论中还考虑了潜在但理解的混杂变量 (例如、arm 移动、先验经验)。

在一条分带式跑步机上行走, 最初导致间协调的大不对称。在 10-15 分钟的时间内, 许多这些措施的对称性逐渐恢复。关于运动行走参数在分体式跑步机适应过程中的变化的详细说明已在别处发布8,10。本文主要研究间协调的两种措施: 步长和双支撑时间。步长的计算方法是两英尺 (即, 在侧足上放置?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation at JoVE.com

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

我们描述调查人类运动适应使用拆分带跑步机，具有可以以不同的速度行驶每条腿的两个带的协议。具体地说，我们重点旨在测试的不同行走的上下文 （例如，步行速度、 步行环境） 适应运动模式推广的范式。

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

using-split-belt-treadmill-to-evaluate-generalization-human-locomotor

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.2K 次观看.  Stony Brook University. 我们描述调查人类运动适应使用拆分带跑步机，具有可以以不同的速度行驶每条腿的两个带的协议。具体地说，我们重点旨在测试的不同行走的上下文 （例如，步行速度、 步行环境） 适应运动模式推广的范式。

视频: Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software (VTS) have allowed it to be coupled to LMA testing, dramatically improving specificity and sensitivity when compared to the line crossings method with manual scoring. In addition, VTS enables high-throughput experimentation. While similar to automated video tracking used for the open field test (OFT), LMA testing is unique in that it allows mice to remain in their home cage and does not utilize the anxiogenic stimulus of bright lighting during the active phase of the light-dark cycle. Traditionally, LMA has been used for short periods of time (mins), while longer movement studies (hrs-days) have often used implanted transmitters and biotelemetry. With the option of real-time tracking, long-, like short-term LMA testing, can now be conducted using videography. Long-term LMA testing requires a specialized, but easily constructed, cage so that food and water (which is usually positioned on the cage top) does not obstruct videography. Importantly, videography and VTS allows for the quantification of parameters, such as path of mouse movement, that are difficult or unfeasible to measure with line crossing and/or biotelemetry. In sum, LMA testing coupled to VTS affords a more complete description of mouse movement and the ability to examine locomotion over an extended period of time.

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice. Coupling of video tracking software (VTS) and LMA allows for the improvement of specificity and sensitivity, especially when compared with the manual, line crossing method of LMA analysis. Additionally VTS allows long-term tracking of mouse LMA.

鼠标短期和长期活动性分析视频跟踪软件

Locomotor  activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice  and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software ...

科研

行为学

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

行为和运动测量使用一个开放的领域活动监控系统的骨骼肌疾病

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies for modeling the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits. Characterizing the vocal behavior of mouse models carrying mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders will help to understand the mechanisms leading to social communication deficits. We provide here protocols to reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations in pups and in adult mice. This standardization will help reduce inter-study variability due to the experimental settings. Pup isolation calls are recorded throughout development from individual pups isolated from dam and littermates. In adulthood, vocalizations are recorded during same-sex interactions (without a sexual component) by exposing socially motivated males or females to an unknown same-sex conspecific. We also provide a protocol to record vocalizations from adult males exposed to an estrus female. In this context, there is a sexual component in the interaction. These protocols are established to elicit a large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice. However, we point out the important inter-individual variability in the vocal behavior of mice, which should be taken into account by recording a minimal number of individuals (at least 12 in each condition). These recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations are used to evaluate the call rate, the vocal repertoire and the acoustic structure of the calls. Data are combined with the analysis of synchronous video recordings to provide a more complete view on social communication in mice. These protocols are used to characterize the vocal communication deficits in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2, a gene associated with autism spectrum disorders. More ultrasonic vocalizations recordings can also be found on the mouseTube database, developed to favor the exchange of such data.

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations are used as proxies to model the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits in mouse models for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present protocol describes three experimental contexts that reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations from pups (throughout development) and adult mice (same-sex interactions, male-estrus female interactions).

录制鼠标超声波发声评价社会交往

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical or age differences, or a color deficiency or disease. This protocol describes a technique for incorporating sensory adaptation into the simulations. The protocol is illustrated with the example of color vision, but is generally applicable to any form of visual adaptation. The protocol uses a simple model of human color vision based on standard and plausible assumptions about the retinal and cortical mechanisms encoding color and how these adjust their sensitivity to both the average color and range of color in the prevailing stimulus. The gains of the mechanisms are adapted so that their mean response under one context is equated for a different context. The simulations help reveal the theoretical limits of adaptation and generate &#34;adapted images&#34; that are optimally matched to a specific environment or observer. They also provide a common metric for exploring the effects of adaptation within different observers or different environments. Characterizing visual perception and performance with these images provides a novel tool for studying the functions and consequences of long-term adaptation in vision or other sensory systems.

This article describes a novel method for simulating and studying adaptation in the visual system.

可视化视觉适应

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

跑步机疲劳试验:疲劳类似的行为，为鼠标操作简单，高通量检测

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度:新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

一种研究左右反试镜的适应方法

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

利用基于课堂的 deese roediger mcdermott 范式评估意象对虚假记忆的影响

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...