The authors are grateful for the support of Deis3D, the Brandeis 3D Printing Club, and members of Brandeis Library/LTS/Makerlab. This work was funded in part by a grant awarded to Pomeranz Krummel by the NSF, Award No. 1157892; an ESIT grant of the BMBF, awarded to the University of T&#252;bingen; and US Federal funds from the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. GS35F0373X. Molecular graphics and analyses were performed with the UCSF Chimera package. Chimera was developed by the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco (supported by NIGMS P41-GM103311).

1.准备3D模型文件进行打印注:（1）在线使用NIH三维打印交换10的自动化工具，或（2）本地使用分子建模软件:生物分子的三维模型文件可以通过两种方法产生。自动生成的模型将使用在这个协议中详述创建打印表示的处理，但表示的细节不能由用户来选择。与此相反，自定义模型生成允许对生物分子的视觉属性的用户控件。单个原子，残基，以及键可以被显示，并且色带，债券的规模，并可以指定支柱。美国国立卫生研究院的3D打印交换的自动化工具和以下两个协议使用奇美拉UCSF一个自由和开放源码的分子建模软件包，11很适合于出口生物分子的3D文件。通过使用奇美拉对埃出口的所有3D文件距离单位。当这些文件被在1毫米/距离单位导入到切片软件，该机型将在1000万次的放大倍率进行缩放。 <ol><li> 自动生成与NIH 3D打印交易所3D打印模型 注意:美国国立卫生研究院的3D打印Exchange运行嵌合体的脚本，其类似于步骤1.2-1.3中描述的步骤。 <ol><li>找到生物分子结构的分子数据文件，从数据库，无论是PDB，EMDB或PubChem数据库（补充1.1）打印。记录感兴趣的生物分子的登记号。 </li><li>如果是第一次用户导航到NIH 3D打印交易所（3dprint.nih.gov），并创建一个新的用户帐户。 </li><li>导航到" 快速发布 "功能，进入生物分子加入代码，并点击提交。 </li><li>产生的生物分子的模型后，导航到模型页面并下载生物分子STL文件中的" 丝带"或" 面 "表示。继续执行该协议第2条。 </li></ol></li><li> 生成具有UCSF嵌合体定制的分子模型 注:使用奇美拉制作的3D模型，包括命令行等效很多步骤的更多细节，可以在补充1.2中找到。 <ol><li>下载并安装UCSF嵌合体（https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/download.html）。 </li><li>使用奇美拉，通过执行下列操作之一检索分子数据文件: <ol><li> 由ID使用工具栏命令文件&gt;获取 ，输入PubChem数据库，PDB，或加入EMDB代码直接从数据库中检索的文件。 </li><li>使用工具栏命令文件&gt;打开 ，检索本地分子数据文件;默认情况下，分子将5立杆一个内显示配体蛋白质和核酸，原子彩带和债券，和残留物ð。 </li><li>使用奇美拉命令行中，通过转至收藏夹访问&gt;命令行 ，使用打开命令，并输入登录码。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 准备一个生物分子的三维打印表示 注:有一个生物分子结构可以显示或代表的几种方法。要打印的特定表示的选择应基于如何最好地提供了最大的洞察生物分子结构与功能。常用的表示包括"带"，"面"，和"原子/债券"。不过，最好是使用这些表象的组合，显示选择侧链或配体探索。此外，三维印刷结构应该足够健壮要打印和处理时不会破裂。因此，要考虑这一点是很重要的选择表示或显示侧链时。阿尔斯o考虑引入支撑结构，或者"支柱"。最后，在打印模型时，这将是缩放重要的，以便所有的特征将正确打印。因此，对于较大的生物分子，完全在带或原子表示打印可能不是可行由于在这些需要被印刷的规模。 <ol><li>在"彩带"生成一个3D打印表示 注:更多详细信息可在补充1.2.1找到。 <ol><li>选择可见的" 溶剂 "，其中包括离子，通过选择&gt;结构&gt;溶剂 。 </li><li>隐藏选定的" 溶剂 "使用操作&gt;原子/债券&gt;隐藏 。 </li><li>加厚带的直径，以便它可以成功地打印。使用在工具&gt;描写 功能区样式编辑器菜单。 注意:苏ggested参数的初步尝试: 缩放选项卡下 ，更改每一个项目至少0.7以及每个设置的宽度至少有以下的高度 :0.7 线圈 ; 螺旋 1.4; 表 :1.4; 箭头（基地）:2.1; 箭头（TIP）0.7; 核酸 1.0。 </li><li>如果核酸存在，改变与操作&gt;原子/债券&gt;核苷酸对象&gt;设置的基本表示。改变糖/碱显示器梯子梯级半径0.6。 </li><li>可选:继续执行步骤1.3.3引进的支撑结构。 </li></ol></li><li>产生的分子的三维打印"的表面"表示 注:更多详细信息可在补充1.2.2找到。 <ol><li>隐藏所有先前的陈述。使用操作&gt;原子/债券&gt;隐藏和 操作&gt;丝带&gt;隐藏。 </li><li>当渲染原子作为球体，通过选择所需的原子（S）和去操作&gt;检查菜单调节半径。 注:更改默认的原子半径可以更容易地在印刷模式区分不同的原子类型。 </li><li>隐藏任何使用操作&gt;原子/债券&gt;隐藏和行动&gt;丝带&gt;隐藏显示的色带，原子，债券和pseudobonds。 </li><li>如果表面细节是理想的，添加的氢原子，以使表面的计算更准确。使用工具&gt;结构编辑&gt; ADDH。 </li><li>产生通过在命令行中输入冲浪＃0电网0.5的表面。 </li></ol></li><li>生成一个3D打印表示"原子/债券。" 注:更多详细信息可在补充1.2.3找到。 <ol><li>隐藏溶剂。使用选择&gt;结构&gt;溶剂中 ，然后操作&gt;原子/债券&gt;隐藏 。 </li><li>通过选择并显示出操作&gt;原子/债券&gt;显示它们显示特定的残留物和/或表示形式原子的配体和债券。原子表示方式可以在操作&gt;原子/债券下拉列表中选择棍，球和棍子 ，或球来改变。 </li><li>进行选择后，提高棒或球的半径，并与操作棒表示&gt;检查菜单。 </li><li>可选:继续执行步骤1.3.4引进的支撑结构。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 添加结构支撑一个3D打印表示 注:更多详细信息可在补充1.2.4和1.2.5中找到。在此阶段，支柱可以被添加到3D模型。建议用于α-螺旋和β-折叠片的二级结构，以包括稳定骨干氢键，虽然小蛋白质（ 即，少于50个残基）通常表示为具有典型厚度的带状，并且可以打印良好，没有这样的支持。然而，对于较大的蛋白质，即使加入的氢键，许多色带车型仍然过于细腻要成功地打印。支柱是不反映任何分子属性但增加的机械强度，从而有利于印刷和处理模型中的物理连接。奇美提供了一个快速的方法来自动支柱的支柱命令通过命令行添加到模型和个体支柱也可能是使用手动工具的距离显示。 <ol><li>显示氢键准备一个坚固的打印。使用菜单工具&gt;结构分析&gt; FindHBond。 </li><li>使用工具&gt;常规续ROLS&gt; PseudoBond面板修改氢键。选择"氢键"pseudobonds，点击属性按钮，勾选" 组件PseudoBond属性 "对话框。在底部面板，改变从线债券的风格， 坚持从0.2到0.6的半径值。 </li><li>可选:添加支撑结构（S），或者"支柱"，使用Struts命令。与1.0在每个70个残基的碳阿尔法半径不超过8创建蓝支柱分开，使用命令: 支柱@ca长度8圈70色蓝色弧度1.0 fattenRibbon假的 。 </li><li>可选:要使用距离工具创建单独的支柱，选择每个人，请使用工具&gt;结构分析&gt;距离由移CTRL单击两个原子，然后单击创建添加pseudobond。 NAVIGAT以e为PseudoBond面板中选择"远程监控"pseudobonds，点击属性按钮，然后选中"组件PseudoBond属性 "对话框。在底部面板，改变从线债券的风格， 坚持从0.2到0.01的半径值。 </li><li>导出奇美拉渲染为STL的3D模型文件<ol><li>一旦获得所需的代表性，使用文件&gt;导出场景导出3D文件。 STL选择作为文件类型和名称，并保存模型。注:在协议的第2节这STL文件可以修复，导向，并打印。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2.印刷工艺STL文件<ol><li> 与Autodesk Netfabb修复STL文件 注:模型可能需要维修时，它包含多个重叠的部分与INTErsecting几何形状，其通常是用丝带模型和原子模型的情况。重叠几何当文件被一些切片软件读，因为相交的区域可以解释为模型的外观可能会导致错误。更多详细信息可在补充2.1中找到。 <ol><li>下载并安装该软件的标准版本。 </li><li>打开程序并导入STL文件进行修复。如果有与该网格的问题，将显示一个警告信号。 </li><li>使用其他&gt;自动零件修理 ，选择扩展修复 ，然后等待文件处理;对于小机型，这将需要几秒钟，但对于大型模型，可能需要几分钟。 </li><li>在模型上单击鼠标右键，选择导出部分&gt;由于STL或使用项目&gt;导出工程为STL保存修复模型;该方案将增加" 修理 "到文件名从原始文件区分开来。 </li></ol></li><li> 东方模型与Autodesk Meshmixer打印 注:切片前一模型的最优取向将减少突出端的数量，因此，在印刷过程中需要支撑件的数量。一个最佳化模式将打印速度更快，使用更少的材料，并且不太可能在打印过程中失败。更多详细信息可在补充2.2中找到。 <ol><li>下载并安装软件</li><li>导入修复STL文件到程序中。 </li><li>选择分析&gt;方向 。 </li><li>强度重量值调整为100，支持卷重量值设置为0，支持单位面积质量为0，然后更新模型。这将旋转模型以最小化突出端的数目。接受由此带来的方向。 </li><li>使用文件&gt;导出 ，然后选择从下拉菜单中的二进制STL文件。保存文件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3，切片和打印<ol><li> 选择灯丝材料 注意:一打印材料的选择应使用切片软件之前进行，因为打印设置将所选材料不同。被广泛使用的三种材料是聚乳酸（PLA），热塑性弹性体（TPE）和丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯（ABS）。 PLA一般是打印详细的分子模型最有效的材料，因为它冷却快，很好地粘附到构建板，很少扭曲。 TPE是类似的材料PLA和可以用来生产柔性的模型。推荐用于补充蛋白质表面模型或蛋白带状模型。 ABS更强，比PLA更灵活，但在打印时12它所产生潜在危险的颗粒。它一般不建议在打印分子模型，为更高的材料的温度会导致LESŞ精确的生产小的特点。更多详细信息可在补充3.1中找到。 <ol><li>与聚乳酸（PLA）打印。 <ol><li>设置喷嘴温度至210℃。为了确保部到床的粘附，设置的床温至70℃。如果使用未加热的床上，用画家的胶带覆盖。使用主动散热。 </li></ol></li><li>与热塑性弹性体印刷（TPE） <ol><li>重复步骤3.1.1.1。打印速度设置到1200毫米/分钟或更小。 </li></ol></li><li>与丙烯腈 - 丁二烯 - 苯乙烯印刷（ABS）的<ol><li>不要使用冷却。设置喷嘴温度至240℃。为了确保部到床的粘附，设置的床温至110℃。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 生成的G代码 注:该模型将在倍放大倍率由默认为10万元左右进口。带状模型应该缩放至20万次（200％）或更高。表面模型公关在100％或更大诠释好。更多详细信息可在补充3.2中找到。 <ol><li>下载并安装打印软件的切片。 </li><li>使用文件&gt;导入模型并选择修理和面向STL文件。 </li><li>比例通过在模型上双击和在屏幕的右手侧上的窗口中输入的比例因子模型。 </li><li>生成的模型的支持结构。选择支持图标，并使用正常的支持下，为1的支柱分辨率和50°的最大角悬。 </li><li>点击生成所有支持。添加或删除支撑结构特性来定制的支持位置。 </li><li>选择一个进程，然后单击编辑流程设置 。 </li><li>配置为正在使用的打印机和材料的轮廓。 注:木筏和边缘应包括，和带状模式应在100％填充打印。详细介绍设置可以在suppleme找到NT 3.2。 </li><li>转换模型成可由打印机读取的G代码文件。点击" 准备打印 "按钮，选择包含打印机/材料的个人资料的过程。观察打印机喷头的路径，并检查其可能导致打印失败的错误。 注:错误可导致打印失败包括缺乏下悬过于薄打印支架，不希望的空腔，缺失层或区域。 </li><li>保存G代码文件保存到桌面，或直接到SD卡。 </li></ol></li><li> 操作打印机 注:每个打印机品牌或型号是独一无二的，它的准备和校准打印将相应变化。请参考手册打印机。 <ol><li>确保工作站连接到打印机或与GCODE SD卡在打印机中。 </li><li>准备通过加载灯丝，并确保该床是水平的打印机;有关这些过程的说明，请参阅打印机的说明书。 </li><li>开始从计算机或从本地通过打印机菜单SD卡打印。 </li><li>观看打印直到第一层已成功完成。如果在第一层的任何错误，中止并重新启动打印。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.后期制作处理注:当然护理应该在这个取，最后，舞台。应该删除该模型支撑结构。这通常是手动完成的，虽然其他方法，如使用可溶解的支持，可以使用;见补充4。 <ol><li>轻轻侧身拉松脱，从构建盘打印。如果筏牢固地粘附到构建板，通过插入它们之间的尖锐边缘分开吧。 </li><li>从模型中取出支撑结构。许多载体可用手取出，通过断开它们关闭的部分和岭英尺灵活的模型可以拉动他们的部分离开分离。对于那些难以到达或连接到脆弱的结构，用剪钳夹所在的支持连接到部分点支撑。 </li></ol>

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E., Stephens, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emissions+of+ultrafine+particles+and+volatile+organic+compounds+from+commercially+available+desktop+three-dimensional+printers+with+multiple+filaments.">Emissions of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds from commercially available desktop three-dimensional printers with multiple filaments.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 50 (3), 1260-1268 (2016).</li><li>Roberts, J., Hagedorn, E., Dillenburg, P., Patrick, M., Herman, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+models+enhance+molecular+3D+literacy+in+an+introductory+biochemistry+course,+Biochem.">Physical models enhance molecular 3D literacy in an introductory biochemistry course, Biochem.</a> Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 33 (2), 105-110 (2005).</li><li>Jittivadhna, K., Ruenwongsa, P., Panijpan, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+textbook+illustrations:+Hand-held+models+of+ordered+DNA+and+protein+structures+as+3D+supplements+to+enhance+student+learning+of+helical+biopolymers.">Beyond textbook illustrations: Hand-held models of ordered DNA and protein structures as 3D supplements to enhance student learning of helical biopolymers.</a> Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 38 (6), 359-364 (2010).</li><li>Herman, T., Morris, J., Colton, S., Batiza, A., Patrick, M., Franzen, M., Goodsell, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+teaching+-+Exploring+protein+structure/function+using+physical+models.">Tactile teaching - Exploring protein structure/function using physical models.</a> Biochem. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 34 (4), 247-254 (2006).</li><li>Chakraborty, P., Zuckermann, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coarse-grained,+foldable,+physical+model+of+the+polypeptide+chain.">Coarse-grained, foldable, physical model of the polypeptide chain.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 110 (33), 13368-13373 (2013).</li><li>Baden, T., Chagas, A. M., Gage, G. J., Marzullo, T. C., Prieto-Godino, L. L., Euler, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+Labware:+3-D+printing+your+own+lab+equipment.">Open Labware: 3-D printing your own lab equipment.</a> PLoS Biology. 13 (3), e1002086 (2015).</li><li>Morgan, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+versatile+3D+printed+microfluidics+using+fused+filament+fabrication.">Simple and versatile 3D printed microfluidics using fused filament fabrication.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (4), e0152023 (2016).</li><li>Chen, T., Lee, S., Flood, A., Miljani&#263;, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+print+a+crystal+structure+model+in+3D.">How to print a crystal structure model in 3D.</a> Cryst. Eng. Comm. 16 (25), 5488-5493 (2014).</li><li>McDougal, R. A., Shepherd, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D-printer+visualization+of+neuron+models.">3D-printer visualization of neuron models.</a> Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 9, 1-9 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

生物分子的物理3D模型的可视化的更常见的基于计算机的方法提供了一个有力的补充。物理3D表现的附加属性有助于生物分子结构的直观的了解。生物分子物理3D模型的建设可以通过使用，它利用人感发达模式的介质有利于他们的学习。 3D模型不仅作为一种辅助手段的研究人员，但也可以用来促进教学活动，并能增加实现的学习成果13，14，15。磁体可以加入到塑料模型以允许组装和拆卸，如图所示多肽16的模型。此外，3D印刷对象可以在研究中使用，无论是在制造的实验室设备17，以及使microfl对于小区18和19的晶体或神经元20款uidic设备。物理模型的操作可以有利于促进协作的讨论，可以激发新的见解。 在3D打印技术和减排的最新进展在打印机的费用由个人用户启用的生物分子的复杂的，物理的3D模型的创建。虽然FFF印刷技术是更常见的，比其他方法更便宜，它带来了一些限制。三维印刷工艺是费时的，并且不发生机械故障。 FFF打印机通常只能打印一种材料每部分限制的色彩信息的显示。对FFF打印机国产车型的分辨率较低，约为每层100微米。我们建议读者与这些限制工作，并为他们的利益的打印机和生物分子（S）的方法。我们已经提出了PROCE为用户所需的小规模企业开发自己感兴趣的生物分子的自定义3D表示是准确，翔实，并打印。正如任何新技术，经常有"成长的烦恼"，但必须其使用过程中克服。我们提供在哪里的问题可能在3D打印生物分子（见补充6）的过程中可能遇到的几个例子。 最后，通过这篇文章，我们的目标是促进从事生物分子的三维打印用户组成的社区的发展。重要的是，美国国立卫生研究院已经建立了一个数据库，供公众共享3D模型和使用的方法来打印这些10。我们强烈建议在这一独特的资源（见补充7如何上传3D模型打印和背景信息，美国国立卫生研究院的3D打印交易指令）的参与。

的功能和生物分子的活性的透彻理解要求其三维（3D）结构的测定。这是通过使用X-射线晶体学，NMR或电子显微镜常规实现。三维结构可以通过模型或类似它们代表1结构精确对象的感知来理解。从历史上看，物理3D模型的建设是必要的调查验证，探索和交流有关生物分子的功能所产生的假设。这些模型中，如沃森-克里克的DNA双螺旋和鲍林的α螺旋，提供了独特的洞察的结构-功能关系和分别枢轴于我们的核酸和蛋白质结构-功能2，3，4的早期理解。尽管复杂的蛋白质和核酸模型可以被创建时，时间和构建物理模型的成本最终被相对容易计算机辅助分子可视化抵消。 3D打印，也被称为添加剂制造的发展，已再次启用生物分子5物理模型建设。三维打印是通过顺序加入的材料（S）层的制造从一个数字文件的物理，3D对象的过程。各种机制在此过程中使用。直到最近，用于生产生物分子的物理模型的机器太贵被广泛使用。然而，在过去的十年中，3D印刷技术，熔融长丝制造（FFF）特别是已显著先进，使得它对于用户使用6访问。 FFF打印机现在在高中，图书馆，大学和实验室常用的。更大的负担能力和获得的3D打印技术使得有可能以数字化三维生物分子模型转换成精确的，物理的3D模型生物分子7，8，9。这些模型不仅包括单个生物分子的简单表示，但也复杂大分子组件，如核糖体和病毒衣壳的结构。然而，打印单张生物分子和大分子组装的过程中带来一些挑战，用热塑性挤压方法时尤为如此。尤其是生物分子的表现往往具有复杂几何形状难以对打印机的生产，以及创建和处理数字的模型，将成功打印需要与分子建模，3D建模和3D打印机软件技能。 三维工作流程大致印刷生物分子发生在四个步骤:（1）制备从三维打印其坐标文件生物分子模型;（2）进口生物分子模型变成了"切片"的软件来分割模型的打印机，并生成一个支撑结构，将身体撑起生物分子模型; （3）选择正确的长丝和打印三维模型;和（4）的后期制作处理的步骤，包括从模型移除支撑材料（ 图1和2）。第一步在此过程中，计算上操纵生物分子的坐标文件，是至关重要的。在此阶段，用户可以在支杆的形式建立模型加固，以及删除是无关的什么用户选择要显示的结构。另外，表示的选择在此阶段是由:是否显示该生物分子的全部或部分作为表面表示，色带，和/或单个原子。一旦必要的添加和/或内容的减法制成并且被选择的表示，该结构被保存为一个三维莫德尔文件。接着，该文件是在一个第二软件程序到模型转换成可打印的三维打印文件，逐层，进入生物分子的一个塑料复制品打开。 我们的协议的目标是使分子模型的制造中可访问的大量用户的谁有权访问FFF打印机，但不以更昂贵的三维打印技术。在这里，我们提供了从3D分子数据的生物分子的三维打印指导，与那些为FFF打印优化方法。我们详细介绍了如何最大限度地提高生物分子的复杂结构的可印刷性和保证物理模型的简单的后期处理。常见的几种印刷材料或长丝的性能进行比较，并在它们的使用的建议来创建提供灵活的印刷品。最后，我们展示了一系列的演示使用不同的分子表征的3D打印生物分子模型的例子。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Filament</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA 3D Printing Filament (1.0 kg Roll)</td>
			<td>Quantum3D Printing</td>
			<td>http://quantum3dprinting.com/</td>
			<td>Very good quality PLA filament, strongly recomended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NinjaFlex Flexible 3D Printing Filament</td>
			<td>Ninjatek</td>
			<td>https://ninjatek.com/</td>
			<td>High quality flexible filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA Filaments PrimaValue &#38; PrimaSelect</td>
			<td>3DPrima</td>
			<td>http://3dprima.com/</td>
			<td>High quality European supplier of filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Printers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prusa I3 MK2 3D Printer</td>
			<td>Prusa Research</td>
			<td>http://www.prusa3d.com/</td>
			<td>A popular 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MakerGear M2 Revision E (M2e)</td>
			<td>MakerGear</td>
			<td>http://www.makergear.com/</td>
			<td>Closed source, very high quality printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultimaker 2</td>
			<td>Ultimaker</td>
			<td>https://ultimaker.com/</td>
			<td>Very reliable, easy to use printer, highest rating on 3Dhubs.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flashforge Creator Pro</td>
			<td>Flashforge</td>
			<td>http://www.flashforge-usa.com</td>
			<td>Reliable, dual extrusion printer, highest rating on 3Dhubs.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Simplify3D Slicer</td>
			<td>Simplify3D</td>
			<td>https://www.simplify3d.com/</td>
			<td>Excellent slicing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Netfabb</td>
			<td>Autodesk</td>
			<td>http://www.autodesk.com/education/free-software/netfabb</td>
			<td>Mesh repair software, available free of cost for educational purposes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chimera</td>
			<td>University of California, San Francisco</td>
			<td>https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/</td>
			<td>Chimera molecular vizualizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meshmixer</td>
			<td>Autodesk</td>
			<td>http://www.meshmixer.com/</td>
			<td>Used for orienting models, but has other features</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d printing of biomolecular models for research and pedagogy

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D structures are most often perceived using the two-dimensional and exclusively visual medium of the computer screen. Converting digital 3D molecular data into real objects enables information to be perceived through an expanded range of human senses, including direct stereoscopic vision, touch, and interaction. Such tangible models facilitate new insights, enable hypothesis testing, and serve as psychological or sensory anchors for conceptual information about the functions of biomolecules. Recent advances in consumer 3D printing technology enable, for the first time, the cost-effective fabrication of high-quality and scientifically accurate models of biomolecules in a variety of molecular representations. However, the optimization of the virtual model and its printing parameters is difficult and time consuming without detailed guidance. Here, we provide a guide on the digital design and physical fabrication of biomolecule models for research and pedagogy using open source or low-cost software and low-cost 3D printers that use fused filament fabrication technology.

生物分子的稳定和翔实的三维打印模型可以如下制备:（ⅰ）增稠键以提供稳定性，（ⅱ）仔细选择二级结构表示类型或风格，将提供最大的洞察力和稳定性，（ⅲ）印刷生物分子在多于一个的分子表示，（ⅳ）使用长丝，将呈现所有的或柔性的生物分子的一部分，或（v）产生一复杂的组件，其是模块化（ 即，在连接件）。 为了说明如何打印这样的信息和稳定的模型，我们专注于染色质的组件和生产上的染色质的假设模型。染色质是一个高度复杂的蛋白-DNA装配。染色质的基本蛋白质亚基是组蛋白。有四个组蛋白，各由一个螺旋-loop - 螺旋（一个"组蛋白折叠"），接着是延长的α螺旋和第二"组蛋白折叠"。组蛋白蛋白质的结构可以很容易地通过使用"色带"表示（ 图3A）来制造。可替代地，可以仅使用其表面（ 图3B）被显示的组蛋白结构。有四个组蛋白，其组装以形成球状的组蛋白八聚体的两个副本。组蛋白八聚体过大，无法完全打印为带状或棒表示，由于较大的规模在这些功能需要打印。因此，这样的大的蛋白装配，使用表面表示（ 图3C）最好显示。将DNA图表周围组蛋白八聚体的路径，形成纳米直径的10核小颗粒。 DNA的路径可以最好通过印刷两个单独的模型，并使用该DNA（ 图3D）的柔性长丝被显示。核小颗粒堆叠在彼此以形成一个高阶组件，纳米直径30"纤维"左手suprahelical结构。到最好的说明如何在10纳米的核小体核心颗粒可以堆叠以形成一个30纳米染色质装配，打印个人"二核"颗粒（ 图3E），然后打印（ 图3F）后它们堆叠。 一旦掌握上述的单一挤压表面和色带的工作流程，探索使一个范围的原子，分子，和复合模式的，如在图4中示出。例如，结合表面和色带表示设置一个复杂的分开不同部位（参见DNA聚合酶， 图4B）。通过使用双挤出打印机可同时熔融两个灯丝成一个单一的3D对象做出更多指导性和吸引人的模型（参见图4C）。另外，该机型的油漆部分（见关INE和α螺旋， 图4A）。印刷和装配的蛋白复合物的亚基，如钠通道，或将其进一步通过印刷复杂的不同的部分，并稍后将它们组装成一个较大的，多色模型（见的HIV抗体和核糖体复合物， 图4C）。这种复合模型能够更好相比单丝打印到显示功能特征。不同的颜色可以突出，例如，糖基化与蛋白质（HIV模型）或RNA与蛋白质（见核糖体模型， 图4C）。它们还允许创建的教育三维拼图，像抗体结合对HIV表面（见gp120的抗体结合， 图4C），其中只有一个三维配置提供两个零件的紧密配合。上打印这些机型的使用说明可以补充5.此外可以发现，我们提供了一个补充说明视频的第一个3D模型的构建È佛将其印刷在片和组装以这样的方式，以便它可以概括发生在此酶催化机制转动机构/ F1的质子ATP合酶。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig1.jpg" /> 图1. 工作流程准备和打印三维模型。示出是在制造一个物理3D生物分子印记的阶段:（i）制备的模型，其中包括选择所述表示; （ 二 ）在打开模型的保存.STL文件，并使用切片软件处理文件; （ 三 ）在打印模型和选择材料或长丝;最后，（ⅳ）执行的后期制作步骤。<a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig2.jpg" /> 图2. 型号不同表示的视觉编写的各个阶段。上排:两种机型（泛素（PDB 1UBQ）和精氨酸）共同表示使用该程序奇美拉可视化。 中排 :从奇美拉STL模型生成的刀具路径印刷，泛素和精氨酸的功能型有色（橙色:填充图案;深蓝色:外壳;浅蓝:内壳）。 下排:泛素和精氨酸的最终印刷品。泛蛋白的表面和两个色带机型打印在默认嵌合STL输出的300％（嵌合体默认是模型1nm且在印刷1厘米），而精氨酸W型印在1000％。嵌合体默认带状或棍模型太薄正确打印，但加厚版本将可靠地打印。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig3.jpg" /> 图3. 核小体的案例研究 。 （一）由增厚呈现单组蛋白H3蛋白"丝带"，印在300％。 （B）的组蛋白H3蛋白质"表面"表示，在200％的印刷。八聚体在100％印刷的（C）的组蛋白的蛋白质。在具有柔性的DNA（白色）配合物（D）的组蛋白八聚体蛋白（橙色）在100％的打印。印有一个默认的探针半径（E）Dinucleosome表面模型，并在100％的比例打印。 （F）A M通过手动堆叠"10纳米"dinucleosome，其中该表面用3埃的探针半径呈现时，在50％和25％的尺寸印刷的单独打印模型产生的染色质"30纳米纤维"Odel等，并保持再加上播放，卫生署。从dinucleosome（PDB 1ZBB）模型生成的3D打印。所有型号都可以免费下载在NIH 3D打印兑换11。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig4.jpg" /> 图4. 三维打印模型的示例使用灯丝的打印机产生的。 （A）的左，在六角形冰晶（双灯丝打印）一个水分子的球棒模型。中东，核苷酸（鸟嘌呤）的模型。对，一个蛋白α^ h<html> ELIX骨干，只有模型显示了氢键（黑色）。鸟嘌呤和α螺旋用骗子手动着色。 （B）的左，钠通道，4个亚单位可结合在一起组成（PDB 3E89）。中东， 恶性疟原虫 L-乳酸脱氢酶（PDB 1T2D）打印为丝带。右，模型中的DNA聚合酶的活性位点（PDB 1KLN），显示出DNA为表面蛋白丝带。 （C）左，艾滋病毒脂质包膜糖蛋白（PDB 5FUU）由抗体（PDB 1IGT），在15％的印刷约束。中间，在150％的糖蛋白抗原表面的细节，示出为带（PDB 5FYJ）抗体的可变区。细菌70S核糖体（PDB 4V5D）的右边，模型在40％和20％。百分数是指标准嵌合体输出，其中100％是指在分子打印1毫米1纳米。所有型号都可以免费下载在NIH 3D打印兑换11。OAD / 55427 / 55427fig4large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy at JoVE.com

3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

Physical models of biomolecules can facilitate an understanding of their structure-function for the researcher, aid in communication between researchers, and serve as an educational tool in pedagogical endeavors. Here, we provide detailed guidance for the 3D printing of accurate models of biomolecules using fused filament fabrication desktop 3D printers.

生物分子模型的3D打印技术的研究与教学

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D ...

3d-printing-of-biomolecular-models-for-research-and-pedagogy

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

23.6K 次观看.  Brandeis University. Physical models of biomolecules can facilitate an understanding of their structure-function for the researcher, aid in communication between researchers, and serve as an educational tool in pedagogical endeavors. Here, we provide detailed guidance for the 3D printing of accurate models of biomolecules using fused filament fabrication desktop 3D printers.

视频: 3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new attention as a unique mechanism for pattern transformation. Nature is full of such examples where a wealth of exotic patterns are formed through mechanical instability2-5. Inspired by this elegant mechanism, many studies have demonstrated creation and transformation of patterns using soft materials such as elastomers and hydrogels6-11. Swelling gels are of particular interest because they can spontaneously trigger mechanical instability to create various patterns without the need of external force6-10. Recently, we have reported demonstration of full control over buckling pattern of micro-scaled tubular gels using projection micro-stereolithography (P&mu;SL), a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing technology capable of rapidly converting computer generated 3D models into physical objects at high resolution12,13. Here we present a simple method to build up a simplified P&mu;SL system using a commercially available digital data projector to study swelling-induced buckling instability for controlled pattern transformation.
A simple desktop 3D printer is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector and simple optical components such as a convex lens and a mirror14. Cross-sectional images extracted from a 3D solid model is projected on the photosensitive resin surface in sequence, polymerizing liquid resin into a desired 3D solid structure in a layer-by-layer fashion. Even with this simple configuration and easy process, arbitrary 3D objects can be readily fabricated with sub-100 &mu;m resolution.
This desktop 3D printer holds potential in the study of soft material mechanics by offering a great opportunity to explore various 3D geometries. We use this system to fabricate tubular shaped hydrogel structure with different dimensions. Fixed on the bottom to the substrate, the tubular gel develops inhomogeneous stress during swelling, which gives rise to buckling instability. Various wavy patterns appear along the circumference of the tube when the gel structures undergo buckling. Experiment shows that circumferential buckling of desired mode can be created in a controlled manner. Pattern transformation of three-dimensionally structured tubular gels has significant implication not only in mechanics and material science, but also in many other emerging fields such as tunable matamaterials.

We demonstrate controlled pattern transformation of swelling gel tubes by elastic instability. A simple projection micro stereo-lithography setup is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector to fabricate three-dimensional polymeric structures in a layer-by-layer fashion. Swelling hydrogel tubes under mechanical constraint display various circumferential buckling modes depending on dimension.

微三维打印使用数字投影机和软材料力学的研究及其应用

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new ...

科研

工程学

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

测量材料在微流使用1-2面流小角中子散射

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Research and Development of High-performance Explosives

Developmental testing of high explosives for military applications involves small-scale formulation, safety testing, and finally detonation performance tests to verify theoretical calculations. For newly developed formulations, the process begins with small-scale mixes, thermal testing, and impact and friction sensitivity. Only then do subsequent larger scale formulations proceed to detonation testing, which will be covered in this paper. Recent advances in characterization techniques have led to unparalleled precision in the characterization of early-time evolution of detonations. The new technique of Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) for the measurement of detonation pressure will be shared and compared with traditional fiber-optic detonation velocity and plate-dent calculation of detonation pressure. In particular, the role of aluminum in explosive formulations will be discussed. Recent developments led to the development of explosive formulations that result in reaction of aluminum very early in the detonation product expansion. This enhanced reaction leads to changes in the detonation velocity and pressure due to reaction of the aluminum with oxygen in the expanding gas products.

Developmental testing of high explosives for military applications involves small-scale formulation, safety testing, and finally detonation performance tests to verify theoretical calculations. This paper will share typical development tests associated with the measurement of detonation velocity and detonation pressure.

高性能炸药的研究与发展

Developmental testing of high explosives for military applications involves small-scale formulation, safety testing, and finally detonation performance ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Dielectric RheoSANS &#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and microstructural properties of complex fluids is presented. The instrument consists of a Couette geometry contained within a modified forced convection oven mounted on a commercial rheometer. This instrument is available for use on the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) beamlines at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The Couette geometry is machined to be transparent to neutrons and provides for measurement of the electrical properties and microstructural properties of a sample confined between titanium cylinders while the sample undergoes arbitrary deformation. Synchronization of these measurements is enabled through the use of a customizable program that monitors and controls the execution of predetermined experimental protocols. Described here is a protocol to perform a flow sweep experiment where the shear rate is logarithmically stepped from a maximum value to a minimum value holding at each step for a specified period of time while frequency dependent dielectric measurements are made. Representative results are shown from a sample consisting of a gel composed of carbon black aggregates dispersed in propylene carbonate. As the gel undergoes steady shear, the carbon black network is mechanically deformed, which causes an initial decrease in conductivity associated with the breaking of bonds comprising the carbon black network. However, at higher shear rates, the conductivity recovers associated with the onset of shear thickening. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the simultaneous measurement of the rheo-electro-microstructural properties of these suspensions using the dielectric RheoSANS geometry.

Here, we present a procedure for the measurement of simultaneous impedance, rheology and neutron scattering from soft matter materials under shear flow.

介电RheoSANS  - 阻抗，流变性和复杂流体的小角中子散射的同时拷问

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and ...

Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent this outflow, a control device is required. A siphon breaker is a type of safety device that can be utilized to control the loss of coolant water effectively.
To analyze the characteristics of siphon breaking, a real-scale experiment was conducted. From the results of the experiment, it was found that there are several design factors that affect the siphon breaking phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical model capable of predicting and analyzing the siphon breaking phenomenon under various design conditions. Using the experimental data, it was possible to formulate a theoretical model that accurately predicts the progress and the result of the siphon breaking phenomenon. The established theoretical model is based on fluid mechanics and incorporates the Chisholm model to analyze two-phase flow. From Bernoulli&#39;s equation, the velocity, quantity, undershooting height, water level, pressure, friction coefficient, and factors related to the two-phase flow could be obtained or calculated. Moreover, to utilize the model established in this study, a siphon breaker analysis and design program was developed. The simulation program operates on the theoretical model basis and returns the result as a graph. The user can confirm the possibility of the siphon breaking by checking the shape of the graph. Furthermore, saving the entire simulation result is possible and it can be used as a resource for analyzing the real siphon breaking system.
In conclusion, the user can confirm the status of the siphon breaking and design the siphon breaker system using the program developed in this study.

The siphon breaking phenomenon was investigated experimentally and a theoretical model was proposed. A simulation program based on the theoretical model was developed and the results of the simulation program were compared with experimental results. It was concluded that the results of the simulation program matched the experimental results well.

研究堆虹吸断路器试验与仿真研究

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent ...

Surgical Techniques for Catheter Placement and 5/6 Nephrectomy in Murine Models of Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement therapy consistent on the administration and posterior recovery of a hyperosmotic fluid in the peritoneal cavity to drain water and toxic metabolites that functionally-insufficient kidneys are not able to eliminate. Unfortunately, this procedure deteriorates the peritoneum. Tissue damage triggers the onset of inflammation to heal the injury. If the injury persists and inflammation becomes chronic, it may lead to fibrosis, which is a common occurrence in many diseases. In PD, chronic inflammation and fibrosis, along with other specific processes related to these ones, lead to ultrafiltration capacity deterioration, which means the failure and subsequent cessation of the technique. Working with human samples provides information about this deterioration but presents technical and ethical limitations to obtain biopsies. Animal models are essential to study this deterioration since they overcome these shortcomings.
A chronic mouse infusion model was developed in 2008, which benefits from the wide range of genetically modified mice, opening up the possibility of studying the mechanisms involved. This model employs a customized device designed for mice, consisting of a catheter attached to an access port that is placed subcutaneously at the back of the animal. This procedure avoids continuous puncture of the peritoneum during long-term experiments, reducing infections and inflammation due to injections. Thanks to this model, peritoneal damage induced by chronic PD fluid exposure has been characterized and modulated. This technique allows the infusion of large volumes of fluids and could be used for the study of other diseases in which inoculation of drugs or other substances over extended periods of time is necessary.
This article shows the method for the surgical placement of the catheter in mice. Moreover, it explains the procedure for a 5/6 nephrectomy to mimic the state of renal insufficiency present in PD patients.

This article shows the method for the surgical placement in mice of an intraperitoneal catheter attached to an access port that is positioned at the back of the animal. Moreover, it explains the procedure for a 5/6 nephrectomy to resemble the uremic state of PD patients.

小鼠腹膜透析模型导管置入及5/6 切除术的手术技术

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement therapy consistent on the administration and posterior recovery of a hyperosmotic fluid in the peritoneal ...

Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components &#8211; Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)

To combine the benefits of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with the benefits of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) to ceramic-based 4D components (three dimensions for the geometry and one degree of freedom concerning the material properties at each position) the Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM -&#160;T3DP) was developed. It is a direct AM technology which allows the AM of multi-material components. To demonstrate the advantages of this technology black-and-white zirconia components were additively manufactured and co-sintered defect-free.
Two different pairs of black and white zirconia powders were used to prepare different thermoplastic suspensions. Appropriate dispensing parameters were investigated to manufacture single-material test components and adjusted for the additive manufacturing of multi-color zirconia components.

Here we describe a protocol for additively manufacturing black-and-white zirconia components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM -&#160;T3DP) and co-sintering defect-free.

多材料陶瓷基元器件--用热塑性3d 印刷 (ceram-t3dp) 制备黑白氧化锆部件的添加剂

To combine the benefits of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with the benefits of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) to ceramic-based 4D components (three ...

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. This wetting phenomenon is important in many technical fields ranging from physiology to aerospace engineering. Currently, several different techniques exist for fabricating hemiwicking structures. These conventional methods, however, are often time consuming and are difficult to scale-up for large areas or are difficult to customize for specific, nonhomogeneous patterning geometries. The presented protocol provides researchers with a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for fabricating micro-patterned hemiwicking surfaces. The method fabricates wicking structures through the use of stamp printing, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and thin-film surface coatings. The protocol is demonstrated for hemiwicking with ethanol on PDMS micropillar arrays coated with a 70 nm thick aluminum thin-film.

A simple protocol is provided for the fabrication of hemiwicking structures of varying sizes, shapes, and materials. The protocol uses a combination of physical stamping, PDMS molding, and thin-film surface modifications via common materials deposition techniques.

可缩放邮票印刷及不堪砌面的制作

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...