The authors are grateful for the support of Deis3D, the Brandeis 3D Printing Club, and members of Brandeis Library/LTS/Makerlab. This work was funded in part by a grant awarded to Pomeranz Krummel by the NSF, Award No. 1157892; an ESIT grant of the BMBF, awarded to the University of T&#252;bingen; and US Federal funds from the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. GS35F0373X. Molecular graphics and analyses were performed with the UCSF Chimera package. Chimera was developed by the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco (supported by NIGMS P41-GM103311).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

생체 분자의 실제 3D 모델 시각화의 일반적인 컴퓨터 기반 방법에 강력한 보완을 제공합니다. 실제 3D 표현의 추가 속성은 생체 분자 구조의 직관적 인 이해에 기여한다. 생체 분자의 실제 3D 모델의 구조는 인간 감각 잘 발달 모드 활용 매체의 사용을 통해 학습을 용이하게 할 수있다. 3D 모델은 연구원에 보조제로서뿐만 제공하지만, 교육적 활동을 용이하게하기 위해 사용될 수 있고, 학습이 13, 14, 15이 결과의 달성을 높일 수있다. 폴리펩티드 자석 (16)의 모델에 도시 된 바와 같이, 조립과 분해를 허용하도록 프라 모델에 추가 될 수있다. 또한, 3 차원 프린트 된 물체를 microfl 할뿐만 아니라 실험실 장비 (17)의 제조에 모두 연구에 사용될 수있다셀 (18) 및 결정 (19) 또는 뉴런 (20)의 모델 uidic 장치. 물리 모델의 조작은 새로운 통찰력을 자극 할 수 공동 토론을 촉진하는 역할을 할 수 있습니다. 프린터의 비용에서 3D 프린팅 기술과 감소의 최근 발전은 개별 사용자에 의해 생체 분자의 복잡한 물리적 3D 모델을 만들 수 있습니다. FFF 프린팅 기술은 일반적인 기타 방법보다 저렴하지만, 이는 많은 제한을 야기. 3 차원 프린팅 공정은 시간 소모적이며, 기계적 고장이 발생 않는다. FFF 프린터는 보통 컬러 정보 표시 제한 부 당 하나의 재료를 인쇄 할 수있다. FFF 프린터로 만든 모델의 해상도는 레이어 당 100 μm의 주위에, 낮습니다. 우리는 독자 이러한 제한 작동하고 관심을 자신의 프린터와 생체 분자 (들)에 대한 접근 방식을 개발하기를 권장합니다. 우리는 proce을 제시했다사용자의 요구 SSES는 정확한 정보 및 인쇄 인 관심을 자신의 생체 분자의 사용자 지정 3D 표현을 개발. 어떤 새로운 기술과 마찬가지로, 그것의 사용시 극복해야한다 &quot;성장통은&quot;종종있다. 우리는 문제가 3D 인쇄 생체 분자 (보충 6)의 공정에서 발생할 수있는 여러 가지 실시 예를 제공한다. 마지막으로,이 문서를 통해, 그것은 생체 분자의 3 차원 인쇄에 종사하는 사용자 커뮤니티의 성장에 기여하는 우리의 목표입니다. 중요한 것은, NIH는 3D 모델을 공유 할 수있는 대중에 대한 데이터베이스를 구축하고 방법들을 열을 인쇄하는 데 사용. 우리는 강력하게이 독특한 자원 (국립 보건원 3D 인쇄 Exchange를 3D 모델 인쇄 및 배경 정보를 업로드하는 방법에 대한 지침은 부록 7 참조)에 참여 바랍니다.

기능 및 생리 활성 물질의 활성의 완전한 이해는 3 차원 구조의 결정을 필요로한다. 이는 통상적으로 X 선 결정학, NMR, 또는 전자 현미경을 사용하여 달성된다. 3 차원 구조가 1을 나타내는 구조를 닮은 모델과 정확한 또는 객체 인식을 통해 알 수있다. 연구자가 검증 탐구 및 생체 분자의 기능에 대한 결과 가설을 의사 소통을 위해 역사적으로, 실제 3D 모델의 구축이 필요했다. 예컨대 왓슨 - 크릭의 DNA 이중 나선과 폴링의 알파 헬릭스, 이러한 모델은 구조 - 기능 관계에 고유 한 통찰력을 제공하는 핵산 및 단백질 구조 기능 2, 3, 4의 우리 빠른 이해 선회 하였다. 복합 단백질 및 핵산 모델을 생성 할 수 있지만,시간과 실제 모델 구축의 비용을 최종적으로 컴퓨터를 이용한 분자 시각화의 상대적 용이성 능가 하였다. 또한 첨가제 제조 알려진 3D 인쇄의 개발은, 생체 분자 (5)의 물리 모델 구조를 다시 사용할 수있다. 3D 인쇄 재료 (들)의 층의 순차 첨가를 통해 디지털 파일의 실제 3 차원 물체를 제조하는 공정이다. 다양한 메커니즘이 과정에 사용된다. 최근까지, 생체 분자의 물리 모델을 생성하는 데 사용되는 컴퓨터는 널리 사용하기에는 너무 비싸다. 그러나, 지난 10 년 3 차원 프린팅 기술은 용융 필라멘트 제조 (FFF)는 특히 민생 6가 액세스 할 수 있도록 현저하게 진보되었다. FFF 프린터는 이제 높은 학교, 도서관, 대학, 연구소에서 일반적으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 3D 프린팅 기술의 큰 경제성과 접근성가능 정확한 실제 3D 생체 분자 모델 7, 8, 9로 디지털 생체 분자 3D 모델로 변환했다. 이러한 모델은 단일 생체 분자의 간단한 표현뿐만 아니라, 리보솜 및 바이러스 캡시드 구조와 같은 복잡한 거대 분자 어셈블리뿐만 아니라 포함되어 있습니다. 열가소성 압출 방법을 사용하여 특히 그러나, 개별 생체 분자 및 거대 분자 어셈블리를 인쇄하는 공정은 여러 과제를 제기. 특히, 생체 분자의 표현은 종종 프린터를 생산하기 어려운, 생성 및 성공적으로 인쇄 분자 모델링, 3D 모델링 및 3D 프린터 소프트웨어와 기술이 필요합니다 디지털 모델을 처리하는 복잡한 형상을 가지고있다. 널리 생체 분자를 인쇄하는 3D 워크 플로우의 네 단계에서 발생한다 : (1) 3D 인쇄에 대한 좌표 파일에서 생체 분자 모델을 준비하는 단계;(2) 모델 프린터와 물리적으로 생체 분자 모델을 지탱하는지지 구조를 생성하는 세그먼트에 &quot;슬라이스&quot;소프트웨어에 생체 분자 모델을 가져 오기; (3) 적절한 필라멘트를 선택하고, 3 차원 모형을 인쇄; (4) 모델의지지 재료를 제거하는 단계를 더 포함하는 포스트 - 프로덕션 처리 단계 (도 1, 2). 계산적으로, 생체 분자의 좌표 파일 조작이 프로세스의 제 1 단계는 매우 중요하다. 이 단계에서, 사용자는 스트럿 형태의 모델을 구축 증강뿐만 아니라, 사용자가 선택 표시하는 것과 외부 구조물을 제거 할 수있다. 또한, 표시의 선택이 단계에서 이루어진다 : 표면 표현, 리본 및 / 또는 개별 원자로서 생체 분자의 전부 또는 일부를 표시 할 것인지. 필요한 추가 및 / 또는 콘텐츠의 감산이 이루어지는 상기 표시가 선택되면, 구조는 3 차원 MO로 저장된델 파일. 다음으로, 파일은, 생체 분자의 플라스틱 복제본으로, 층에 의해 3D 인쇄 출력 할 수있는 파일의 레이어로 모델을 변환하는 제 2 소프트웨어 프로그램에서 개방된다. 우리 프로토콜의 목적은 FFF 프린터에 액세스 할 수 있지만 더 비싼 3D 인쇄 기술 한 사용자의 많은 수의 분자 모델의 제조에 이용할 수있게하는 것이다. 여기서는 FFF 인쇄를 위해 최적화 된 방식으로, 3D 데이터로부터 생체 분자의 3D 인쇄하기위한 가이드를 제공한다. 복잡한 생체 분자 구조의 인쇄 적성을 극대화하고 물리 모델의 간단한 사후 처리를 보장하는 방법을 우리는 세부 사항. 몇 가지 일반적인 인쇄 자료 또는 필라멘트의 특성을 비교하고, 그 사용에 대한 권장 사항은 유연한 인쇄가 제공됩니다 만들 수 있습니다. 마지막으로, 다른 분자 표현의 사용을 보여 3D 인쇄 생체 분자 모델의 일련의 예를 보여.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Filament</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA 3D Printing Filament (1.0 kg Roll)</td>
			<td>Quantum3D Printing</td>
			<td>http://quantum3dprinting.com/</td>
			<td>Very good quality PLA filament, strongly recomended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NinjaFlex Flexible 3D Printing Filament</td>
			<td>Ninjatek</td>
			<td>https://ninjatek.com/</td>
			<td>High quality flexible filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA Filaments PrimaValue &#38; PrimaSelect</td>
			<td>3DPrima</td>
			<td>http://3dprima.com/</td>
			<td>High quality European supplier of filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Printers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prusa I3 MK2 3D Printer</td>
			<td>Prusa Research</td>
			<td>http://www.prusa3d.com/</td>
			<td>A popular 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MakerGear M2 Revision E (M2e)</td>
			<td>MakerGear</td>
			<td>http://www.makergear.com/</td>
			<td>Closed source, very high quality printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultimaker 2</td>
			<td>Ultimaker</td>
			<td>https://ultimaker.com/</td>
			<td>Very reliable, easy to use printer, highest rating on 3Dhubs.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flashforge Creator Pro</td>
			<td>Flashforge</td>
			<td>http://www.flashforge-usa.com</td>
			<td>Reliable, dual extrusion printer, highest rating on 3Dhubs.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Simplify3D Slicer</td>
			<td>Simplify3D</td>
			<td>https://www.simplify3d.com/</td>
			<td>Excellent slicing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Netfabb</td>
			<td>Autodesk</td>
			<td>http://www.autodesk.com/education/free-software/netfabb</td>
			<td>Mesh repair software, available free of cost for educational purposes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chimera</td>
			<td>University of California, San Francisco</td>
			<td>https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/</td>
			<td>Chimera molecular vizualizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meshmixer</td>
			<td>Autodesk</td>
			<td>http://www.meshmixer.com/</td>
			<td>Used for orienting models, but has other features</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d printing of biomolecular models for research and pedagogy

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D structures are most often perceived using the two-dimensional and exclusively visual medium of the computer screen. Converting digital 3D molecular data into real objects enables information to be perceived through an expanded range of human senses, including direct stereoscopic vision, touch, and interaction. Such tangible models facilitate new insights, enable hypothesis testing, and serve as psychological or sensory anchors for conceptual information about the functions of biomolecules. Recent advances in consumer 3D printing technology enable, for the first time, the cost-effective fabrication of high-quality and scientifically accurate models of biomolecules in a variety of molecular representations. However, the optimization of the virtual model and its printing parameters is difficult and time consuming without detailed guidance. Here, we provide a guide on the digital design and physical fabrication of biomolecule models for research and pedagogy using open source or low-cost software and low-cost 3D printers that use fused filament fabrication technology.

안정성, (ⅱ) 신중 (III)의 생체 분자를 인쇄, 가장 통찰력과 안정성을 제공하는 것 인 이차 구조의 표현 형식이나 스타일을 선택을 제공하기 위해 (ⅰ) 육화 결합 : 생체 분자를 안정하고 유익한 3D 인쇄 모델에 의해 제조 될 수있다 하나 이상의 분자 표현, (ⅳ) 모든 렌더링 또는 생체 분자의 일부 유연성, 또는 (V) (접속 조각 즉,) 모듈 형 복잡한 어셈블리를 생성하는 필라멘트를 사용. 이러한 유익하고 안정적인 모델을 인쇄하는 방법을 설명하기 위해, 우리는 염색질의 구성 요소와 염색질의 가상 모델을 생산에 집중했다. 염색질은 매우 복잡한 단백질 DNA 조립체이다. 염색질의 기본 단백질 서브 유닛은 히스톤 단백질이다. 네 히스톤 단백질은 각 나선 이루어져있다확장 된 알파 나선 및 제 뒤에 -loop 나선 (는 &quot;히스톤 배&quot;) &quot;히스톤 배.&quot; 히스톤 단백질 구조 용이 &quot;리본&quot;표현 (도 3a)을 사용하여 제조 할 수있다. 대안 적으로, 히스톤 단백질의 구조는 단지 그 표면 (도 3b)을 이용하여 표시 할 수있다. 구형 히스톤 량체를 형성하도록 조립 네 히스톤 단백질의 각각의 두 개의 카피들이있다. 히스톤 옥타 때문에 이러한 기능을 인쇄 할 필요가있는 더 큰 규모로, 리본 또는 메모리 표현으로 완전히 인쇄하기에는 너무 크다. 따라서, 이러한 큰 단백질 어셈블리는 최고의 표면 표현 (그림 3C)를 사용하여 표시됩니다. DNA는 10 nm의 직경 뉴 클레오 코어 입자를 형성하는 히스톤 옥타 주변 경로를 도표화한다. DNA의 경로는 두 개의 가장 좋은 모델을 인쇄하고 DNA (도 3D)을위한가요 성 섬유를 이용하여 표시 할 수있다. 뉴 클레오 코어 입자 스택서로에, 30 nm의 직경 &quot;섬유&quot;왼손 suprahelical 구조 고차 조립체를 형성한다. 최고의 10 나노 뉴 클레오 코어 입자가 30 나노 염색질 조립, 인쇄 개별 &quot;디 - 뉴 클레오&quot;입자 (그림 3E)을 형성 한 후 (그림 3 층)를 인쇄 한 후이를 스택 스택 수있는 방법을 설명합니다. 일단도 4에 도시 된 바와 같이 하나의 압출 표면 리본 흐름은, 원자, 분자, 및 복합 모델을 탐색 범위, 상기 마스터. 예를 들어, 표면과 리본 표현이 복잡 떨어진 다른 부분 (도 4b를 DNA 폴리머 라제를 참조)를 설정하기 위해 결합한다. 하나의 3D 객체에 동시에 두 개의 필라멘트를 용융 할 수있는 이중 압출 프린터를 사용하여보다 유익하고 매력적인 모델을 확인합니다 (그림 4C 참조). 대안 적으로, 상기 모델 페인트의 부품 (참조 : 구안오프라인 및 알파 나선,도 4a). 인쇄 및 나트륨 채널 같은 단백질 복합체의 서브 유니트를 조립하거나 복잡 별개의 부품을 인쇄하고 큰 다색 모델에 나중에 조립하여 더욱 수행합니다 (HIV 항체와 리보솜 복합체를 참조도 4C). 이러한 복합 모델은 단일 필라멘트 인쇄에 비해 기능적인 특징을 보여 더 잘 할 수 있습니다. 다른 색상을 강조 예를 들어, 단백질 대 단백질 (HIV 모델) 또는 RNA에 비해 당화 (리보솜 모델, 그림 4C 참조). 또한 하나의 3D 구성은 두 부분의 가까운 착용감을주는 경우 항체가, (gp120의 항체에 의해 결합도 4C 참조) HIV 표면에 결합처럼, 교육 3D 퍼즐의 창조를 위해 수 있습니다. 이러한 모델을 인쇄하는 지시가 보충 5. 또한에서 발견 될 수 있고, 우리는 일의 3D 모델의 구성을 도시하는 보충 비디오를 제공 한E FO는이 촉매기구 효소 중에 발생하는 회전기구 요점을 되풀이 할 수 있도록하는 방식으로 인쇄 부분 조립 하였다 / F1 프로톤 ATP 신타. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 워크 플로우 준비하고 3D 모델을 인쇄합니다. 물리적 생체 분자 3D 인쇄 생산 단계 도시이다 : (I)의 표현을 선택 포함하는 모델을 준비는; (ii) 상기 모델의 .STL 저장된 파일을 열고 슬라이싱 소프트웨어를 사용하여 파일을 처리하는 단계; (ⅲ) 모델을 인쇄 재료 또는 필라멘트를 선택; 그리고 마지막으로, (IV) 후반 단계를 수행하는 단계를 포함한다.<a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig2.jpg" /> 준비의 다양한 단계에서 모델의 다른 표현 2. 비주얼을줍니다. 맨 윗줄 : 두 가지 모델 (유비퀴틴 (PDB 1UBQ) 및 아르기닌)의 일반적인 표현은 프로그램 키메라를 사용하여 시각. 기능 유비퀴틴과 아르기닌의 종류에 따라 색깔 키메라의 STL 모델에서 생성 된 인쇄 공구 경로 : 중동 행 (오렌지 : 메우는 패턴, 진한 파란색 : 외부 쉘, 라이트 블루 : 내부 쉘). 하단 행 : 유비퀴틴과 아르기닌의 최종 인쇄합니다. 유비퀴틴의 표면과 두 개의 리본 모델은 기본 키메라의 STL 출력의 300 %에 인쇄 (키메라 기본 모델 1 nm의 인쇄에 1cm이다)를 지닌 모델 w 동안로 1,000 %로 인쇄. 키메라 기본 리본 또는 스틱 모델은 제대로 인쇄가 너무 얇은하지만 두꺼워 버전은 안정적으로 인쇄됩니다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig3.jpg" /> 3. 뉴 클레오 사례 연구를 그림. (A) 농축에 의해 렌더링 단일 히스톤 H3 단백질 &quot;리본은,&quot;300 %에 인쇄. 200 %에 인쇄 (B) 히스톤 H3 단백질 &quot;표면&quot;표현. 100 % 인쇄 옥타 (C) 히스톤 단백질. 100 % 인쇄 유연한 DNA (흰색)와 함께 단지에 (D) 히스톤 단백질 옥타 (오렌지). (E) Dinucleosome 표면 모델은 기본 프로브 반경 인쇄 100 % 배율로 인쇄. (F)는의 m수동으로 50 %와 25 % 크기로 인쇄 된면이 3 Å의 프로브 반경 렌더링 된 &quot;10 나노&quot;dinucleosome, 개별적으로 인쇄 된 모델을 적층하여 만든 염색질 &quot;30 나노 섬유&quot;의 ODEL 및 개최 함께 플레이 - 찰흙으로. 3D 인쇄는 dinucleosome (PDB 1ZBB)의 모델에서 생성되었다. 모든 모델은 NIH 3D 인쇄 교환 (11)에서 다운로드 자유롭게 사용할 수 있습니다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55427/55427fig4.jpg" /> 3D 인쇄 모델도 4 예는 필라멘트의 프린터를 사용하여 제조. (A) 왼쪽, 육각형 얼음 결정 (이중 필라멘트 인쇄)에서 물 분자의 볼과 스틱 모델입니다. 중동, 염기 (구아닌)의 모델입니다. 오른쪽, 단백질 알파 시간<html> 수소 결합을 보여주는 elix 백본 전용 모델 (검은 색). 구아닌과 알파 나선은 sharpies 수동 컬러 하였다. (B) 왼쪽, 서로 결합되는 4 개의 서브 유닛으로 구성 나트륨 채널 (PDB 3E89). 중동은 말라리아 원충의 L-젖산 탈수소 효소 (PDB 1T2D)는 리본으로 인쇄. DNA의 중합 효소 활성 부위 (PDB 1KLN)의 오른쪽, 모델, 리본 등의 표면 단백질로 보여주는 DNA. (C) 왼쪽, 당 단백질과 HIV 지질 봉투 (PDB 5FUU)의 15 %에 인쇄 항체 (PDB 1IGT), 구속. 중동, 리본 (PDB 5FYJ)로 표시 항체의 가변 영역과 150 %의 당 단백질 항원 표면의 세부 사항. 박테리아 70S 리보솜 (PDB 4V5D)의 오른쪽, 모델 40 %와 20 %에서. 비율은 100 %가 1mm로 분자 인쇄 1 nm의 의미 표준 키메라 출력을 참조하십시오. 모든 모델은 NIH 3D 인쇄 교환 (11)에서 다운로드 자유롭게 사용할 수 있습니다.OAD / 55427 / 55427fig4large.jpg &quot;대상 =&quot;_ 빈 &quot;&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy at JoVE.com

3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

Physical models of biomolecules can facilitate an understanding of their structure-function for the researcher, aid in communication between researchers, and serve as an educational tool in pedagogical endeavors. Here, we provide detailed guidance for the 3D printing of accurate models of biomolecules using fused filament fabrication desktop 3D printers.

연구 및 교육학에 대한 생명 모델의 3D 인쇄

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D ...

3d-printing-of-biomolecular-models-for-research-and-pedagogy

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

23.6K 조회수.  Brandeis University. Physical models of biomolecules can facilitate an understanding of their structure-function for the researcher, aid in communication between researchers, and serve as an educational tool in pedagogical endeavors. Here, we provide detailed guidance for the 3D printing of accurate models of biomolecules using fused filament fabrication desktop 3D printers.

비디오: 3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new attention as a unique mechanism for pattern transformation. Nature is full of such examples where a wealth of exotic patterns are formed through mechanical instability2-5. Inspired by this elegant mechanism, many studies have demonstrated creation and transformation of patterns using soft materials such as elastomers and hydrogels6-11. Swelling gels are of particular interest because they can spontaneously trigger mechanical instability to create various patterns without the need of external force6-10. Recently, we have reported demonstration of full control over buckling pattern of micro-scaled tubular gels using projection micro-stereolithography (P&mu;SL), a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing technology capable of rapidly converting computer generated 3D models into physical objects at high resolution12,13. Here we present a simple method to build up a simplified P&mu;SL system using a commercially available digital data projector to study swelling-induced buckling instability for controlled pattern transformation.
A simple desktop 3D printer is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector and simple optical components such as a convex lens and a mirror14. Cross-sectional images extracted from a 3D solid model is projected on the photosensitive resin surface in sequence, polymerizing liquid resin into a desired 3D solid structure in a layer-by-layer fashion. Even with this simple configuration and easy process, arbitrary 3D objects can be readily fabricated with sub-100 &mu;m resolution.
This desktop 3D printer holds potential in the study of soft material mechanics by offering a great opportunity to explore various 3D geometries. We use this system to fabricate tubular shaped hydrogel structure with different dimensions. Fixed on the bottom to the substrate, the tubular gel develops inhomogeneous stress during swelling, which gives rise to buckling instability. Various wavy patterns appear along the circumference of the tube when the gel structures undergo buckling. Experiment shows that circumferential buckling of desired mode can be created in a controlled manner. Pattern transformation of three-dimensionally structured tubular gels has significant implication not only in mechanics and material science, but also in many other emerging fields such as tunable matamaterials.

We demonstrate controlled pattern transformation of swelling gel tubes by elastic instability. A simple projection micro stereo-lithography setup is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector to fabricate three-dimensional polymeric structures in a layer-by-layer fashion. Swelling hydrogel tubes under mechanical constraint display various circumferential buckling modes depending on dimension.

소프트 재료 역학의 연구에서 디지털 프로젝터와 응용 프로그램을 사용하여 마이크로 3D 인쇄

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new ...

연구

공학

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

1-2 평면 흐름 - 작은 각 중성자 산란을 이용하여 재료 미세 조직에서 유량을 측정

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Research and Development of High-performance Explosives

Developmental testing of high explosives for military applications involves small-scale formulation, safety testing, and finally detonation performance tests to verify theoretical calculations. For newly developed formulations, the process begins with small-scale mixes, thermal testing, and impact and friction sensitivity. Only then do subsequent larger scale formulations proceed to detonation testing, which will be covered in this paper. Recent advances in characterization techniques have led to unparalleled precision in the characterization of early-time evolution of detonations. The new technique of Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) for the measurement of detonation pressure will be shared and compared with traditional fiber-optic detonation velocity and plate-dent calculation of detonation pressure. In particular, the role of aluminum in explosive formulations will be discussed. Recent developments led to the development of explosive formulations that result in reaction of aluminum very early in the detonation product expansion. This enhanced reaction leads to changes in the detonation velocity and pressure due to reaction of the aluminum with oxygen in the expanding gas products.

Developmental testing of high explosives for military applications involves small-scale formulation, safety testing, and finally detonation performance tests to verify theoretical calculations. This paper will share typical development tests associated with the measurement of detonation velocity and detonation pressure.

고성능 폭발물의 연구 개발

Developmental testing of high explosives for military applications involves small-scale formulation, safety testing, and finally detonation performance ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

전송 인쇄하여 수소 첨가 미세 결정 실리콘 태양 전지에 빛 트래핑 실버 나노 구조의 통합

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Dielectric RheoSANS &#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and microstructural properties of complex fluids is presented. The instrument consists of a Couette geometry contained within a modified forced convection oven mounted on a commercial rheometer. This instrument is available for use on the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) beamlines at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The Couette geometry is machined to be transparent to neutrons and provides for measurement of the electrical properties and microstructural properties of a sample confined between titanium cylinders while the sample undergoes arbitrary deformation. Synchronization of these measurements is enabled through the use of a customizable program that monitors and controls the execution of predetermined experimental protocols. Described here is a protocol to perform a flow sweep experiment where the shear rate is logarithmically stepped from a maximum value to a minimum value holding at each step for a specified period of time while frequency dependent dielectric measurements are made. Representative results are shown from a sample consisting of a gel composed of carbon black aggregates dispersed in propylene carbonate. As the gel undergoes steady shear, the carbon black network is mechanically deformed, which causes an initial decrease in conductivity associated with the breaking of bonds comprising the carbon black network. However, at higher shear rates, the conductivity recovers associated with the onset of shear thickening. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the simultaneous measurement of the rheo-electro-microstructural properties of these suspensions using the dielectric RheoSANS geometry.

Here, we present a procedure for the measurement of simultaneous impedance, rheology and neutron scattering from soft matter materials under shear flow.

유전체 RheoSANS - 임피던스, 레올 로지 및 복잡한 유체의 작은 각도 중성자 산란의 동시 심문

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and ...

Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent this outflow, a control device is required. A siphon breaker is a type of safety device that can be utilized to control the loss of coolant water effectively.
To analyze the characteristics of siphon breaking, a real-scale experiment was conducted. From the results of the experiment, it was found that there are several design factors that affect the siphon breaking phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical model capable of predicting and analyzing the siphon breaking phenomenon under various design conditions. Using the experimental data, it was possible to formulate a theoretical model that accurately predicts the progress and the result of the siphon breaking phenomenon. The established theoretical model is based on fluid mechanics and incorporates the Chisholm model to analyze two-phase flow. From Bernoulli&#39;s equation, the velocity, quantity, undershooting height, water level, pressure, friction coefficient, and factors related to the two-phase flow could be obtained or calculated. Moreover, to utilize the model established in this study, a siphon breaker analysis and design program was developed. The simulation program operates on the theoretical model basis and returns the result as a graph. The user can confirm the possibility of the siphon breaking by checking the shape of the graph. Furthermore, saving the entire simulation result is possible and it can be used as a resource for analyzing the real siphon breaking system.
In conclusion, the user can confirm the status of the siphon breaking and design the siphon breaker system using the program developed in this study.

The siphon breaking phenomenon was investigated experimentally and a theoretical model was proposed. A simulation program based on the theoretical model was developed and the results of the simulation program were compared with experimental results. It was concluded that the results of the simulation program matched the experimental results well.

연구 반응 기에 대 한 사이 펀 브 레이 커 실험 및 시뮬레이션 연구

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent ...

Surgical Techniques for Catheter Placement and 5/6 Nephrectomy in Murine Models of Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement therapy consistent on the administration and posterior recovery of a hyperosmotic fluid in the peritoneal cavity to drain water and toxic metabolites that functionally-insufficient kidneys are not able to eliminate. Unfortunately, this procedure deteriorates the peritoneum. Tissue damage triggers the onset of inflammation to heal the injury. If the injury persists and inflammation becomes chronic, it may lead to fibrosis, which is a common occurrence in many diseases. In PD, chronic inflammation and fibrosis, along with other specific processes related to these ones, lead to ultrafiltration capacity deterioration, which means the failure and subsequent cessation of the technique. Working with human samples provides information about this deterioration but presents technical and ethical limitations to obtain biopsies. Animal models are essential to study this deterioration since they overcome these shortcomings.
A chronic mouse infusion model was developed in 2008, which benefits from the wide range of genetically modified mice, opening up the possibility of studying the mechanisms involved. This model employs a customized device designed for mice, consisting of a catheter attached to an access port that is placed subcutaneously at the back of the animal. This procedure avoids continuous puncture of the peritoneum during long-term experiments, reducing infections and inflammation due to injections. Thanks to this model, peritoneal damage induced by chronic PD fluid exposure has been characterized and modulated. This technique allows the infusion of large volumes of fluids and could be used for the study of other diseases in which inoculation of drugs or other substances over extended periods of time is necessary.
This article shows the method for the surgical placement of the catheter in mice. Moreover, it explains the procedure for a 5/6 nephrectomy to mimic the state of renal insufficiency present in PD patients.

This article shows the method for the surgical placement in mice of an intraperitoneal catheter attached to an access port that is positioned at the back of the animal. Moreover, it explains the procedure for a 5/6 nephrectomy to resemble the uremic state of PD patients.

카 테 테 르 배치 및 5/6 신 복 막 투 석의 Murine 모델에 대 한 수술 기법

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement therapy consistent on the administration and posterior recovery of a hyperosmotic fluid in the peritoneal ...

Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components &#8211; Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)

To combine the benefits of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with the benefits of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) to ceramic-based 4D components (three dimensions for the geometry and one degree of freedom concerning the material properties at each position) the Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM -&#160;T3DP) was developed. It is a direct AM technology which allows the AM of multi-material components. To demonstrate the advantages of this technology black-and-white zirconia components were additively manufactured and co-sintered defect-free.
Two different pairs of black and white zirconia powders were used to prepare different thermoplastic suspensions. Appropriate dispensing parameters were investigated to manufacture single-material test components and adjusted for the additive manufacturing of multi-color zirconia components.

Here we describe a protocol for additively manufacturing black-and-white zirconia components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM -&#160;T3DP) and co-sintering defect-free.

멀티 소재 세라믹 기반 구성 요소-열가 소성 3D 인쇄 (CerAM-T3DP)에 의해 흑백 지 르 코니 아 부품의 제조 첨가물

To combine the benefits of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with the benefits of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) to ceramic-based 4D components (three ...

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. This wetting phenomenon is important in many technical fields ranging from physiology to aerospace engineering. Currently, several different techniques exist for fabricating hemiwicking structures. These conventional methods, however, are often time consuming and are difficult to scale-up for large areas or are difficult to customize for specific, nonhomogeneous patterning geometries. The presented protocol provides researchers with a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for fabricating micro-patterned hemiwicking surfaces. The method fabricates wicking structures through the use of stamp printing, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and thin-film surface coatings. The protocol is demonstrated for hemiwicking with ethanol on PDMS micropillar arrays coated with a 70 nm thick aluminum thin-film.

A simple protocol is provided for the fabrication of hemiwicking structures of varying sizes, shapes, and materials. The protocol uses a combination of physical stamping, PDMS molding, and thin-film surface modifications via common materials deposition techniques.

확장 가능한 우표 인쇄 및 Hemiwicking 표면의 제조

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...