作者没有确认。

1.增益数据的采集对检流计镜<ol><li>固定检流计镜，使得它是稳定的，同时振荡，以保护它免受损坏。不仅检流计镜，而且还检流计反射镜的机构，如果移动使用定制的金属夹具与用于检流计镜的圆形孔不固定在适当位置。固定夹具到光载波和一个光具座。 </li><li>从AD / DA板通过端子块在检流计反射镜的伺服驱动器输入和位置插座连接BNC电缆。 </li><li>程序正弦波函数发生器为使用AD / DA板与C ++，其能够设定任意的频率，振幅和持续时间， 如图3的SDK的图形用户界面（GUI）。 注：此自定义函数发生器有助于切割为在步骤1.5连续试验的时间成本，因为在试验中进行多次。 </li<html> &gt; <li>设置频率来改变从100Hz到100Hz的间隔500赫兹，和设定的幅度在GUI 10毫伏的时间间隔，以改变从10毫伏到500毫伏。总体而言，存在250种组合。为了测试250点的组合，双环流是高效地实现。第一循环是从100赫兹至500赫兹，这是实现50倍的频率。第二环路是用于从10毫伏到500毫伏，这是50次实施振幅。 </li><li>正弦波路径信号添加到AD / DA板为2000个采样如在GUI中的持续时间。同时记录检流计反射镜的位置信号，以读出的AD / DA板的模拟值。在C ++中使用的编码AD / DA板的文库，使用相同的线程用于写入和编程读取。由该公式计算检流计镜θ（写入信息）的当前角度 <img alt="公式2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq2.jpg" /> 其中，t是时间，ES / ftp_upload / 55431 / 55431eq3.jpg” /&gt;是振幅，ƒ是频率。 </li><li>位置信号数据保存为.csv文件和包括频率的在其文件名的值和幅度。 </li><li>重复步骤1.4 - 1.6 250次迭代。 </li></ol> 2.计算获取预加重系数<ol><li>应用中值滤波器的CSV文件（记录信号），以避免噪声的影响。中值滤波器的空间大小是5。 </li><li>运行脚本来计算峰-峰值（与振幅乘以2对应），用MATLAB对于每个CSV文件， 如图4（曲线图表示正弦波路径的数据）。 </li><li>画出峰-峰值数据上的曲线图，以确定在每个频率的线性度，并限制输入振幅的使用区域时的曲线是非线性的， 如图5。 注：图中的非线性部分代表的饱和PID控制;因此，最好是避免使用它们，以确保控制的说明书的限制。 </li><li>执行用于峰 - 峰数据的线性回归在电子表格中，以获得每个频率的线性插值系数。在此过程中，得到五组的斜率和截距的。它们对应与从100Hz到500Hz的频率在每一个100赫兹。 300赫兹的直线的近似在图5（A）被显示，并且每个频率的线性内插系数在表1中被示出。 </li><li>利用二次多元线性回归，执行四次插值以得到电子表格中的四次插值系数（预加重系数）对于每个频率的线性插值系数。预加重的系数示于表2中 。 注：在本研究中，线性插值系数在一个点的二次形式变化Ç曲线;然而，其他类型的功能，例如二次和三次方程中，如果误差是最小的施加。 </li></ol>基于预加重技术3.网上信号放大<ol><li>执行计算更新的输入幅值的软件<img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq5.jpg" />从理想的输入的幅度值<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" />和频率ƒ使用预加重的系数。 <ol><li>保存预加重系数为固定值在C ++软件。当设备被更新时，也更新这些常数值。 </li><li>程序的功能 <img alt="公式7" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq7.jpg" /> 在C ++软件，将获得的线性插值系数。代替它们用于I，B I，C I，D I，和从等式和表2 E I。 </li><li>程序的功能 <img alt="13式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq13.jpg" /> 在C ++软件和获取更新的输入的幅度值<img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq5.jpg" />来替代<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" />并且在步骤3.1.2中获得的线性插值系数。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤1.4 - 1.6与任意时间<img alt="公式5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq5.jpg" />使用预加重技术在GUI.NOTE：为了避免PID控制的区域中的饱和度，将400毫伏高达200赫兹，200毫伏高达300赫兹，100毫伏至400赫兹，和50毫伏对于高达500赫兹。 </li><li>重复步骤2.2和情节的峰 - 峰值的数据作为图表，以查看在增益的提高。 </li></ol> 4.实验上运动模糊补偿装置nsation <ol><li>制备的传送带，可以使用带可以粘附到粘纹理在30公里每小时移动。所述定制的输送带由具有速度控制马达，铁橡胶带，等等。它可与现成的传送带，其能够控制速度来代替。 </li><li>打印精细纹理图案到可印刷的带，并将其粘贴到传送带。 注：粘贴纹理示于图6。这些条使用了openFrameworks库“ofxPDF”编程，和摄影图像是从图片公司。 </li><li>设置光学装置，如照相机，透镜，以及照明，如图2中所示 。放置检流计镜，其中连接到所述照相机镜头前，并将其放置在照明来照亮输送带。 <ol><li>相机频率设定为333赫兹，曝光时间为1毫秒，并且像素848×960（宽×高）的数量。 </li><html></ol></li><li>同步检流计反射镜的转动定时和照相机的曝光时间。在软件中，当检流计反射镜的角度到达哪里开始曝光的位置时，程序发送一个软件触发进入相机。软件触发的定时在图7中示出。 </li><li>输入到计算所需的传送带V T，（30公里/小时）和从摄像机到传送带L（3.0米）的距离的速度在GUI的检流计镜的角速度ωR作为在图8中。 ωr被计算如下： <img alt="18式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq18.jpg" /></li><li>输入频率ƒ（330.0赫兹）在GUI 如图8来计算原始的输入振幅<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" /> 。计算等式3&quot; SRC = “/文件/ ftp_upload / 55431 / 55431eq3.jpg”/&gt;如下： <img alt="19式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq19.jpg" /></li><li>复制和粘贴<img alt="公式3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq3.jpg" />成的源代码，和与用于检流计伺服驱动器的预加重的控制值θ旋转检流计如下： <img alt="20式" src="/files/ftp_upload/55431/55431eq20.jpg" /> 其中，t为时间。 图7示出θ是如何从A计算的。 </li><li>当传送带在V T，（30公里/小时）移动记录图像。 注意： 图9示出传送带的运动。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者什么都没有透露。

本文介绍能够膨​​胀的正弦波的频率范围内实现高精度的轨迹与PID控制跟踪的过程。由于检流计镜的响应是由它的惯性限制，关键是要使用检流计镜时的控制路径是陡峭的。然而，在本研究中，我们提出了以提高控制的规范，然后通过验证获得的实验结果的方法等。 在我们的程序，步骤2.5是最关键的一步。我们获得从线性内插系数预加重的系数利用任意的频率。如果没有?...

各种光学致动器和适合于各种光学应用的控制方法，已经提出和开发的1，2。这些光学致动器能够控制光路;检流计反射镜特别提供在准确度，速度，移动性方面的良好平衡，和成本3，4，5。实际上，由速度和检流计反射镜的精确度提供的优点已导致对实现各种光学应用，如目标跟踪和附图中，扫描控制和运动模糊补偿6，7，8，9，10， 11，12。然而，在我们以前的运动模糊补偿电容上系统，采用比例 - 积分 - 微分检流计镜（PID）控制器提供的小的增益;因此，难以实现更高的频率和更快的速度11。 在另一方面，PID控制是一种广泛使用的方法，因为它满足跟踪精度13的一定的水平。各种各样的方法已经被提出来纠正PID控制的增益。作为一个典型的解决方案，PID控制参数调谐手动进行。然而，这需要时间和特殊技能来维持。一个更复杂的方法中，自动调节功能，以自动确定参数，已经提出并广泛用于14。用于高速操作的跟踪精度是使用自动调谐功能的比例增益值P增加时提高。然而，这也增加了在低速范围内的收敛时间和噪声。因此，跟踪精度不吨一定改善。虽然自调谐控制器可以被调谐以设定PID控制合适的参数，调谐介绍，因为需要以获得合适的参数的延迟;因此，很难采取实时应用15此方法。延长的PID控制器16，17和一个扩展预测控制器18已被提出以延长一般的PID控制，并提高检流计反射镜，适用于各种的跟踪路径，比如三角波，锯齿波，和正弦波的跟踪性能。然而，在这些系统中，振镜系统被视为一个黑盒子，而被要求控制系统的模型和控制系统不被视为一个黑盒子。因此，这些方法都需要对彼此电流镜模型进行更新。此外，尽管Mnerie 等。验证他们的F方法ocusing进行了详细的输出波形和相位，他们的研究并没有包括整个波的衰减。事实上，在我们以往的研究11，增益显著当正弦频率高，从而表明有必要弥补整个波的增益下降。 在这项研究中，我们的用于与PID控制12增益补偿过程是基于所述预加重技术19，20，21 -a方法，以提高通信的质量或速度在通信工程-其使得一个实验系统的结构使用现有设备。 图1示出的流动结构。预加重技术能够预先获得从输入值，其中PID控制不是有效的所希望的输出值，即使检流计镜及其控制器被视为黑盒子。这使他们能够扩大在其中可以在不调整PID控制参数来获得0dB的增益的频率和振幅范围。 当增益被放大，检流计镜的响应特性通常不同在不同的频率，因此，我们需要以扩增具有放大系数的各频率。因此，正弦波适合于预加重技术中，只有一个在每个正弦波频率。在这项研究中，因为我们应用增益补偿来实现运动模糊补偿，所述控制信号被限制为正弦波扫描，和正弦波信号构成的单一频率，不像其他波，诸如三角形和锯齿波。此外，输入信号到检流计反射镜的下一个周期内，立即更新，因为开环预加重后系数被设置的。换句话说，我们需要ŧø知道只有输入 - 输出比，把该控制器作为一个黑盒子，并且不需要详细的建模。这种简单让我们的系统能够很容易地嵌入到应用中。 这种方法的总体目标是建立的运动模糊补偿的实验步骤，通过使用预加重技术增益补偿的应用程序。多个硬件装置在这些过程中使用，例如检流计镜，照相机，输送带，照明，和透镜。用C ++编写Central软件用户开发的程序也构成了系统的一部分。 图2示出实验装置的示意图。检流计镜具有增益补偿的角速度旋转，从而使得可以从图像评价的模糊量。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Galvanometer mirror</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M3s X axis</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Custom-made metal jig</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ASKK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>With circular hole for galvanometer mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Optical carrier</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SIGMAKOKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAA-60L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Optical bench</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SIGMAKOKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OBT-1500LH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MSO 4054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AD/DA board</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Interface</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PCI-361216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PC</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">DELL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Precision T3600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanometer mirror servo controller</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Minisax</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikkor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF-S NIKKOR 200mm f/2G ED VR II&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mikrotron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Eosens MC4083</td>
			<td>Discontinued, but sold as MC4087. The cable connection is different from MC4083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Conveyor belt</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ASUKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>With a speed-control motor(BX5120A-A made by Oriental Motor), iron rubber belt(100-F20-800A-J made by NOK), and so on</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Printable tape</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">A-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F20A4-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Photographic texture</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Shutterstock, Inc.</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">231357754</td>
			<td>Printed computer motherboard with microcircuit, close up</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Terminal block</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Interface</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TNS-6851B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CoaXPress board</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">AVALDATA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">APX-3664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MATLAB R2015a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

gain-compensation methodology for a sinusoidal scan of a galvanometer mirror in proportional-integral-differential control using pre-emphasis techniques

检流计反射镜被用于由于其高的速度和精度的光学应用，如目标跟踪，图中，和扫描控制。但是，检流计镜的响应是由它的惯性限制;因此，当控制路径是陡峭的检流计反射镜的增益被减小。在本研究中，我们提出使用预加重技术以补偿正弦波路径检流计反射镜使用比例 - 积分 - 微分（PID）控制的跟踪的增益降低以延长相应频率的方法。预加重技术获得用于预先期望的输出值的输入值。应用这种方法来控制检流计镜，检流计镜在各频率下的原始增益和振幅为正弦波路径使用PID控制器跟踪计算。其中PID控制不见效，保持在0 dB的增益来提高轨迹跟踪精度，有可能扩展，其中可以在不调整PID控制参数来获得0dB的增益的速度范围。然而，如果只存在一个频率，放大是可能的单个预加重系数。因此，正弦波适合于这种技术，与三角形和锯齿波。因此，我们可以采用预加重技术，预先配置的参数，我们不需要额外的准备主动控制模型和硬件。这些参数预加重系数设置后的下一个周期内，立即更新，因为开环。换句话说，以视控制器作为一个黑盒子，我们需要知道只有输入 - 输出比，且不需要详细的建模。这种简单让我们的系统能够很容易地嵌入到应用中。使用用于运动模糊补偿系统的预加重技术和以评价方法实验我们的方法进行说明。

使用AD / DA板和摄像机获得此处呈现的结果。 图1示出了预加重技术的程序;因此，这是本文的核心。这是不必要的设置初始化状态后的PID控制的参数;因此，上网过程是显著简单。 图10显示了通过应用预加重技术我们的系统所获得的结果。如在图10（A）和10（B）所示，分别，据?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques at Jo

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

我们提出通过使用预加重技术来扩展对应的频率的方法。该方法补偿了正弦波路径使用比例 - 积分 - 微分控制跟踪检流计镜的增益降低。

使用预加重技术增益补偿方法论电流镜的比例 - 积分 - 微分控制正弦扫描

Galvanometer mirrors are used for optical applications such as target tracking, drawing, and scanning control because of their high speed and accuracy. ...

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8.5K 次观看.  University of Tokyo. 我们提出通过使用预加重技术来扩展对应的频率的方法。该方法补偿了正弦波路径使用比例 - 积分 - 微分控制跟踪检流计镜的增益降低。 

视频: Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Intercalation compounds such as transition metal oxides or phosphates are the most commonly used electrode materials in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. During insertion or removal of alkali metal ions, the redox states of transition metals in the compounds change and structural transformations such as phase transitions and/or lattice parameter increases or decreases occur. These behaviors in turn determine important characteristics of the batteries such as the potential profiles, rate capabilities, and cycle lives. The extremely bright and tunable x-rays produced by synchrotron radiation allow rapid acquisition of high-resolution data that provide information about these processes. Transformations in the bulk materials, such as phase transitions, can be directly observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) gives information about the local electronic and geometric structures (e.g.&#160;changes in redox states and bond lengths). In situ experiments carried out on operating cells are particularly useful because they allow direct correlation between the electrochemical and structural properties of the materials. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design due to the reactivity and air-sensitivity of the alkali metal anodes used in the half-cell configurations, and/or the possibility of signal interference from other cell components and hardware. For these reasons, it is appropriate to carry out ex situ experiments (e.g.&#160;on electrodes harvested from partially charged or cycled cells) in some cases. Here, we present detailed protocols for the preparation of both ex situ and in situ samples for experiments involving synchrotron radiation and demonstrate how these experiments are done.

We describe the use of synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to probe details of intercalation/deintercalation processes in electrode materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Both in situ and ex situ experiments are used to understand structural behavior relevant to the operation of devices

正极材料的同步辐射技术锂离子和钠离子电池表征

Intercalation compounds such as transition metal oxides or phosphates are the most commonly used electrode materials in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. ...

科研

工程学

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards understanding its mechanism. Protonation and conformational changes affect the vibration pattern of amino acid side chains and of the peptide bond, respectively, both of which can be probed by infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy. For proteins whose function can be repetitively and reproducibly triggered by light, it is possible to obtain infrared difference spectra with (sub)microsecond resolution over a broad spectral range using the step-scan Fourier transform infrared technique. With ~102-103 repetitions of the photoreaction, the minimum number to complete a scan at reasonable spectral resolution and bandwidth, the noise level in the absorption difference spectra can be as low as ~10-4, sufficient to follow the kinetics of protonation changes from a single amino acid. Lower noise levels can be accomplished by more data averaging and/or mathematical processing. The amount of protein required for optimal results is between 5-100 &#181;g, depending on the sampling technique used. Regarding additional requirements, the protein needs to be first concentrated in a low ionic strength buffer and then dried to form a film. The protein film is hydrated prior to the experiment, either with little droplets of water or under controlled atmospheric humidity. The attained hydration level (g of water / g of protein) is gauged from an IR absorption spectrum. To showcase the technique, we studied the photocycle of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin in its native purple membrane environment, and of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 solubilized in detergent.

Key steps of protein function, in particular backbone conformational changes and proton transfer reactions, often take place in the microsecond to millisecond time scale. These dynamical processes can be studied by time-resolved step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in particular for proteins whose function is triggered by light.

质子转移和蛋白质构象动力学的光敏蛋白的时间分辨步进扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards ...

Atomic Force Microscopy of Red-Light Photoreceptors Using PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Property Mapping

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) uses a pyramidal tip attached to a cantilever to probe the force response of a surface. The deflections of the tip can be measured to ~10 pN by a laser and sectored detector, which can be converted to image topography. Amplitude modulation or &#8220;tapping mode&#8221; AFM involves the probe making intermittent contact with the surface while oscillating at its resonant frequency to produce an image. Used in conjunction with a fluid cell, tapping-mode AFM enables the imaging of biological macromolecules such as proteins in physiologically relevant conditions. Tapping-mode AFM requires manual tuning of the probe and frequent adjustments of a multitude of scanning parameters which can be challenging for inexperienced users. To obtain high-quality images, these adjustments are the most time consuming.
PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Property Mapping (PF-QNM) produces an image by measuring a force response curve for every point of contact with the sample. With ScanAsyst software, PF-QNM can be automated. This software adjusts the set-point, drive frequency, scan rate, gains, and other important scanning parameters automatically for a given sample. Not only does this process protect both fragile probes and samples, it significantly reduces the time required to obtain high resolution images. PF-QNM is compatible for AFM imaging in fluid; therefore, it has extensive application for imaging biologically relevant materials.
The method presented in this paper describes the application of PF-QNM to obtain images of a bacterial red-light photoreceptor, RpBphP3 (P3), from photosynthetic R. palustris in its light-adapted state. Using this method, individual protein dimers of P3 and aggregates of dimers have been observed on a mica surface in the presence of an imaging buffer. With appropriate adjustments to surface and/or solution concentration, this method may be generally applied to other biologically relevant macromolecules and soft materials.

A method for investigating the structure of a protein photoreceptor using atomic force microscopy (AFM) is described in this paper. PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Property Mapping (PF-QNM) reveals intact protein dimers on a mica surface.

冲红灯光感受器原子力显微镜使用PeakForce定量纳米机械性能映射

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) uses a pyramidal tip attached to a cantilever to probe the force response of a surface. The deflections of the tip can be ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

检测和钯的回收，从城市矿山黄金和钴金属使用标有纳米货车车轮形的孔隙新型传感器/吸附剂

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent this outflow, a control device is required. A siphon breaker is a type of safety device that can be utilized to control the loss of coolant water effectively.
To analyze the characteristics of siphon breaking, a real-scale experiment was conducted. From the results of the experiment, it was found that there are several design factors that affect the siphon breaking phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical model capable of predicting and analyzing the siphon breaking phenomenon under various design conditions. Using the experimental data, it was possible to formulate a theoretical model that accurately predicts the progress and the result of the siphon breaking phenomenon. The established theoretical model is based on fluid mechanics and incorporates the Chisholm model to analyze two-phase flow. From Bernoulli&#39;s equation, the velocity, quantity, undershooting height, water level, pressure, friction coefficient, and factors related to the two-phase flow could be obtained or calculated. Moreover, to utilize the model established in this study, a siphon breaker analysis and design program was developed. The simulation program operates on the theoretical model basis and returns the result as a graph. The user can confirm the possibility of the siphon breaking by checking the shape of the graph. Furthermore, saving the entire simulation result is possible and it can be used as a resource for analyzing the real siphon breaking system.
In conclusion, the user can confirm the status of the siphon breaking and design the siphon breaker system using the program developed in this study.

The siphon breaking phenomenon was investigated experimentally and a theoretical model was proposed. A simulation program based on the theoretical model was developed and the results of the simulation program were compared with experimental results. It was concluded that the results of the simulation program matched the experimental results well.

研究堆虹吸断路器试验与仿真研究

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent ...

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

A method of carrier number control by electrolyte gating is demonstrated. We have obtained WS2 thin flakes with atomically flat surface via scotch tape method or individual WS2 nanotubes by dispersing the suspension of WS2 nanotubes. The selected samples have been fabricated into devices by the use of the electron beam lithography and electrolyte is put on the devices. We have characterized the electronic properties of the devices under applying the gate voltage. In the small gate voltage region, ions in the electrolyte are accumulated on the surface of the samples which leads to the large electric potential drop and resultant electrostatic carrier doping at the interface. Ambipolar transfer curve has been observed in this electrostatic doping region. When the gate voltage is further increased, we met another drastic increase of source-drain current which implies that ions are intercalated into layers of WS2 and electrochemical carrier doping is realized. In such electrochemical doping region, superconductivity has been observed. The focused technique provides a powerful strategy for achieving the electric-filed-induced quantum phase transition.

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Here, we present a protocol to control the carrier number in solids by using the electrolyte.

用电解质浇注法对 WS2纳米器件电子态的电场控制

A method of carrier number control by electrolyte gating is demonstrated. We have obtained WS2 thin flakes with atomically flat surface via scotch tape ...

Simultaneous Measurement of Turbulence and Particle Kinematics Using Flow Imaging Techniques

Numerous problems in scientific and engineering fields involve understanding the kinematics of particles in turbulent flows, such as contaminants, marine micro-organisms, and/or sediments in the ocean, or fluidized bed reactors and combustion processes in engineered systems. In order to study the effect of turbulence on the kinematics of particles in such flows, simultaneous measurements of both the flow and particle kinematics are required. Non-intrusive, optical flow measurement techniques for measuring turbulence, or for tracking particles, exist but measuring both simultaneously can be challenging due to interference between the techniques. The method presented herein provides a low cost and relatively simple method to make simultaneous measurements of the flow and particle kinematics. A cross section of the flow is measured using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique, which provides two components of velocity in the measurement plane. This technique utilizes a pulsed-laser for illumination of the seeded flow field that is imaged by a digital camera. The particle kinematics are simultaneously imaged using a light emitting diode (LED) line light that illuminates a planar cross section of the flow that overlaps with the PIV field-of-view (FOV). The line light is of low enough power that it does not affect the PIV measurements, but powerful enough to illuminate the larger particles of interest imaged using the high-speed camera. High-speed images that contain the laser pulses from the PIV technique are easily filtered by examining the summed intensity level of each high-speed image. By making the frame rate of the high-speed camera incommensurate with that of the PIV camera frame rate, the number of contaminated frames in the high-speed time series can be minimized. The technique is suitable for mean flows that are predominantly two-dimensional, contain particles that are at least 5 times the mean diameter of the PIV seeding tracers, and are low in concentration.

The technique described herein offers a low cost and relatively simple method to simultaneously measure particle kinematics and turbulence in flows with low particle concentrations. The turbulence is measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV), and particle kinematics are calculated from images obtained with a high-speed camera in an overlapping field-of-view.

流成像技术同时测量湍流和粒子运动学

Numerous problems in scientific and engineering fields involve understanding the kinematics of particles in turbulent flows, such as contaminants, marine ...

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

Pressure limitations of many microfluidic platforms have been a significant challenge in microfluidic experimental studies of fractured media. As a result, these platforms have not been fully exploited for direct observation of high-pressure transport in fractures. This work introduces microfluidic platforms that enable direct observation of multiphase flow in devices featuring surrogate permeable media and fractured systems. Such platforms provide a pathway to address important and timely questions such as those related to CO2 capture, utilization and storage. This work provides a detailed description of the fabrication techniques and an experimental setup that may serve to analyze the behavior of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foam, its structure and stability. Such studies provide important insights regarding enhanced oil recovery processes and the role of hydraulic fractures in resource recovery from unconventional reservoirs. This work presents a comparative study of microfluidic devices developed using two different techniques: photolithography/wet-etching/thermal-bonding versus Selective Laser-induced Etching. Both techniques result in devices that are chemically and physically resistant and tolerant of high pressure and temperature conditions that correspond to subsurface systems of interest. Both techniques provide pathways to high-precision etched microchannels and capable lab-on-chip devices. Photolithography/wet-etching, however, enables fabrication of complex channel networks with complex geometries, which would be a challenging task for laser etching techniques. This work summarizes a step-by-step photolithography, wet-etching and glass thermal-bonding protocol and, presents representative observations of foam transport with relevance to oil recovery from unconventional tight and shale formations. Finally, this work describes the use of a high-resolution monochromatic sensor to observe scCO2 foam behavior where the entirety of the permeable medium is observed simultaneously while preserving the resolution needed to resolve features as small as 10 &#181;m.

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

This paper describes a protocol along with a comparative study of two microfluidic fabrication techniques, namely photolithography/wet-etching/thermal-bonding and Selective Laser-induced Etching (SLE), that are suitable for high-pressure conditions. These techniques constitute enabling platforms for direct observation of fluid flow in surrogate permeable media and fractured systems under reservoir conditions.

破碎非常规储层微尺度超临界CO泡沫运输的高压 试验微流体制造技术

Pressure limitations of many microfluidic platforms have been a significant challenge in microfluidic experimental studies of fractured media. As a ...

Manufacturing, Control, and Performance Evaluation of a Gecko-Inspired Soft Robot

This protocol presents a method for manufacturing, control, and evaluation of the performance of a soft robot that can climb inclined flat surfaces with slopes of up to 84&#176;. The manufacturing method is valid for the fast pneunet bending actuators in general and might, therefore, be interesting for newcomers to the field of actuator manufacturing. The control of the robot is achieved by means of a pneumatic control box that can provide arbitrary pressures and can be built by only using purchased components, a laser cutter, and a soldering iron. For the walking performance of the robot, the pressure-angle calibration plays a crucial role. Therefore, a semi-automated method for the pressure-angle calibration is presented. At high inclines (&#62; 70&#176;), the robot can no longer reliably fix itself to the walking plane. Therefore, the gait pattern is modified to ensure that the feet can be fixed on the walking plane.

This protocol provides a detailed list of steps to be performed for the manufacturing, control and evaluation of the climbing performance of a gecko-inspired soft robot.

壁虎灵感软机器人的制造、控制和性能评估

This protocol presents a method for manufacturing, control, and evaluation of the performance of a soft robot that can climb inclined flat surfaces with ...

Computer Numerical Control Micromilling of a Microfluidic Acrylic Device with a Staggered Restriction for Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Immunoassays

Microfluidic systems have greatly improved immunoassay techniques. However, many microfabrication techniques require specialized, expensive, or complicated equipment, making fabrication costly and incompatible with mass production, which is one of the most important preconditions for point-of-care tests (POCT) to be adopted in low-resource settings. This work describes the fabrication process of an acrylic (polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA) device for nanoparticle-conjugated enzymatic immunoassay testing using the computer numerical control (CNC) micromilling technique. The functioning of the microfluidic device is shown by performing an immunoassay to detect a commercial antibody using lysozyme as a model antigen conjugated to 100 nm magnetic nanoparticles. This device integrates a physical staggered restriction of only 5 &#181;m in height, used to capture magnetic microparticles that make up a magnetic trap by placing an external magnet. In this way, the magnetic force on the immunosupport of conjugated nanoparticles is enough to capture them and resist flow drag. This microfluidic device is particularly suitable for low-cost mass production without the loss of precision for immunoassay performance.

Microfluidics is a powerful tool for the development of diagnostic tests. However, expensive equipment and materials, as well as laborious fabrication and handling techniques, are often required. Here, we detail the fabrication protocol of an acrylic microfluidic device for magnetic micro- and nanoparticle-based immunoassays in a low-cost and simple-to-use setting.