The authors have no acknowledgements.

1. Acquisition of Gain Data for a Galvanometer Mirror
<ol>
	<li>Fix the galvanometer mirror such that it is stabilized to protect it from damage while oscillating. Not only the galvanometer mirror, but also the body of the galvanometer mirror, moves if not fixed in place using a custom-made metal jig with a circular hole for the galvanometer mirror. Fix the jig onto an optical carrier and an optical bench.</li>
	<li>Connect BNC cables from the AD/DA board through a terminal block to the input and position sockets in th...

<ol>
	<li>Bass, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook Of Optics. 3, (1995).</li><li>Marshall, G. F., Stutz, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of optical and laser scanning. , (2011).</li><li>Aylward, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+galvanometer-based+optical+scanner+design.">Advanced galvanometer-based optical scanner design.</a> Sensor Rev. 23 (3), 216-222 (2003).</li><li>Duma, V., Rolland, J. P., Group, O., Vlaicu, A., Ave, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advancements+on+galvanometer+scanners+for+high-end+applications.">Advancements on galvanometer scanners for high-end applications.</a> Proc SPIE. 8936, 1-12 (2014).</li><li>Duma, V. -. F., Lee, K., Meemon, P., Rolland, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigations+of+the+scanning+functions+of+galvanometer-based+scanners+with+applications+in+OCT.">Experimental investigations of the scanning functions of galvanometer-based scanners with applications in OCT.</a> Appl Opt. 50 (29), 5735-5749 (2011).</li><li>Wang, C., Shumyatsky, P., Zeng, F., Zevallos, M., Alfano, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-controlled+optical+scanning+tile+microscope.">Computer-controlled optical scanning tile microscope.</a> Appl opt. 45 (6), 1148-1152 (2006).</li><li>Jofre, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+beam+steering+with+full+polarization+control+using+a+galvanometric+optical+scanner+and+polarization+controller.">Fast beam steering with full polarization control using a galvanometric optical scanner and polarization controller.</a> Opt Exp. 20 (11), 12247-12260 (2012).</li><li>Liu, X., Cobb, M. J., Li, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+scanning+all-reflective+optical+delay+line+for+real-time+optical+coherence+tomography.">Rapid scanning all-reflective optical delay line for real-time optical coherence tomography.</a> Opt lett. 29 (1), 80-82 (2004).</li><li>Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+beam+scanning+by+rotary+mirrors.+II.+Conic-section+scan+patterns.">Laser beam scanning by rotary mirrors. II. Conic-section scan patterns.</a> Appl opt. 34 (28), 6417-6430 (1995).</li><li>Duma, V. I. L., Tankam, P. A., Huang, J. I., Won, J. U., Rolland, J. A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+galvanometer+scanning+for+optical+coherence+tomography.">Optimization of galvanometer scanning for optical coherence tomography.</a> Appl opt. 54 (17), 5495-5507 (2015).</li><li>Hayakawa, T., Watanabe, T., Ishikawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+high-speed+motion+blur+compensation+system+based+on+back-and-forth+motion+control+of+galvanometer+mirror.">Real-time high-speed motion blur compensation system based on back-and-forth motion control of galvanometer mirror.</a> Opt Exp. 23 (25), 31648-31661 (2015).</li><li>Hayakawa, T., Watanabe, T., Senoo, T., Masatoshi, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain-compensated+sinusoidal+scanning+of+a+galvanometer+mirror+in+proportional-integral-+differential+control+using+the+pre-emphasis+technique+for+motion-blur+compensation.">Gain-compensated sinusoidal scanning of a galvanometer mirror in proportional-integral- differential control using the pre-emphasis technique for motion-blur compensation.</a> Appl opt. 55 (21), 5640-5646 (2016).</li><li>Visioli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical PID Control. , (2006).</li><li>Vilanova, R., Visioli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> PID Control in the Third Millennium. , (2012).</li><li>Ortega, R., Kelly, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PID+Self-Tuners:+Some+Theoretical+and+Practical+Aspects.">PID Self-Tuners: Some Theoretical and Practical Aspects.</a> IEEE Transa Ind Electron. 31 (4), 332-338 (1984).</li><li>Mnerie, C., Preitl, S., Duma, V. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mathematical+model+of+a+galvanometer-based+scanner:+simulations+and+experiments.">Mathematical model of a galvanometer-based scanner: simulations and experiments.</a> Proc SPIE. 8789, 878915 (2013).</li><li>Mnerie, C. A., Preitl, S., Duma, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+Enhancement+of+Galvanometer+Scanners+Using+Extended+Control+Structures.">Performance Enhancement of Galvanometer Scanners Using Extended Control Structures.</a> 8th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics. , 127-130 (2014).</li><li>Mnerie, C., Preitl, S., Duma, V. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+architectures+of+galvanometer-based+scanners+for+an+increased+precision+and+a+faster+response.">Control architectures of galvanometer-based scanners for an increased precision and a faster response.</a> Proc of SPIE. 8925, 892500 (2014).</li><li>Farjad-rad, R., Member, S., Yang, C. K., Horowitz, M. A., Lee, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+0.4-+m+CMOS+10-Gb/s+4-PAM+Pre-Emphasis+Serial+Link+Transmitter.">A 0.4- m CMOS 10-Gb/s 4-PAM Pre-Emphasis Serial Link Transmitter.</a> IEEE J Solid-State Circuits. 34 (5), 580-585 (1999).</li><li>Buckwalter, J. F., Meghelli, M., Friedman, D. J., Hajimiri, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+and+amplitude+pre-emphasis+techniques+for+low-power+serial+links.">Phase and amplitude pre-emphasis techniques for low-power serial links.</a> IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 41 (6), 1391-1398 (2006).</li><li>Le, S., Blow, K., Turitsyn, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Power+pre-emphasis+for+suppression+of+FWM+in+coherent+optical+OFDM+transmission.">Power pre-emphasis for suppression of FWM in coherent optical OFDM transmission.</a> Opt exp. 22 (6), 7238-7248 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

This article presents a procedure capable of expanding the sine-wave frequency range to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking with PID control. Because the responsiveness of a galvanometer mirror is limited by its inertia, it is critical to use a galvanometer mirror when the control path is steep. However, in this research, we propose a method to improve the specification of control and then prove the method by obtaining experimental results.
In our procedure, step 2.5 is the most critical...

Various optical actuators and control methods suitable for various optical applications have been proposed and developed1,2. These optical actuators are able to control the optical path; galvanometer mirrors especially offer a good balance in terms of accuracy, speed, mobility, and cost3,4,5. Actually, the advantage offered by the speed and accuracy of galvanometer mirrors has led to the realization of a variety of optical applications, such as target tracking and drawing, scanning control, and motion-blur compensation6,7,8,9,10,11,12. However, in our previous motion-blur compensation system, a galvanometer mirror using a proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller provided a small gain; hence, it was difficult to achieve a higher frequency and a faster speed11.
On the other hand, PID control is a widely-used method, as it satisfies a certain level of tracking accuracy13. A variety of methods have been proposed to correct the gain in PID control. As a typical solution, PID control parameter tuning is conducted manually. However, it takes time and special skill to maintain. A more sophisticated method, an auto-tuning function to automatically determine the parameters, has been proposed and is widely used14. The tracking accuracy for high-speed operations is improved using the auto-tuning function when the proportional gain value P increases. However, this also increases the convergence time and noise in the low-speed range. Hence, the tracking accuracy is not necessarily improved. Although a self-tuning controller can be tuned to set suitable parameters for PID control, the tuning introduces a delay because of the need to obtain suitable parameters; therefore, it is difficult to adopt this method in real-time applications15. An extended PID controller16,17 and an extended predictive controller18 have been proposed to extend general PID control and to enhance the tracking performance of galvanometer mirrors for a variety of tracking paths, such as triangular waves, sawtooth waves, and sine waves. However, in those systems, the galvanometer system was regarded as a black box, whereas a model of the control system was required, and the control system was not regarded as a black box. Hence, those methods require that their model for each galvanometer mirror be updated. Moreover, although Mnerie et al. validated their method of focusing on a detailed output wave and phase, their research did not include the attenuation of the entire wave. In fact, in our previous research11, the gain was significantly decreased when the sinusoidal frequency was high, thereby indicating the necessity to compensate for the gain of the entire wave.
In this research, our procedure for gain compensation with PID control12 is based on the pre-emphasis technique19,20,21&#8212;a method to enhance the quality or speed of communication in communications engineering&#8212;which enables the construction of an experimental system using existing equipment. Figure 1 shows the flow structure. The pre-emphasis technique is able to obtain in advance the desired output value from an input value, where PID control is not effective, even if the galvanometer mirror and its controller are regarded as black boxes. This enables them to expand the frequency and amplitude range in which a gain of 0 dB can be obtained without tuning the PID control parameters.
When the gain is amplified, the response characteristics of the galvanometer mirror generally differ at different frequencies, and therefore, we need to amplify each frequency with amplification coefficients. Thus, a sine wave is suitable for the pre-emphasis technique, as there is only one frequency in each sine wave. In this research, because we apply gain compensation to accomplish motion-blur compensation, the control signal is limited to sine-wave scanning, and the sine-wave signal constitutes a single frequency, unlike other waves, such as triangular and sawtooth waves. Further, the input signal into the galvanometer mirror is updated immediately within the next cycle because of the open loop after the pre-emphasis coefficients are set. In other words, we need to know only the input-to-output ratio to regard the controller as a black box, and detailed modeling is not required. This simplicity allows our system to be easily embedded in applications.
The overall goal of this method is to establish an experimental procedure of motion-blur compensation as an application by gain compensation using the pre-emphasis technique. Multiple hardware devices are used in these procedures, such as a galvanometer mirror, a camera, a conveyor belt, illumination, and a lens. Central software user-developed programs written in C++ also constitute part of the system. Figure 2 shows a schematic of the experimental setup. The galvanometer mirror rotates with gain-compensated angular velocity, thereby making it possible to evaluate the amount of blur from the images.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Galvanometer mirror</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M3s X axis</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Custom-made metal jig</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ASKK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>With circular hole for galvanometer mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Optical carrier</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SIGMAKOKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAA-60L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Optical bench</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SIGMAKOKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OBT-1500LH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MSO 4054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AD/DA board</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Interface</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PCI-361216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PC</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">DELL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Precision T3600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanometer mirror servo controller</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Minisax</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikkor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF-S NIKKOR 200mm f/2G ED VR II&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mikrotron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Eosens MC4083</td>
			<td>Discontinued, but sold as MC4087. The cable connection is different from MC4083</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Conveyor belt</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ASUKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>With a speed-control motor(BX5120A-A made by Oriental Motor), iron rubber belt(100-F20-800A-J made by NOK), and so on</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Printable tape</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">A-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F20A4-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Photographic texture</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Shutterstock, Inc.</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">231357754</td>
			<td>Printed computer motherboard with microcircuit, close up</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Terminal block</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Interface</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TNS-6851B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CoaXPress board</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">AVALDATA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">APX-3664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MATLAB R2015a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

gain-compensation methodology for a sinusoidal scan of a galvanometer mirror in proportional-integral-differential control using pre-emphasis techniques

Galvanometer mirrors are used for optical applications such as target tracking, drawing, and scanning control because of their high speed and accuracy. However, the responsiveness of a galvanometer mirror is limited by its inertia; hence, the gain of a galvanometer mirror is reduced when the control path is steep. In this research, we propose a method to extend the corresponding frequency using a pre-emphasis technique to compensate for the gain reduction of galvanometer mirrors in sine-wave path tracking using proportional-integral-differential (PID) control. The pre-emphasis technique obtains an input value for a desired output value in advance. Applying this method to control the galvanometer mirror, the raw gain of a galvanometer mirror in each frequency and amplitude for sine-wave path tracking using a PID controller was calculated. Where PID control is not effective, maintaining a gain of 0 dB to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy, it is possible to expand the speed range in which a gain of 0 dB can be obtained without tuning the PID control parameters. However, if there is only one frequency, amplification is possible with a single pre-emphasis coefficient. Therefore, a sine wave is suitable for this technique, unlike triangular and sawtooth waves. Hence, we can adopt a pre-emphasis technique to configure the parameters in advance, and we need not prepare additional active control models and hardware. The parameters are updated immediately within the next cycle because of the open loop after the pre-emphasis coefficients are set. In other words, to regard the controller as a black box, we need to know only the input-to-output ratio, and detailed modeling is not required. This simplicity allows our system to be easily embedded in applications. Our method using the pre-emphasis technique for a motion-blur compensation system and the experiment conducted to evaluate the method are explained.

The results presented here were obtained using an AD/DA board and a camera. Figure 1 shows the procedure of the pre-emphasis technique; therefore, it is the core of this article. It is unnecessary to set the parameters of the PID control after the initialization state; hence, the online process is significantly simple.
Figure 10 shows the results obtained by applying the pre-emphasis technique t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques at Jo

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

We propose a method to extend the corresponding frequency by using a pre-emphasis technique. This method compensates for the gain reduction of a galvanometer mirror in sine-wave path tracking using proportional-integral-differential control.

Galvanometer mirrors are used for optical applications such as target tracking, drawing, and scanning control because of their high speed and accuracy. ...

gain-compensation-methodology-for-sinusoidal-scan-galvanometer-mirror

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Physics

Engineering

Unit 1

Introduction to Signals and Systems

Direct-Current Circuits

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.5K vistas.  University of Tokyo.  Proponemos un método para extender la frecuencia correspondiente mediante el uso de una técnica de pre-énfasis. Este método compensa la reducción de ganancia de un galvanómetro de espejo en la trayectoria de onda senoidal de seguimiento utilizando el control-integral-diferencial proporcional. 

Video: Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques