Name: a protocol for the administration of real-time fmri neurofeedback training
Uploaded: 2017-08-24T12:30:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training at JoVE.com

这一材料是根据美国空军根据协议号 FA8650-16-2-6702 的研究而发起的。所表达的意见是作者的观点, 不反映国防部及其组成部分的官方观点或政策。美国政府有权为政府目的复制和分发重印, 尽管有任何版权批注。本研究所使用的受试者自愿、完全知情同意, 按 32 CFR 219 和多迪 3216.02_AFI 40-402 的要求获得。

以下 fMRI 测试协议符合莱特州立大学机构审查委员会提供的指导原则. 
 1. 控制组 <ol> <li> 仔细考虑并确定控制组 先验 。设计控制组允许对假设 (es) 进行评估, 并考虑由反馈所创建的其他因素 (如实践或期望) 的影响, 显示 44 . </li>
</ol> 2。硬件安装程序 <ol> <li> 在参与者进入 MRI 室之前准备所有硬件, 使用与传统 fMRI 相同的过程. </li>
	<li> 将 MR 兼容显示和响应设备系统连接到刺激计算机 (PC). </li>
	<li> 通过 MRI 孔或周围的 mr 兼容响应设备和耳机路由缆线. </li>
	<li> 将 TR 触发器输出从 MRI 连接到刺激 PC. 
	注意: 在某些设置中, 这可能连接到 MR 兼容的响应设备硬件, 然后连接到刺激计算机。这是同步刺激和数据采集的当务之急. </li>
	<li> 定位 MR 兼容显示器, 使其能够通过贴在磁头线圈上的镜子对参与者可见. </li>
</ol> 3。参与者定位 注意: 参与者应以与传统的 fMRI 相同的方式, 以类似的方式定位到扫描仪表上. 
<ol> <li> 使参与者在扫描仪表上的仰卧位置躺下。要求他们保持头部内的线圈. </li>
	<li> 将耳机放在参与者和 #39 的头部, 并确保耳朵被覆盖。如果需要额外的听力保护, 在定位耳机之前插入耳塞. </li>
	<li> 将垫子放在参与者和 #39 的膝盖下, 以增加舒适度. </li>
	<li> 将磁头线圈的上半身锁定到位. </li>
	<li> 将镜像粘贴到磁头线圈上. </li>
	<li> 将响应设备放置在参与者和 #39 的手中. </li>
	<li> 地标 nasion 相对于扫描仪的参与者和 #39 的位置. </li>
	<li> 将地标位置移动到 MRI 孔的中心. </li>
	<li> 确认参与者可以使用镜像查看整个显示。要求参与者根据需要调整镜像. </li>
</ol> 4。本地化目标区域 <ol> <li> 执行和 #34; 功能和 #34; 定位。使用功能本地化的大脑活动来定义感兴趣的目标区域 (ROI) 11 . 
	注意: 这一运行是以类似的方式执行传统的 fMRI。但是, 目标 ROI 也可以使用单独的解剖或标准化的地图集来定义, 以消除执行功能定位器的需要。
	<ol> <li> 向参与者提供脚本和/或可视任务说明. 
		注意: 这些说明应简洁, 但包含足够的信息, 使参与者能够成功执行在功能定位过程中执行的任务。在这里, 指示通知参与者一个点将在屏幕上, 他们可能会听到在耳机的声音。他们的目标是放松和关注点. </li>
		<li> 开始同步管理声音刺激 (, 如 双边连续白噪声 29 ) 和通过推 #34 进行数据获取; 扫描和 #34; MR 扫描仪上的按钮. 
		注意: 这是通过编程的表现的刺激使用 TR 触发器从 fMRI 获得。TR 触发器是通过 fMRI 协议控制的, 但是这可能会受到 MRI 制造商和安装的软件包的影响。任何视觉, 触觉, 和/或听觉刺激可以提供执行其他任务和/或目标的其他地区。
		<ol> <li> 将任务刺激 (白噪声) 与匹配的控制刺激 (无噪音) 的传递替换为阻塞模式。使用控制刺激激活在任务刺激中激活的不需要的网络/系统. 
			注意: 这种交替发生的同步刺激的 fMRI 获得和监测 TR 脉冲. </li>
			<li> 利用梯度回波成像脉冲序列采集全脑回波平面图像; 脉冲序列的示例参数包括在相位和频率方向上的 64 x 64 元素的采集矩阵, 41 片平行于前合-后合平面, 3.75 x 3.75 x 3 mm 3 体素大小, 0.5 mm 切片间隙, 启用脂肪抑制, TR/TE = 2000/20 ms, 和一个翻转角度 = 90 & #176;. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> <li> 使用多变量统计信息在功能定位器期间收集的 fMRI 数据计算激活映射。
	注意: 以下步骤是对传统 fMRI 进行的处理的变体。已删除或简化了某些步骤以减少处理时间。
	<ol> <li> 使用从标准预处理技术创建的自定义软件 12 、 45 对数据进行预处理。
		<ol> <li> 使用高斯低通内核执行3D 空间过滤 (全角 half-maximum 4.5 mm). </li>
			<li> 通过三线性插值将每个卷的质心与功能定位器的第一个音量对齐, 从而校正平移运动. </li>
			<li> 使用与 #963 的高斯低通内核执行时间过滤; = 3 s. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 创建一个模型来预测任务的神经响应; 这是以与传统 fMRI 相同的方式执行的。
		<ol> <li> 创建一个心理模型, 它描述每个时间点 46 的活动和 rest 状态。这个模型的时间点在任务期间与价值 #39; 1 和 #39; 和控制与 #39; 0 和 #39;. </li>
			<li> Convolve 具有预定义的血流动力学响应函数 (HRF) 46 的心理模型, 以预测该任务的 fMRI (神经) 响应. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 使用一般线性模型 (GLM) 将每个体素中的 fMRI 数据与神经模型的时间函数相匹配。这将导致 和 #946; 参数映射, 它将使用标准统计转换转换为 t 或 z 统计映射 (激活映射). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 使用覆盖在平均功能磁共振成像图像上的激活映射来确定将在其中派生后续神经的反馈信号的区域. 
	注意: 这是使用自定义软件执行的。要删除全局和不的更改, 还可以定义第二个 ROI。
	<ol> <li> 使用鼠标滑块滚轮或切片滑动条在切片中查找在 f 中可见的解剖标记。MRI 数据, 如侧脑室额角的下表面 12 . </li>
		<li> 使用阈值滑动条来阈值激活映射, 以显示目标区域中功能定位器中最强劲的体激活。
		<ol> <li> 通过选择阈值 先验 或手动调整阈值来执行此操作. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 使用鼠标左键选择单个体, 并在选定阈值的上方激活, 并在目标区域内添加到 ROI 中. 
		注意: 可以从一个或多个切片中选择体. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 5. fMRI 测试 <ol> <li> 使用具有交替任务和控制条件的车厢模型进行神经运行。
	<ol> <li> 实现一个任务条件, 其中参与者提高或降低目标区域的活动, 而控制方向对实现所需的结果至关重要. 
		注: 例如, 大脑的许多区域在耳鸣患者中是活跃的, 因此, 减少活动可能会鼓励正常的神经模式. </li>
		<li> 将任务条件替换为一个控制条件, 参与者通过放松和清除他们的思想来返回活动休息. </li>
		<li> 为参与者提供一个在两种情况下都要使用的正念任务的脚本示例, 作为启动对所需状态的大脑活动的辅助工具。指导参与者执行正念任务, 推动大脑活动朝向所需状态。
		<ol> <li> 在耳鸣示例中, 指示参与者将注意力从听觉系统转移到其他感官系统, 以减少听觉活动. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 比较基准计算 注意: 由于在每次运行之前都对 MRI 硬件组件进行了调整, 因此基线用于在向参与者提交反馈之前对数据进行规范化。基线平均值是为目标区域确定的, 使用在每个 fMRI 测试开始时获得的一个或多个卷的平均值, 运行 12 , 47 。
		<ol> <li> 指示参与者在扫描开始时显示的倒计时中放松. #160; </li> </ol> </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 通过按 #34; 扫描和 #34; MRI 扫描仪上的按钮, 开始同步刺激演示和数据获取。使用梯度召回回波 MRI 脉冲序列收集回声平面图像, 其方法与步骤4.1.2 中的功能定位器所规定的相同. </li>
	<li> 获取基线卷。
	<ol> <li> 直观显示倒计时计时器和空白反馈显示器. </li>
		<li> 使用自定义软件在获取过程中处理数据。
		<ol> <li> 使用高斯低通内核执行3D 空间过滤 (全角 half-maximum 4.5 mm). </li>
			<li> 使用每个卷的质心对平移运动进行校正; 每个卷都通过三线插值注册到功能定位器的第一个卷. </li>
			<li> 在时间和空间上计算来自目标 ROI 的平均信号. </li>
			<li> 对每个卷中目标 ROI 中的所有体的信号进行求和. </li>
			<li> 通过将总和除以 roi 中的体数, 为每个卷创建 roi 平均值. </li>
			<li> 平均来自基线卷的总和. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> <li> 获取神经卷 <ol> <li> 在使用自定义软件获取过程中对数据进行预处理。
		<ol> <li> 使用高斯低通内核执行3D 空间过滤 (全角 half-maximum 4.5 mm). </li>
			<li> 通过三线性插值将每个卷的质心与功能定位器的第一个音量对齐, 从而校正平移运动. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 计算反馈信号。在 fMRI 测试中, 每个获得的体积都有一个反馈信号。这是向参与者提供的帮助学习意志控制的信息。
		<ol> <li> 平均从目标 ROI 中所有体的 fMRI 信号创建单个值. </li>
			<li> 计算当前 roi 平均值和 roi 基线平均值之间的百分比变化。(可选) 此信号可以通过依赖于参与者和 #39 性能的因素进行缩放. </li>
			<li> 计算反馈信号由世俗地过滤 (高斯低通核与 3 s 的斯格码组成仅过去组分) 当前百分比变动与反馈信号从早先神经容量. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 显示反馈信号。
		<ol> <li> 通过温度计样式的条形图显示当前的反馈信号, 其中条形的高度与反馈值成正比 18 、 19 、 21 , 34 . </li>
			<li> 在反馈显示上为参与者覆盖说明. 
			注意: 这些说明很简单, 应该指导参与者放松, 或提高或降低活动 ( 即 温度计栏). </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 可选择提供额外的刺激。额外的视觉, 听觉, 或触觉刺激可以同时提供反馈. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 6。评估自我调节目标 ROI 的能力. 
 注意: 在神经完成后, 需要对每个培训的目标区域自我的能力进行量化. 
<ol> <li> 分析反馈信号 12 中的 intra-subject 更改。
	<ol> <li> 创建一个表示神经的 rest 和任务条件的心理模型. 
		注意: 此模型与预定义的 HRF 积, 以生成神经模型。该进程与为功能定位程序所描述的过程相同. </li>
		<li> 使用 GLM 将反馈信号时间序列与神经模型相匹配。这将导致 and #946; 参数转换为 t- 或 z 统计代表的能力, 自我. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 执行学科比较. 
	注意: 可以通过适当的统计分析 ( 例如, #160; 配对 t 测试或 ANOVAs), 将自我调节性能的统计数据代表在不同的运行和组之间进行比较。这些测试评估在训练和组之间自我目标区域的能力的变化, 并可用于评估研究和 #39 的假说. </li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本文讨论的 fMRI 测试协议可以适应任何区域的大脑, 并讨论了一个单变量, 基于的方法, 以神经。这可以通过编程其他功能的本地化任务来激活其他区域来实现。通过将这些任务集成到自定义神经软件中, 我们开发了一个非常简单的过程。但是, 有一个限制: 目标区域必须在功能上定义。此时, 我们的团队开发的软件不会在功能和解剖图像之间进行任何注册。因此, 其他 ROI 选择方法 (如 atlas-based roi) 此时无法实现。此外 , 对刺激和神经的参数 (例如 ,块持续时间、块数和包括 TR 在内的成像参数 ) 可以很容易作者操纵。此外, 在没有神经的情况下, 传输运行以评估自我目标 ROI 的能力是可以实现的。我们开发的软件不提供神经利用多元模式35,48或大脑区域之间的连接49。
FMRI 测试比其他形式的神经提供了显著的优势, 但也有其局限性。功能磁共振成像测试的主要优势是空间分辨率优于所有其他形式的测试, 如脑电图 (EEG) 为基础的神经。增强的空间分辨率使特定的大脑结构/功能在整个大脑中成为目标50。目前, 这是无法实现的其他疗法, 如药物治疗, 这是系统性的。然而, fMRI 测试的主要缺点是时间延迟。不仅采样率比脑电图慢得多 (高达3的数量级减慢), 与 fMRI 信号相关的血流动力学滞后进一步增加了这一延迟。尽管如此, 有压倒性的证据表明, 参与者可以克服这一延迟, 并在实践中学会控制大脑活动 (例如查看查看苏尔寿et al.11和 Scharnowski et al.50)。
fMRI 测试的普及程度正在上升, 但仍处于起步阶段。由于这一原因, 尚未采取共同的做法。所描述的协议细节方法是科学地被接受的。例如, 多种形式的反馈显示已在各种研究中使用, 包括温度计样式的条形图18,19,21,34。此外, 一个反馈信号, 作为百分比信号的变化与基线计算从目标区域也已广泛实施12,19,21,25,30,51,52。
控制大脑中的塑料效果提供了一种创新的治疗技术来治疗神经紊乱或大脑异常活动, 例如与上述的耳鸣相关的脑损伤。虽然将调节转化为行为效应的确切机制尚不得而知, 但 fMRI 测试已经与11相关。通过学习过程, 当一个人在任务相关的大脑网络中积极调节大脑活动时, 行为会得到加强。这种强化导致了神经机制的参与, 使网络更有效率地执行。这与其他测试技术 (如脑神经) 不谋而合, 那里的个人被训练来控制从头皮的本地区域测量的电信号频带53,54,55.其他人已经表明从突触可塑性, 导致提高突触效率12。还有一个假设建议, 细胞机制的学习可能涉及电压依赖性膜电导的变化, 这是表现为神经兴奋性的变化13。在任何情况下, 似乎 fMRI 测试导致细胞水平的变化, 并且个体可能学会对这些过程的一些控制。这种能力和这些变化可能是关键的学习和发展治疗脑损伤和神经系统紊乱。
fMRI 测试的一个重要方面是测量行为的改变。这是必要的许多假说预测行为的变化驱动的测试诱导神经变化。至少应在两个时间点收集这些评估: 在测试之前和之后。在耳鸣的情况下, 这些行为评估可能只包括主观问卷, 因为没有直接的措施, 耳鸣。对于其他神经系统疾病, 应进行文献复习, 以确定对所调查的特定假说的适当、合理和有记录的评估。一些假说需要在额外的时间点测量, 比如那些探索 fMRI 测试近, 短期和长期影响的研究。有些评估可能需要在测试之前进行培训, 以减少学习效果。其他假说甚至可能需要神经系统测试, 比如那些对脑代谢物、脑灌注或功能网络有兴趣的人。
fMRI 测试程序有两个关键阶段。第一个是确定一个大脑区域以神经为目标。在进行任何程序之前, 应进行彻底的文献复习, 以研究神经通路和与神经系统紊乱或脑损伤相关的重要结构/功能。因此, 关键的结构/功能应被仔细选择作为神经的目标。接下来, 应进行另一次文献复习, 以检查与此结构/功能相关的任务。此任务可能与无序相关联, 但应确认任务在指定的填充中激活所需的区域。在神经过程中, 这一目标区域将在第一届会议或每届会议上逐个选定。因此, 和 intra-subject 变异性可能是导致不可预知结果的重要因素。创建一个协议来选择目标区域并进行适当的人员培训是至关重要的。有两种定义目标 ROI 的方法: 解剖和功能。解剖定义利用结构 MRI 扫描, 严格定义目标区域从解剖,并可能使用标准的地图集。功能图像注册到结构图像, 目标区域转换为功能空间21,26。在函数方法中, 目标区域是通过执行功能本地化11、12、24、29、44所产生的激活映射来选择的。本文讨论了这种方法。
fMRI 测试的第二个关键阶段是控制组选择。对照组在确定 fMRI 测试的作用时至关重要, 应仔细考虑控制组的选择。以前的研究使用了广泛的控制。控制组的一个常见过程是在存在虚假反馈的情况下尝试意志控制。此反馈可以从实验组的参与者21,44提供, 从一个不参与所需进程的区域中获得, 参与者17,33,44, 或倒置52。其他研究使用了试图意志控制的控制组, 但未提供神经12、21、44、56。
先前的一项研究表明, 当受试者试图控制假反馈时, 在双侧脑岛、前扣带、辅助马达、背和侧前额区的活化作用与被动观察反馈显示57。这些发现牵连到一个广泛的额壁和 cingulo-盖网络是激活时, 有意图控制大脑活动。此外, 这些发现表明, 传统的控制组使用的测试实验将使用神经相关的一致性与认知控制, 即使在存在的虚假反馈。一个单独的荟萃分析揭示了前岛和基底神经节的活动, 这两个区域都是认知控制和其他高级认知功能的组成部分, 是试图意志控制58的关键因素。meta 分析的结果证实了先前的发现57。在一起, 这一证据表明, 这是至关重要的描绘成功的意志控制的效果和那些与尝试自我调节。因此, 包括不尝试自我规管的控制小组可能是重要的。
然而, 以前的研究中, 控制组收到的假功能磁共振成像信号显示, 目标 ROI 活动的差异, 从那些收到真正的反馈15,16,17,18,20,21,25,26,28,33,34,44, 暗示不包含反馈的培训策略在调整目标区域时并不有效。此外, 控制组收到相同的指示和相同的训练期间, 但没有收到反馈的大脑活动水平, 没有表现出类似的行为结果的实验组谁给神经12,18,21,32,44,59。这些结果表明, 经验的影响是由于 fMRI 测试诱导的学习, 而不是其他学习或非特异性的变化。因此, 必须制定具体的培训方案, 针对特定的神经系统, 以获得预期的效果。与各种对照组的研究结果表明, 行为训练, 实践, 感官反馈和生物反馈单独不产生等效的行为效果, 那些谁接受 fMRI 测试44。

神经紊乱对受影响的个人、他们的家庭和社会造成了严重的障碍。治疗神经紊乱可能是不存在的或有疑问的功效, 往往只是针对症状的紊乱。这种情况就是耳鸣--幻像的声音--没有得到美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 批准的治疗。耳鸣可以对一个人的生活产生深远的影响, 通过降低注意力或改变对实际声音的感知来干扰日常任务。此外, 受耳鸣影响的个人也可能经历疲劳、压力、睡眠问题、记忆力问题、抑郁、焦虑和烦躁不安1。确实存在的治疗方法, 如抗抑郁药和焦虑药物, 只会帮助管理相关的症状, 而不能治疗潜在的病因。这为这些疾病的创新治疗创造了一个关键的缺口。
在采集技术、计算能力和算法方面的改进已经彻底改变了功能性磁共振成像 (fMRI) 数据的测量和处理速度。这使得 real-time 功能磁共振成像的问世, 数据可以处理, 因为它是收集。早期应用的 real-time 功能磁共振成像是有限的2, 主要是由于无法快速完成的预处理步骤, 典型的离线分析, 如运动矫正。计算技术和算法的改进现在提高了 real-time fMRI3的速度、灵敏度和通用性, 允许在 real-time 中应用类似的离线预处理。这些发展导致了4主要应用领域 real-time fMRI: 术中手术指导4, 脑-计算机接口5,6, 适应当前脑状态的刺激7,神经培训8。
测试, 虽然不是最初的重点 real-time fMRI, 是一个不断增长的研究领域, 个人学习调节大脑活动特定通过实施的心理策略 (即想象的任务)。测试是一种操作性条件反射的形式9, 它已经被证明增加神经元的射击率和神经元活动在猴子10。此外, fMRI 测试已经与钉定时相关的可塑性, 这是神经变化发生在联想学习11。进一步的暗示表明, fMRI 测试通过长期的增强作用诱导了可塑性, 从而提高了突触效率12。另一个假设意味着技能学习的细胞机制, 如意志控制大脑活动, 并可能涉及电压依赖性的细胞膜电导的变化-表现为神经兴奋性的变化13。在任何情况下, 似乎 fMRI 测试影响大脑的神经水平。这些理论为使用 fMRI 测试治疗神经系统疾病提供了有力的理由。
fmri 测试, 不同于传统的 fmri, 提供了一个机会来研究大脑活动和行为之间的关系11,14。最近, 在涉及 fMRI 测试的研究中, 与前10年 (n = 16)11相比, 2011年发表的文章的数量几乎是 2012 (n = 30) 的两倍。第一个 fMRI 测试研究是由 Weiskopf 和同事在 2003年8进行的。本研究成功地展示了在前扣带皮层 (ACC) 中使用一个参与者的在线反馈和 fMRI 信号的自我调节的可行性。反馈显示延迟约两秒, 超过一个数量级比以前的研究快得多。第一个完整的研究是在2004年进行的, 6 参与者学会了控制 somatomotor 皮层的活动15。FMRI 测试在同一天完成了3次会议。通过在 single-subject 和组水平的训练过程中观察到在 somatomotor 皮层中对目标区域的空间选择性增加的活动。这个效果是没有观察到的控制组收到真实的功能磁共振成像信息从一个背景区域 (不相关的任务正在执行) 在前面的运行。研究人员已经表明, 人类可以学习意志控制的 fMRI 信号测量从许多大脑区域, 包括 ACC16, 杏仁核17, 前脑岛18,19, 听觉和注意相关网络20, 双边侧前额叶皮层21, 侧前额叶皮层12,22,23, 运动神经皮层24, 25,26,27,28, 主要听觉皮层29,30, 与情绪网络区域相关的区域31,32, 右下额上回33, 和视觉皮层34,35。
许多神经系统疾病的潜在机制是未知的。在耳鸣的例子中, 在大多数情况下没有明显的幻像源36,37,38。尽管如此, 证据表明, 一个中央机制可能是负责的耳鸣感知在某些个人, 证明了缺乏症状解决后, 完整的听觉神经解剖39。与耳鸣相关的多动症已在初级听觉皮层40、41、42中找到。进一步的证据表明, 耳鸣的影响进一步扩大到参与处理情感和注意状态的领域43。基于这些异常, fMRI 测试范式可以发展, 以诱导和控制神经机制, 鼓励正常的神经模式。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3T MRI</td><td>GE Medical</td><td>750W Discovery</td><td>Data Acquisition Hardware</td></tr><tr><td>MR-Compatible Display System</td><td>InVivo</td><td>SensaVue</td><td>Visual Stimuli Hardware</td></tr><tr><td>MR-Compatible Auditory System</td><td>Resonance Technologies</td><td>CinemaVision</td><td>Auditory Stimuli Hardware</td></tr><tr><td>Experimental Stimulus Software</td><td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td><td>Presentation</td><td>Software to Control Stimuli Presentation</td></tr><tr><td>Experimental Processing Software</td><td>Mathworks</td><td>MATLAB</td><td>Software to Process Data</td></tr><tr><td>Data Processing Software</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>Visual Studio C++</td><td>Software to Process Data</td></tr><tr><td>Response Pads</td><td>Cedrus Corporation</td><td>Lumina</td><td>Hardware to Receive Participant Input</td></tr></tbody></table>

a protocol for the administration of real-time fmri neurofeedback training

神经疾病的特点是在大脑中的细胞、分子和电路功能异常。新的方法诱导和控制神经过程和纠正异常功能, 甚至转移功能从受损的组织到生理健康的脑区, 持有潜力, 以显著改善整体健康。在目前的神经干预的发展, 神经训练 (测试) 从功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 具有完全无创, 力度, 和空间定位到目标大脑的优势区域, 也没有已知的副作用。此外, 测试技术, 最初开发使用 fMRI, 往往可以转化为演习, 可以在扫描仪以外的情况下进行, 没有医疗专业人员或尖端医疗设备的援助。在 fmri 测试, fmri 信号是测量从大脑的特定区域, 处理, 并提交给参与者在 real-time。通过训练, 自我导向的心理处理技术, 即调节这一信号及其潜在的神经关联, 被开发。FMRI 测试已经被用来训练意志控制的广泛的大脑区域, 对几个不同的认知, 行为和马达系统的影响。此外, 功能磁共振成像测试已经表明, 在广泛的应用, 如治疗神经紊乱和增加基线人类的表现的承诺。在这篇文章中, 我们提出了一个功能磁共振成像测试协议, 在我们的机构发展, 以调节健康和异常的大脑机能, 以及使用的方法, 以认知和听觉区域的大脑的例子。

我们的团队已经证明了在18参与者的队列中从 fMRI 测试学到的左侧前额皮质 (DLPFC) 的控制显著增加。在意志控制12的定量值上, 对受试者进行了 one-way 方差分析。这项分析显示, 左 DLPFC 的控制显著增加了 5 x 6 min:24 运行的神经在 14 d (图 1中分别进行了五个独立的会话;F(468) = 2.216, p = 0.038, 度假设, 单尾)。在测试之前和之后执行的复杂多任务测试的性能变化, 与未接受神经使用 2 x 2 混合模型 ANOVAs 的组进行比较。经过 Bonferroni 纠正后的比较发现, 复杂的多任务测试的性能显著提高, 没有接受额外的培训 (p & #60; 0.005, 一尾), 而且这一增幅明显大于对照组执行类似的培训, 但没有提供额外的援助神经 (p & #60; 0.03, 度假设, 一尾)12。尽管实验组在训练中获得了对左 DLPFC 的控制, 但没有观察到一个高原。这意味着不需要最大程度的控制来产生行为结果, 并且在进一步培训12时可能会有更大的影响。此外 , 我们的团队发现功能磁共振成像测试结合n- 背部练习创建的大脑活动的焦点变化 , 限制在目标区域 , 不影响工作内存网络的向上或向组件 (图 2)22。
关于耳鸣, 一项先前的研究已经调查 fMRI 测试作为一种可能的治疗29。在这项研究中, 4 x 4 分钟的神经的运行完成了一个单一的培训课程。在单一功能磁共振成像测试会议之前和之后进行了耳鸣的行为评估。成功的意志下调的听觉皮层, 并导致显著减少听觉活化。本研究表明 fMRI 测试在治疗耳鸣方面的前景, 然而, 仅对六参与者进行了研究, 对照组未被用于比较。此外, 不进行统计分析, 包括行为数据。在这项研究的基础上扩大可能会发现耳鸣患者的新治疗机会。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55543/55543fig1.jpg"> 
图 1: 增加对左 DLPFC 的控制.每个神经运行的平均左 DLPFC 控制 (在不同的天执行) 由淡绿色圆圈表示。线性回归分析显示, 在训练中的控制显著增加 (暗绿色线; β = 1.078, p & #60; 0.033)。误差线代表 1 SEM. 舍伍德的未修改工作et al.12, 在 "创作共享" 归属许可下重印。<a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55543/55543fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55543/55543fig2.jpg"> 
图 2: 学习左 DLPFC 控制的本地化效果.(A) 从n回功能定位仪中选择的 fMRI 测试的体素包含概率。在测试靶区中最常见的是浅蓝色体, 暗蓝色体的频率较低, 不包括透明体。(B) 基于培训课程 (红-黄) 的主要效果的方差分析结果。这一结果显示出一个大的重叠与左 DLPFC roi 目标为测试。轴向切片在放射学大会在坐标 z = 22, 26, 30, 34 和38毫米 (从左到右) 显示。舍伍德的未修改工作et al.22, 在 "创作共享" 归属许可下重印。<a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55543/55543fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training at JoVE.com

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

诱导和/或控制神经可塑性的能力可能是未来治疗神经系统紊乱和脑损伤恢复的关键。本文提出了神经训练与功能磁共振成像技术在人脑功能调节中的应用。

实时 fMRI 神经训练管理协议

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...

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Neuroscience

10.9K 次观看.  Wright State University. 诱导和/或控制神经可塑性的能力可能是未来治疗神经系统紊乱和脑损伤恢复的关键。本文提出了神经训练与功能磁共振成像技术在人脑功能调节中的应用。

视频: A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

科研

行为学

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using biofeedback of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) data. Increased activity of this region is seen in relationship with contamination anxiety both in control subjects1 and in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),2 a relatively common and often debilitating psychiatric disorder involving contamination anxiety. Although many brain regions have been implicated in OCD, abnormality in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is one of the most consistent findings.3, 4 Furthermore, hyperactivity in the OFC has been found to correlate with OCD symptom severity5 and decreases in hyperactivity in this region have been reported to correlate with decreased symptom severity.6 Therefore, the ability to control this brain area may translate into clinical improvements in obsessive-compulsive symptoms including contamination anxiety. Biofeedback of rt-fMRI data is a new technique in which the temporal pattern of activity in a specific region (or associated with a specific distributed pattern of brain activity) in a subject's brain is provided as a feedback signal to the subject. Recent reports indicate that people are able to develop control over the activity of specific brain areas when provided with rt-fMRI biofeedback.7-12 In particular, several studies using this technique to target brain areas involved in emotion processing have reported success in training subjects to control these regions.13-18 In several cases, rt-fMRI biofeedback training has been reported to induce cognitive, emotional, or clinical changes in subjects.8, 9, 13, 19 Here we illustrate this technique as applied to the treatment of contamination anxiety in healthy subjects. This biofeedback intervention will be a valuable basic research tool: it allows researchers to perturb brain function, measure the resulting changes in brain dynamics and relate those to changes in contamination anxiety or other behavioral measures. In addition, the establishment of this method serves as a first step towards the investigation of fMRI-based biofeedback as a therapeutic intervention for OCD. Given that approximately a quarter of patients with OCD receive little benefit from the currently available forms of treatment,20-22 and that those who do benefit rarely recover completely, new approaches for treating this population are urgently needed.

Here we present a method for training people to control a brain area involved in contamination anxiety and for probing the relationship between contamination anxiety and brain connectivity patterns.

实时功能磁共振成像生物反馈，针对污染焦虑的眶额皮层

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using ...

医学

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

The effect of a stimulus to the brain depends not only on the parameters of the stimulus but also on the dynamics of brain activity at the time of the stimulation. The combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a real-time brain state-dependent stimulation system allows the study of relations of dynamics of brain activity, cortical excitability, and plasticity induction. Here, we demonstrate a newly developed method to synchronize the timing of brain stimulation with the phase of ongoing EEG oscillations using a real-time data analysis system. This real-time EEG-triggered TMS of the human motor cortex, when TMS is synchronized with the surface EEG negative peak of the sensorimotor &#181;-alpha (8-14 Hz) rhythm, has shown differential corticospinal excitability and plasticity effects. The utilization of this method suggests that real-time information about the instantaneous brain state can be used for efficacious plasticity induction. Additionally, this approach enables personalized EEG-synchronized brain stimulation which may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic brain stimulation protocols.

This paper describes real-time electroencephalography-triggered transcranial magnetic stimulation to study and modulate human brain networks.

脑状态依赖性脑刺激与实时脑脑图触发颅内磁刺激

The effect of a stimulus to the brain depends not only on the parameters of the stimulus but also on the dynamics of brain activity at the time of the ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

提取脑电数据视觉诱发电位记录在功能磁共振成像引导下经颅磁刺激

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

神经科学

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal.&#160;Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain target.

深部脑刺激与同步功能磁共振成像在鼠害

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

Use of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Neurofeedback to Downregulate Insular Cortex in Nicotine-Addicted Smokers

It has been more than a decade since the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback approach was successfully implemented. Since then, various studies have demonstrated that participants can learn to voluntarily control a circumscribed brain region. Consequently, real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) provided a novel opportunity to study modifications of behavior due to manipulation of brain activity. Hence, reports of rtfMRI applications to train self-regulation of brain activity and the concomitant modifications in behavioral and clinical conditions such as neurological and psychiatric disorders [e.g., schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive Disorder (OCD), stroke] have rapidly increased.
Neuroimaging studies in addiction research have shown that the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insular cortex are activated during the presentation of drug-associated cues. Also, activity in both left and right insular cortices have been shown to be highly correlated with drug urges when participants are exposed to craving-eliciting cues. Hence, the bilateral insula is of particular importance in researching drug urges and addiction due to its role in the representation of bodily (interoceptive) states. This study explores the use of rtfMRI neurofeedback for the reduction in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity in bilateral insular cortices of nicotine-addicted participants. The study also tests if there are neurofeedback training-associated modifications in the implicit attitudes of participants towards nicotine-craving cues and explicit-craving behavior.

In real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI), brain activity is experimentally manipulated as an independent variable, and behavior is measured as a dependent variable. The protocol presented here focuses on the practical use of rtfMRI as a therapeutic tool for psychiatric disorders such as nicotine addiction.

It has been more than a decade since the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback approach was successfully implemented. ...

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Dynamic fMRI responses vary largely according to the physiological conditions of animals either under anesthesia or in awake states. We developed a real-time fMRI platform to guide experimenters to monitor fMRI responses instantaneously during acquisition, which can be used to modify the physiology of animals to achieve desired hemodynamic responses in animal brains. The real-time fMRI set-up is based on a 14.1T preclinical MRI system, enabling the real-time mapping of dynamic fMRI responses in the primary forepaw somatosensory cortex (FP-S1) of anesthetized rats. Instead of a retrospective analysis to investigate confounding sources leading to the variability of fMRI signals, the real-time fMRI platform provides a more effective scheme to identify dynamic fMRI responses using customized macro-functions and a common neuroimage analysis software in the MRI system. Also, it provides immediate troubleshooting feasibility and a real-time biofeedback stimulation paradigm for brain functional studies in animals.

Animal brain functional mapping can benefit from the real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experimental set-up. Using the latest software implemented in the animal MRI system, we established a real-time monitoring platform for small animal fMRI.

动物实时功能磁共振成像大脑映射

Dynamic fMRI responses vary largely according to the physiological conditions of animals either under anesthesia or in awake states. We developed a ...

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which makes it highly suitable for conducting naturalistic studies of brain function and for use with developmental and clinical populations. Both fNIRS and fMRI methodologies detect changes in cerebral blood oxygenation during functional brain activation, and prior studies have shown high spatial and temporal correspondence between the two signals. There is, however, no quantitative comparison of the two signals collected simultaneously from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. This comparison is necessary to comprehensively validate area-level activations and functional connectivity against the fMRI gold standard, which in turn has the potential to facilitate comparisons of the two signals across the lifespan. We address this gap by describing a protocol for simultaneous data collection of fMRI&#160;and fNIRS signals that: i) provides whole-head fNIRS coverage; ii) includes short-distance measurements for regression of the non-cortical, systemic physiological signal; and iii) implements two different methods for optode-to-scalp co-registration of fNIRS measurements. fMRI and fNIRS data from three subjects are presented, and recommendations for adapting the protocol to test developmental and clinical populations are discussed. The current setup with adults allows scanning sessions for an average of approximately 40 min, which includes both functional and structural scans. The protocol outlines the steps required to adapt the fNIRS equipment for use in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment, provides recommendations for both data recording and optode-to-scalp co-registration, and discusses potential modifications of the protocol to fit the specifics of the available MR-safe fNIRS system. Representative subject-specific responses from a flashing-checkerboard task illustrate the feasibility of the protocol to measure whole-head fNIRS signals in the MR environment. This protocol will be particularly relevant for researchers interested in validating fNIRS signals against fMRI across the lifespan.

We present a method for simultaneously collecting fMRI and fNIRS signals from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. The protocol has been tested with three young adults and can be adapted for data collection for developmental studies and clinical populations.

使用全头光电阵列和短距离通道同时收集 fMRI 和 fNIRS 测量数据

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional ...