作者没有致谢。

本议定书经当地道德委员会批准, 实验符合赫尔辛基宣言 (1964). 
 1. 道德认同和主题说明 <ol> <li> 在开始测量之前, 请所有参与者了解潜在的风险因素和研究的目的。不要给出注意力焦点的信息, 因为这可能会影响结果。确保在研究设置中应用 TMS 的安全指南 30 被遵循. 
	注: 在应用 TMS 时, 有一些医疗风险因素, 包括植入的颅电极和人工耳蜗, 晕厥或癫痫的个人病史, 癫痫, 脑损害, 药物/药物相互作用, 最近的药物提取, 怀孕,或疾病。TMS 不应该被管理在孩子. </li>
	<li> 在该研究中, 包括健康的参与者 (n = 14), 介于18和35岁之间。排除任何骨科和/或神经/精神疾病的对象。确保所有参与者都是右撇子. </li>
</ol> 2。实验设计和设置 <ol> <li> 将组划分为两个。指示小组的一半在如果指示首先, 跟随 EF 指示在第二个实验性会议 (参见部分4.2.2 为口头指示)。以抵消的顺序指示另一半. 
	注: 该实验由总共四实验室会话组成 (请参见 图 1 ), 它必须至少用72小时来分隔。前两次会议包括测量最大力 (Fmax) 和最大持续食指绑架的专题信托基金 (见步骤 4)。第三和第四届会议由 subTMS 和 ppTMS (参见 图 1 ) 测量任务期间 M1 内抑制电路的活动. </li>
</ol> 3。主题准备 <ol> <li> 在整个实验过程中, 将参与者置于可调节和舒适的座椅中。在参与者前面放置一个监视器 1 m. </li>
	<li> 将左臂放在桌子下面舒适而放松的位置上, 搁在左腿上。如果需要, 调整手臂的位置与枕头。将主体的右臂放在旋位置的 custom-built 夹板中 (参见 图 2 ). 
	注意: 在这里, 夹板是由热塑性塑料制成, 适合所有参与者 (详见 16 )。另外, 夹板被设想限制腕关节的自由度 (参见 图 2B )。唯一的运动允许的是绑架和内收的食指的右手掌关节. </li>
	<li> 将手指关节与 custom-made 设备的旋转轴对齐。一旦找到最佳的位置, 手动记录, 并采取前-后部和译侧位置的夹板, 在 2, 3 和4节中使用可比较的位置. </li>
</ol> 4。会话1和 2: 行为测试 <ol> <li> 最大等距收缩 (请参见 图 1A )。
	<ol> <li> 对齐测和掌接头的旋转轴, 并使用螺钉正确修复测 (请参见 图 2 )。将力传感器放置在允许最大自愿收缩的方式上 (请参见 图 2B ). </li>
		<li> 将肌电信号电缆 (FDI 肌肉)、力传感器和测电缆连接到适当的放大器和/或模拟到数字 (A-D) 转换. </li>
		<li> 让参与者执行3个食指的最大等距劫持, 每次收缩之间有30秒的间隔, 并确定 Fmax. 
		注: Fmax 被确定为从力传感器获得的力信号的最高峰值。向参与者解释最大的收缩是由 0 N 到个体最大值的渐进力的增加。重要的是, 指导参与者对静止力传感器进行等距收缩。参赛者应在掌关节上劫持食指, 用力推, 尽量对抗力传感器。一个3秒的时间跨度应给予每收缩, 并应指示参与者保持最大的力量为 2 s 16 , 25 , 26 。在每次收缩之间, 给参与者一个30秒的休息时间. </li>
		<li> 让主体在力传感器上推动杠杆, 而不给出任何关于注意力焦点的指示. 
		注意: 在2节开始时将完成相同的任务, 以确保 Fmax 和夹板中的位置在会话之间没有改变. </li>
		<li> 在最大收缩后, 卸下力传感器, 使食指在横平面上自由移动 (诱拐/内收). </li>
		<li> 使用计算机上的原始数据计算最大等距劫持 (步骤 4.1.3) 中的 Fmax。确定 30% (Fmax * 0.3; 会话1和 2) 和 10% (Fmax * 0.1; 会话3和 4) 的 Fmax. 
		注: 将 Fmax 视为从力传感器获得的力信号中的最高峰值。在接下来的课程中, 不同的收缩强度 (30% 和 10%) 将从实验的这个阶段获得的 Fmax 计算出来. </li>
		<li> 将一瓶水装入 Fmax 从步骤4.1.6 获得的30% 的量。将 Fmax 的重量附加到设备的绳子上 (请参见 图 2A ). 
		注: 水的体积密度为1公斤/升。因而, 如果 30% Fmax 一个参加者代表0.4 公斤, 调整瓶的重量到等值0.4 公斤. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 持续收缩到专题信托基金 (见 图 1A )。
	<ol> <li> 指示参与者有关该任务的信息. 
		注意: 参与者必须通过抵消重量 (参见 图 2 ) 将手指放在目标位置, 从而执行对食指的诱拐。任务必须在任务失败之前执行。任务失败被确定为偏离目标位置大于10度的偏差。偏差由测测量并显示在显示器上 (请参见 图 2B ). </li>
		<li> 随机化会话顺序 (请参见步骤 2.1;EF 或条件)。口头指示参与者在适当的条件 (如果或 EF)。
		<ol> <li> 用于 the EF 条件, 指导如下: #34; 集中在测的位置。尽可能长的保持这个位置。当测的位置发生变化时, 屏幕上红线的粗细会发生变化。更正测的位置, 直到红线再次变薄. #34; 指导参加者和 #34; 控制和集中在测和 #34 的位置; 每年三十年代. </li>
			<li> IF 条件, 指示如下: 和 #34; 专注于你手指的位置。尽可能长的保持这个位置。当手指的位置发生变化时, 屏幕上红线的粗细会发生变化。纠正手指的位置, 直到红线再次变薄. #34; 指示参与者和 #34; 合同和集中在他的手指肌肉和 #34; 每年三十年代. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 让参与者通过抵消权重 (请参见 图 2 ) 将手指放在目标位置, 执行对食指的诱拐。让他们执行任务直到任务失败. </li>
		<li> 按 "#34; 记录和 #34; 录制软件上的按钮, 开始记录测信号, 然后等待任务失败。一旦任务失败, 按 #34; 停止录制和 #34; 在录制软件上的按钮停止录制并将测信号保存在计算机上。从骨科夹板中取出参加者和 #39;第一个会话现在结束. </li>
		<li> 尊重最小闭会周期 (72 小时), 重复步骤 4.2. 1-4. 2.4。此外, 在2和3会话和会话3和4之间至少允许72小时的中断. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 5。会话3和 4: 大脑刺激 <ol> <li> 表面肌电信号 (肌) 记录. 
	<ol> <li> 如果需要, 在右侧的外国直接投资肌肉上剃去皮肤上的毛发, 然后用研磨凝胶轻轻擦伤皮肤。用含有80% 乙醇和1% 甘油的溶液消毒研磨部位。允许乙醇蒸发. </li>
		<li> 将银/氯化双极性表面电极放在一根腹部肌腱蒙太奇上, 在 FDI 上有1厘米的极距离。将参考电极放置在 digitus 中的方阵上. </li>
		<li> 将肌电信号电缆 (FDI 肌肉) 和测电缆连接到肌电信号放大器和 A D 转换器. </li>
		<li> 使用 Ag/氯化双极性表面电极记录和测量来自外国直接投资肌肉的脑刺激诱发的肌肉活动和电生理反应. 
		注: 为最终分析 (subTMS 诱导的肌电信号的抑制和峰的幅度), 肌电信号的信号 (来自外国直接投资) 必须调整如下: 放大 x1000, 北海带通滤波10-1000 赫兹, 取样4赫。将所有的肌电信号数据存储在计算机上进行离线分析. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 重复步骤3.1 和 3.2. </li>
	<li> 经颅磁刺激 <ol> <li> 用双面胶带固定参与者和 #39 前额上的反光标记. 
		注意: 反射标记允许通过使用神经导航系统在 M1 上不断地将 TMS 传送到目标区域 (请参见 图 2 )。神经导航系统的优势在于, 线圈位置可以相对于空间中的颅骨位置进行记录, 并在整个实验过程中随时进行检查. </li>
		<li> 使用一个95毫米的八线圈的焦点, 附加到 TMS 刺激器, 以提供对对侧运动皮层手区域的刺激. 
		注意: 检查刺激器允许配对脉冲刺激模式 (会话 4)。此外, 诱导电流必须是后向前, 必须以反向模式交付。波形应该是单相的. </li>
		<li> 找到线圈相对于颅骨的最佳位置 (热点), 通过执行一个经典的映射程序来激发外国直接投资肌肉中的运动诱发电位。
		<ol> <li> 首先将线圈的大约0.5 厘米放置在顶点和中线的前面, 线圈手柄指向45和 #176; 朝向对侧的前额. 
			注意: 这将确保诱导电流流与中央沟 31 大致垂直. </li>
			<li> 让参与者使用 TMS 刺激, 从强度低于最大刺激器输出的25% 开始 (美索)。然后, 开始增加刺激强度和移动线圈在译侧和 rostro 锋方向发现热点. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 一旦找到热点, 则用神经导航系统记录最佳位置。通过调整刺激器输出的强度来确定主动电机阈值 (aMT)。将 aMT 定义为在五连续试验中超过0.1 毫伏的 FDI 中, 峰振幅的最低强度要求, 以此来激发其在三的 21 . </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 会话 3: SubTMS 诱导的肌电信号抑制 (见 图 1B )。
	<ol> <li> 通过填充水瓶来准备代表 Fmax 10% 的重量 (请参阅步骤 4.1.7). 
		注: 10% 的 Fmax 是根据 Fmax (最好的3试验) 执行的步骤4.1.3。在阈 TMS 协议中, 只有10% 的 Fmax 必须被选择, 因为它以前已经表明, 疲劳对 subTMS 诱发的肌电信号抑制有影响 32 , 33 。出于同样的原因, subTMS 会议必须在单独的会议上进行。这里使用的水量介于0.3 升 (最小 30% Fmax) 和 1.2 l (最大30% 的 Fmax) 之间. </li>
		<li> 指示参与者有关任务; 运动任务包括在目标位置上按住食指, 通过抵消10% 的轻量 (食指的诱拐; 与1和2会话相同的任务, 但重量更小) </li>
		<li> 当参与者在舒适的位置上保持放松时, 找到最佳的强度以吸引 subTMS-肌电信号抑制, 而不给出任何关于焦点的指示。要做到这一点, 先后减少步骤2% 美索从 aMT 先前确定. </li>
		<li> 当他们仍然坐在宽松和舒适的位置, 让参与者执行两个单独的等距食指绑架在 10% Fmax 和记录的肌电信号的外国直接投资。在这个等距食指绑架, 记录 (通过按下和 #34; 记录和 #34; 在录音软件上的按钮) 20 试验与和20试验没有 TMS, 以随机 interstimulus 间隔时间 (伊图) 范围从0.8 到 1.1 s 16 , 25 , 26 , 33 , 34 在100毫秒时间窗口中. 
		注意: 此间隔可确保参与者不必执行太长时间的马达任务, 从而将疲劳效果降到最低。每个系列后, 检查 subTMS 诱发的肌电信号抑制。
		<ol> <li> 通过将所有负振幅转换为肌电信号的正振幅来应用全校正。平均肌电信号使用 time-normalized 平均值 35 . 
			注意: subTMS 肌电图抑制的开始是指与无 tms 试验之间的差异为至少4毫秒的时间窗口为负值的时刻, 从20到50毫秒后的 tms: 肌电信号 Diff = 肌电信号 无 -肌电信号 与.</li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 重复步骤5.4.3 直到找到最佳的激发强度, 由最大的肌电信号抑制表示. 
		注意: 最佳强度在 aMT 16 的大约80% 处找到. </li>
		<li> 给参与者足够的纪律 (请参见步骤 4.2.2) 关于条件 (如果或 EF)。在每个系列 (步骤 4.2.2) 之前重复上述说明. </li>
		<li> 当他们保持坐在宽松和舒适的位置, 让参加者执行四分开的等量食指绑架 (2 次以每个焦点: EF 和如果) 在 10% Fmax 并且记录外国直接投资的肌电信号。
		<ol> <li> 在这张等距索引中指上, 记录 (通过按下和 #34; 记录和 #34; 在录制软件上的按钮) 40 项试验和40项没有 TMS 的试验, 在平衡为了.对每个条件使用相同的强度 (在点5.4.5 中确定). </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 在每个系列之间, 允许至少5分钟的中断, 以最小化疲劳引起的任何偏差. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 会话 4: ppTMS (见 图 1B ). 
	注: 配对脉冲模式是由 0.8 amt 的条件反射式刺激组成的, 其次是 1.2 amt 的阈控制刺激。
	<ol> <li> 重复步骤 5.1-5.4。简言之, 将肌电信号电极置于外国直接投资肌肉上, 将参与者放在可调节和舒适的座椅上, 并将左臂放在桌子下舒适而轻松的位置 ( 即左腿 )。在 M1 上找到 TMS 的热点. </li>
		<li> 设置刺激器上的强度, ISI 在2.5 毫秒 36 , 以及配对和脉冲 TMS 在 0.25 Hz 之间的间隔. </li>
		<li> 为参与者提供有关条件的充分说明 (请参见步骤 4.2.2) ( 即 IF 或 EF)。在每个系列之前重复上述说明. </li>
		<li> 让参与者执行四单独的等距食指绑架 (2 次, 每个焦点: EF 和 IF) 在10% 的 Fmax 和记录的肌电信号的外国直接投资。在等量收缩期间, 记录 20 TMS 刺激为每个情况 ( 即, 如果和 EF) 以平衡的顺序. 
		注: 一组20刺激必须由10条件的议员 (配对脉冲在 0.8-1.2 amt) 和10控制欧洲议员 (脉冲在 1.2 amt) 组成。对每个条件使用相同的强度 (在步骤5.5.2 中确定). </li>
		<li> 在每个系列之间, 允许至少5分钟的中断, 以尽量减少疲劳引起的任何偏差. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 6。数据处理和分析 <ol> <li> SubTMS. 
	<ol> <li> 如上所述 (步骤 5.1.1.3), 纠正和平均的肌电图进行分析. </li>
		<li> 检测 subTMS-肌电信号抑制的起始 (请参见 图 4 ). 
		注意: 它被定义为当所有试验的平均值和无 tms 的平均值之间的差为4毫秒的时候, 从20-50 毫秒到 tms. </li>
		<li> 要检测 subTMS-肌电图抑制的结束, 定义抑制开始后的时刻 (步骤 6.1.2), 当与无 TMS 的所有试验的平均值之间的差额为至少4毫秒时为正数 (参见 图4a).</li>
		<li> 计算 subTMS 诱发的肌电图如下: 
		肌电信号 Diff = 无 和 #8211; 肌电信号 与 。
		<ol> <li> 计算从起始到终止的累计梯形数值积分, 以量化 subTMS 引起的肌电信号抑制量. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> <li> ppTMS. 
	<ol> <li> 使用以下公式将 SICI 的大小表示为与控制管理系统有关的百分比: 100 和 #8211; (条件控制系统管理和 #215; 100)。
		<ol> <li> 将结果用作最终分析的百分比值. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 计算峰 (在 mV 中, 在 EF 和 IF 条件下) 的幅度, 并比较最后分析中的两个条件. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 肌电信号 
	<ol> <li> 由于背景肌电信号对欧洲议会议员 37 的大小有影响, 所以在 TMS 之前, 通过计算100毫秒窗口中的根均值正方形来确定肌电信号的活动. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

该协议显示了两种可能的方法来研究 M1 内抑制电路的活动使用 TMS。更确切地说, 这两个协议已被用于研究的注意焦点对抑制电路的活动的 M1 内的影响。
所提出的方法的一个限制是, 它并不总是可能导致 subTMS 的肌电图抑制, 而没有在它之前的便利。例如, 在这项研究中, 四受试者必须从最后的分析中移除, 因为它们没有显示出任何一致的 subTMS 诱发的肌电信号抑制。尽管如此, ?...

现在人们普遍认为, 采用 EF 与 IF 或中性关注焦点相比, 可以在许多设置1中促进马达性能和学习。例如, 它已经显示, 采用 EF 带来的好处的准确性2,3, 平衡4,5,6, 强制生产7,8, 跳跃性能7,9,10,11, 移动速度12, 耗氧量13,14, 以及疲劳任务15,16。
另一方面, 由于脑激活是所有运动的基础, 对运动的神经控制的几个方面进行了调查。例如, 在 M1 中调节皮质抑制的水平和能力已经被证明对运动功能有很强的影响, 如间协调17、体位控制18和灵巧性19。此外, 较年轻的成年人, 如年长者或儿童 (早产20) 的运动控制能力较差的人群, 通常表现出不太明显的抑制控制。因此, 虽然抑制过程的作用还没有得到很好的理解, 但抑制过程似乎对一般的电机执行质量很重要。
有可能研究皮质抑制线路是使用无创的经颅磁刺激 (TMS)。最常用的刺激协议应用配对脉冲 TMS (ppTMS) 诱导 SICI。该协议使用低于马达阈值的调节刺激, 以降低阈控制刺激响应的振幅, interstimulus 间隔为1-5 毫秒21,22,23,24. 然后, 报告作为控制刺激的百分比, 运动诱发电位 (欧洲议员) 的振幅可以在不同的条件下进行比较, 提供有关皮质抑制活动和 M1 内调制的信息。
另一种用于评估 intractortical 抑制电路活动的刺激协议适用于单个脉冲, 所有的刺激都在电机阈值以下的强度下传递 (即, subTMS)。此协议在正在进行的肌电信号活动中诱导抑制18,25,26。这种 so-called subTMS 诱导的肌电抑制可以比较的数量和持续时间。虽然此协议不是常用的, 但与标准的 SICI 协议相比, 它具有某些优点。这个协议不干扰马达施行, 因为它不导致阈刺激。两种方法都测试皮质γ-丁酸 (GABA) 抑制神经元的响应性,23,27。
尽管使用 EF 相比, 如果在马达性能1上有众所周知的好处, 但基本的神经过程仍然很不清楚。在前 fMRI 研究28中, 实验表明, 当受试者执行手指序列并采用 EF 与 IF 相比, 血氧水平依赖性 (粗体) 激活在 M1、原发性躯体感觉和岛状皮质中增强。由于兴奋性和抑制性活动不能被区分的 fMRI29, 另一项最近的研究,16规定, 增强活动的 M1 与 EF 可能, 事实上, 是由于增强活动的皮质抑制电路。更确切地说, 这项研究表明, 抑制 gaba 神经元的兴奋性可以立即调整的类型, 注意焦点采取在同一人。
本协议的主要目的是展示两种可能的方法来比较认知操作 (即注意指令的焦点) 对皮质抑制电路在 M1 中的活动的直接影响。SubTMS 和 ppTMS 都使用。此外, 通过对最大等长轴的持续收缩的研究, 探讨了注意焦点对运动行为影响的一种可能的方法。

<table width="1053">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:268px;height:42px;">MC3A-100</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Advanced Mechanical Technologies Inc., Watertown, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Force transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BlueSensor P</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Ambu A/S, Bellerup, Denmark</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Ag/AgCl surface electrodes for EMG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Polaris Spectra</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>neuronavigation system, active or passive markers tracker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Localite TMS Navigator Version 2.0.5</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">LOCALITE GmbH, Sankt Augustin, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>navigation system for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagVenture MagPro X100</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td>9016E0711</td>
			<td>Transcranial magnetic stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagVenture D-B80</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">9016E0431</td>
			<td>TMS coil (figure of eight)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:268px;height:21px;">Goniometer</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td>Custom-made goniometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:268px;height:21px;">Othopedic splint</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td>Custom-made splint</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:268px;height:21px;">Recording software</td>
			<td>LabView based</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td>Custom-made script</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex can be modulated by changing the focus of attention

它是公认的一个外在焦点 (EF) 与内部焦点 (如果) 比较注意改善马达学习和表现。研究表明, 在准确性, 平衡, 力量生产, 跳跃性能, 运动速度, 耗氧量, 和疲劳的任务的好处。虽然使用 EF 策略的行为结果是很好的探索, 但底层的神经机制仍然未知。最近的一项 TMS 研究比较了在 EF 和 IF 之间的主要运动皮层 (M1) 的活动。更确切地说, 该研究表明, 在采用 EF 时, 皮质抑制电路的活性得到提高。
在行为层面上, 本协议在第一次背侧骨间 (FDI) 最大收缩时, 测试注意焦点对任务失败时间的影响。另外, 本文还介绍了两种 TMS 协议来评估注意条件对 M1 内皮层抑制回路活动的影响。因此, 本文介绍了如何使用脉冲 tms 在强度低于电机阈值 (subTMS) 和配对脉冲 tms, 诱导近皮质抑制 (SICI) 时, 适用于 M1。由于这些方法被认为反映了 gaba 抑制神经元的反应性, 而不受脊髓反射线路的影响, 它们非常适合于测量 M1 内皮质抑制回路的活动。
结果表明, 通过外部引导注意力可以提高运动性能, 因为参与者能够延长任务失败的时间。此外, 结果还伴随着一个更大的 subTMS 诱导肌电图抑制和 SICI 时, 采用 EF 与 IF。由于 M1 的皮质抑制水平以前被证明对影响运动性能, 增强的抑制与 EF 可能有助于更好的运动效率观察到的行为任务, 表明由一个长期的专题信托基金与孚.

注意焦点对运动性能的影响:
在目前的研究中, 行为测试被用来证明运动任务的可行性, 并确定在应用 EF 时反应积极的对象。根据先前的研究 (参见1以进行审查), 我们的结果显示, 当参与者通过 EF 与 IF (参见图 3) 进行比较时, 使用了一个长期的专题信托基金。因此, 在等距食指的绑架过程中,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention at JoVE.com

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

本文采用两种不同的经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 协议, 介绍了在采用不同的注意焦点时, 如何测量和比较初级运动皮层皮质抑制。

通过改变注意力的焦点, 可以调节皮质在初级运动皮层内的抑制

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

intracortical-inhibition-within-primary-motor-cortex-can-be-modulated

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.8K 次观看.  University of Fribourg. 本文采用两种不同的经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 协议, 介绍了在采用不同的注意焦点时, 如何测量和比较初级运动皮层皮质抑制。

视频: Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

科研

行为学

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diagnostic and clinical human studies. We present electrophysiological techniques similar to those employed in humans to allow recordings of mouse sciatic nerve function. The CMAP response represents the electrophysiological output from a muscle or group of muscles following supramaximal stimulation of a peripheral nerve. MUNE is an electrophysiological technique that is based on modifications of the CMAP response. MUNE is a calculated value that represents the estimated number of motor neurons or axons (motor control input) supplying the muscle or group of muscles being tested. We present methods for recording CMAP responses from the proximal leg muscles using surface recording electrodes following the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in mice. An incremental MUNE technique is described using submaximal stimuli to determine the average single motor unit potential (SMUP) size. MUNE is calculated by dividing the CMAP amplitude (peak-to-peak) by the SMUP amplitude (peak-to-peak). These electrophysiological techniques allow repeated measures in both neonatal and adult mice in such a manner that facilitates rapid analysis and data collection while reducing the number of animals required for experimental testing. Furthermore, these measures are similar to those recorded in human studies allowing more direct comparisons.

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential CMAP in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

We present refined protocols that allow in vivo monitoring of motor unit function in the mouse. Techniques to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in the mouse hind limb muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve are described.

电电机组数估计（MUNE）在小鼠后肢肌肉测量复合肌肉动作电位（CMAP）

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

The rat auditory cortex (AC) is becoming popular among auditory neuroscience investigators who are interested in experience-dependence plasticity, auditory perceptual processes, and cortical control of sound processing in the subcortical auditory nuclei. To address new challenges, a procedure to accurately locate and surgically expose the auditory cortex would expedite this research effort. Stereotactic neurosurgery is routinely used in pre-clinical research in animal models to engraft a needle or electrode at a pre-defined location within the auditory cortex. In the following protocol, we use stereotactic methods in a novel way. We identify four coordinate points over the surface of the temporal bone of the rat to define a window that, once opened, accurately exposes both the primary (A1) and secondary (Dorsal and Ventral) cortices of the AC. Using this method, we then perform a surgical ablation of the AC. After such a manipulation is performed, it is necessary to assess the localization, size, and extension of the lesions made in the cortex. Thus, we also describe a method to easily locate the AC ablation postmortem using a coordinate map constructed by transferring the cytoarchitectural limits of the AC to the surface of the brain.The combination of the stereotactically-guided location and ablation of the AC with the localization of the injured area in a coordinate map postmortem facilitates the validation of information obtained from the animal, and leads to a better analysis and comprehension of the data.

We describe a method for the stereotactically-guided location, exposure, and ablation of the auditory cortex in rats. The localization of the ablation is assessed using a coordinate map postmortem.

Stereotactically 对大鼠听觉皮层的诱导消融及脑内病变的定位

The rat auditory cortex (AC) is becoming popular among auditory neuroscience investigators who are interested in experience-dependence plasticity, ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new conceptualization of this search process, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We refer to this conceptualization as the 3S Model and illustrate its usefulness through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis. Our experimental examples, which range from manipulating certain stimuli on a single product (e.g., the placement of textual and pictorial packaging elements) to manipulating the entire shopping trip for customers during their stay in a store (e.g., through more or less specific shopping tasks), highlight the broad applicability of this alternative approach for understanding customers&#8217; in-store search behavior. Thus, our model can be seen as a helpful tool for researchers interested in how to conduct experimental eye-tracking studies that shed light on the perceptual processes preceding product choices and purchase decisions. The 3S Model is equally suitable in controlled lab conditions and under ecologically valid settings in the real retail environment. Furthermore, it can be used from the micro level, with a focus on the meaningful metrics on a particular product, through the intermediate level, with the emphasis on the area surrounding products in shelves and other in-store spaces, all the way to the macro level, examining customers&#8217; navigational paths throughout a store as a function of their shopping tasks, cognitive capacity, or ability to acquire in-store information.

This article presents a new conceptualization of the in-store search process, the 3S Model, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We illustrate the usefulness of our conceptualization through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis in the 3S Model.

利用3S 模型, 在库存、货架和商店级别突出客户的视觉关注

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to measure rats&#8217; motor performance (speed and accuracy) in a social condition. Rats were trained to run on a runway and pull down a lever at the end of the runway. In testing, rats performed the task solitarily (single) or in the presence of a confederate rat beyond the lever (pair or a social condition). As indices of the performance speed, we measured the time needed to start running, run through the runway, and pull down the lever. As the index of performance accuracy, we counted the number of trials in which rats could pull down the lever during their first attempt. One-way and two-way repeated-measure analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. This run-and-pull task enabled us to examine the effect of the presence of another conspecific on both speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment. The results showed that rats performed the task faster but less accurately in pair sessions than in single sessions. This protocol would be a valid animal model to examine the effect of mere presence on speed and accuracy of motor performance in rats.

A procedure to measure the speed and accuracy of rats&rsquo; motor performance in a social condition is described. The protocol enables us to investigate the effect of the mere presence of others on speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment.

评估合作伙伴对大鼠电机性能速度和准确性的影响的任务

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to ...