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Dieses Protokoll zeigt zwei Möglichkeiten, die Aktivität der hemmenden Schaltungen innerhalb der M1 mit TMS zu untersuchen. Genauer gesagt, haben diese beiden Protokolle in dieser Studie untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Aufmerksamkeits Herde über die Tätigkeit der hemmenden Schaltungen in der M1 verwendet worden.
Eine Einschränkung der vorgestellten Methode ist, dass es nicht immer möglich, eine SubTMS-induzierten EMG Unterdrückung ohne eine vorhergehende Moderation zu verursachen. In d...

Es ist jetzt allgemein anerkannt, dass die Annahme einer EF im Vergleich zu einer IF oder neutralen Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit fördert die motorische Leistung und lernen in zahlreichen Einstellungen1. Es wurde nachgewiesen, zum Beispiel, dass die Annahme einer EF Anspruch auf Genauigkeit2,3 führt,4,5,6balance, Produktion7,8, springen Leistung erzwingen 7 , 9 , 10 , 11, Bewegung Geschwindigkeit12Sauerstoff Verbrauch13,14und ermüdenden Aufgaben15,16.
Auf der anderen Seite da Gehirn Aktivierung die Grundlage aller Bewegungen ist, wurden verschiedene Aspekte der neuronalen Steuerung der Bewegung untersucht. Zum Beispiel das Niveau und die Fähigkeit zu modulieren, intracortical Hemmung innerhalb der M1 nachweislich einen starken Einfluss auf Motorik, z. B. interlimb Koordinierung17posturale Kontrolle18und Geschicklichkeit19haben. Darüber hinaus zeigen Populationen mit ärmeren motor-Control-Fähigkeiten als junge Erwachsene, wie z.B. ältere Patienten oder Kinder (geboren Frühgeborenen20), in der Regel weniger ausgeprägt inhibitorischen Kontrolle. So zwar nicht die Rolle der hemmenden Prozesse scheinen noch gut verstanden, hemmenden Prozesse dennoch für wichtig, die Qualität der motorischen Ausführung im Allgemeinen.
Eine Möglichkeit, intracortical hemmende Schaltungen zu untersuchen ist, nicht-invasive transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) zu verwenden. Die am häufigsten verwendeten Stimulation Protokoll gilt gepaart-Puls TMS (PpTMS), SICI induzieren. Dieses Protokoll verwendet einen Klimaanlage Reiz unterhalb der motorischen Schwelle zur Verringerung der Amplitude der überschwelliger Reiz Regelverhalten löste im interstimulus Abstand von 1-5 ms-21,22,23 , 24. dann, als der Prozentsatz des Stimulus Kontrolle gemeldet, die Amplituden der Motor-evozierten Potentialen (MEP) verglichen werden können über Bedingungen, geben Informationen zu kortikalen hemmenden Aktivität und Modulation innerhalb der M1.
Eine weitere Anregung Protokoll zu beurteilen, die Aktivität von Intractortical hemmenden Schaltungen gilt Einzelimpulse, wo alle Reize bei Intensitäten unterhalb der motorischen Schwelle (z.B. SubTMS) geliefert werden. Dieses Protokoll induziert Unterdrückung in der laufenden EMG Aktivität18,25,26. Diese so genannte SubTMS-induzierten EMG Unterdrückung kann in Bezug auf Höhe und Dauer verglichen werden. Obwohl dieses Protokoll nicht so häufig verwendet wird, hat es gewisse Vorteile im Vergleich zu dem Standardprotokoll SICI. Dieses Protokoll stört nicht motor Ausführung, da es kein überschwelligen Reize auslösen wird. Beide Methoden testen die Reaktionsfähigkeit der intracortical Gamma - Aminobuttersäure (GABA) hemmende Interneurone23,27.
Trotz der bekannten Vorteile der Verwendung einer EF im Vergleich zu einer IF auf Motorleistung1bleiben die zugrunde liegenden neuronalen Prozesse weitgehend unbekannt. In einem ehemaligen fMRI Studie28zeigte sich, dass Blutsauerstoff pegelabhängig (BOLD) Aktivierung in der M1, PV somatosensorischen, erweitert wurde und insular Cortex Ausführung Themen einen Finger Sequenz und eine im Vergleich zu einer IF EF verabschiedet. Wie exzitatorischen und inhibitorischen Aktivität von fMRI29unterscheiden lassen, bestimmt eine weitere aktuelle Studie16 , dass die verstärkte Aktivität im Zusammenhang mit einem EF M1 in der Tat, wegen der verstärkten Aktivität des intracortical sein könnte, hemmenden Schaltungen. Genauer gesagt, zeigte diese Studie, dass die Erregbarkeit der inhibitorischen GABAergen Neuronen sofort durch die Art der Aufmerksamkeits Fokus in ein und derselben Person angenommen moduliert werden kann.
Das Hauptziel dieses Protokolls ist, zeigen zwei Möglichkeiten, die unmittelbaren Auswirkungen der kognitiven Manipulation (d. h. Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit Anweisungen) vergleichen auf die Aktivität des intracortical hemmenden Schaltungen in der M1. SubTMS und PpTMS werden beide verwendet. Darüber hinaus zeigt dieses Protokoll eine Möglichkeit, den Einfluss der Aufmerksamkeits Brennpunkte auf motor Verhalten sehr kontrolliert zu erkunden, durch die Untersuchung der TTF submaximalen isometrische anhaltende Kontraktion der ausländischen Direktinvestitionen.

<table width="1053">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:268px;height:42px;">MC3A-100</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Advanced Mechanical Technologies Inc., Watertown, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Force transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BlueSensor P</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Ambu A/S, Bellerup, Denmark</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Ag/AgCl surface electrodes for EMG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Polaris Spectra</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>neuronavigation system, active or passive markers tracker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Localite TMS Navigator Version 2.0.5</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">LOCALITE GmbH, Sankt Augustin, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>navigation system for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagVenture MagPro X100</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td>9016E0711</td>
			<td>Transcranial magnetic stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagVenture D-B80</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">MagVenture A/S, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">9016E0431</td>
			<td>TMS coil (figure of eight)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:268px;height:21px;">Goniometer</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td>Custom-made goniometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:268px;height:21px;">Othopedic splint</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td>Custom-made splint</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:268px;height:21px;">Recording software</td>
			<td>LabView based</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">-</td>
			<td>Custom-made script</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex can be modulated by changing the focus of attention

Es wird gut erkannt, dass eine externe Ausrichtung (EF) im Vergleich mit einer Innenfokussierung (IF) Aufmerksamkeit motorischen Lernens und Leistung verbessert. Studien haben gezeigt, dass Vorteile in Genauigkeit, Gleichgewicht, Produktion, springen, Leistung, Geschwindigkeit, Sauerstoffverbrauch und ermüdenden Aufgabe zwingen. Obwohl Verhaltens Ergebnisse mit einer EF-Strategie gut erforscht sind, sind die zugrunde liegenden neuronalen Mechanismen unbekannt. Eine aktuelle TMS Studie verglich die Aktivität des primären motorischen Kortex (M1) zwischen einem EF und einer IF. Genauer gesagt, zeigte diese Studie, dass bei der Annahme einer EF die Aktivität von intracortical hemmenden Schaltungen verstärkt wird.
Auf der Verhaltensebene testet dieses Protokolls den Einfluss der Aufmerksamkeits Brennpunkte pünktlich zum Aufgabe scheitern (TTF) bei submaximalen Kontraktionen der ersten dorsalen Membrana (ADI). Das aktuelle Papier beschreibt darüber hinaus zwei TMS-Protokolle, um die Bewertung des Einflusses der Aufmerksamkeits Bedingungen über die Tätigkeit der kortikalen hemmenden Schaltungen in der M1. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt also, wie Single-Puls TMS bei Intensitäten unterhalb der motorischen Schwelle (SubTMS) und gepaart-Puls TMS, kurze Intervall intracortical Hemmung (SICI) induzieren, angewandt auf die M1 verwendet. Da diese Methoden angenommen werden, um die Reaktionsfähigkeit der GABAergen hemmenden Neuronen, ohne Beeinträchtigung durch spinale reflex Schaltungen zu reflektieren, sind sie gut geeignet zur Messung der Aktivität von intracortical hemmenden Schaltungen innerhalb der M1.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lenkung der Aufmerksamkeit nach außen verbessert die Motorleistung, wie Teilnehmer die Zeit zum Aufgabe scheitern zu verlängern konnten. Darüber hinaus wurden die Ergebnisse durch eine größere SubTMS-induzierten Elektromyographie Unterdrückung und SICI begleitet, bei der Annahme einer im Vergleich zu einer IF EF. Wie das Niveau der kortikalen Hemmung innerhalb der M1 zuvor zeigte, um Motorleistung zu beeinflussen, die verstärkte Hemmung mit einer EF könnte tragen zur besseren Bewegung Effizienz beobachtet in der Verhaltenstherapie Aufgabe, angezeigt durch eine verlängerte TTF mit einem EF.

Der Einfluss der Aufmerksamkeits Brennpunkte auf Motorleistung:
Die behavioral Tests in der aktuellen Studie wurden verwendet, um die Machbarkeit der motorischen Aufgabe zu beweisen und die Themen zu identifizieren, die positiv reagiert die Beantragung eine EF. Im Einklang mit früheren Studien (siehe1 für eine Überprüfung), unsere Ergebnisse zeigen eine verlängerte TTF als Teilnehmer einer im Vergleich ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention at JoVE.com

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Mit zwei verschiedenen transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) Protokolle, beschreibt dieses Manuskript messen und vergleichen kortikalen Hemmung innerhalb der primären motorischen Kortex bei unterschiedliche Aufmerksamkeits Schwerpunkten der Annahme.

Intracortical Hemmung innerhalb der primären motorischen Kortex kann moduliert werden, indem Sie ändern den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

intracortical-inhibition-within-primary-motor-cortex-can-be-modulated

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.8K Aufrufe.  University of Fribourg. Mit zwei verschiedenen transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) Protokolle, beschreibt dieses Manuskript messen und vergleichen kortikalen Hemmung innerhalb der primären motorischen Kortex bei unterschiedliche Aufmerksamkeits Schwerpunkten der Annahme.

Serie: Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

Die 5-Wahl Serienreaktionszeit-Aufgabe: Eine Aufgabe der Aufmerksamkeit und Impulskontrolle für Nager

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

Förderung der Lip Motor Cortex mit Transkranielle Magnetstimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diagnostic and clinical human studies. We present electrophysiological techniques similar to those employed in humans to allow recordings of mouse sciatic nerve function. The CMAP response represents the electrophysiological output from a muscle or group of muscles following supramaximal stimulation of a peripheral nerve. MUNE is an electrophysiological technique that is based on modifications of the CMAP response. MUNE is a calculated value that represents the estimated number of motor neurons or axons (motor control input) supplying the muscle or group of muscles being tested. We present methods for recording CMAP responses from the proximal leg muscles using surface recording electrodes following the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in mice. An incremental MUNE technique is described using submaximal stimuli to determine the average single motor unit potential (SMUP) size. MUNE is calculated by dividing the CMAP amplitude (peak-to-peak) by the SMUP amplitude (peak-to-peak). These electrophysiological techniques allow repeated measures in both neonatal and adult mice in such a manner that facilitates rapid analysis and data collection while reducing the number of animals required for experimental testing. Furthermore, these measures are similar to those recorded in human studies allowing more direct comparisons.

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential CMAP in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

We present refined protocols that allow in vivo monitoring of motor unit function in the mouse. Techniques to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in the mouse hind limb muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve are described.

Elektrophysiologische Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Mess Verbindung Muskelaktionspotenzial (CMAP) in Maus-Hinterlauf Muskeln

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

Mess Achtung und Visual Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit von Modellbasierte Analyse zeitlicher Ordnung Urteile

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

The rat auditory cortex (AC) is becoming popular among auditory neuroscience investigators who are interested in experience-dependence plasticity, auditory perceptual processes, and cortical control of sound processing in the subcortical auditory nuclei. To address new challenges, a procedure to accurately locate and surgically expose the auditory cortex would expedite this research effort. Stereotactic neurosurgery is routinely used in pre-clinical research in animal models to engraft a needle or electrode at a pre-defined location within the auditory cortex. In the following protocol, we use stereotactic methods in a novel way. We identify four coordinate points over the surface of the temporal bone of the rat to define a window that, once opened, accurately exposes both the primary (A1) and secondary (Dorsal and Ventral) cortices of the AC. Using this method, we then perform a surgical ablation of the AC. After such a manipulation is performed, it is necessary to assess the localization, size, and extension of the lesions made in the cortex. Thus, we also describe a method to easily locate the AC ablation postmortem using a coordinate map constructed by transferring the cytoarchitectural limits of the AC to the surface of the brain.The combination of the stereotactically-guided location and ablation of the AC with the localization of the injured area in a coordinate map postmortem facilitates the validation of information obtained from the animal, and leads to a better analysis and comprehension of the data.

We describe a method for the stereotactically-guided location, exposure, and ablation of the auditory cortex in rats. The localization of the ablation is assessed using a coordinate map postmortem.

Hierbei leiten Ablation der Ratte auditorischen Kortex und der Lokalisation der Läsion im Gehirn

The rat auditory cortex (AC) is becoming popular among auditory neuroscience investigators who are interested in experience-dependence plasticity, ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

Der "Motor" in der Kfz-implizite Reihenfolge lernen: ein Fuß-stepping serielle Reaktionszeit Aufgabe

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

Blick in Aktion: Head-mounted Eyetracking Kinder-dynamische visuelle Aufmerksamkeit während der naturalistischen Verhalten

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new conceptualization of this search process, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We refer to this conceptualization as the 3S Model and illustrate its usefulness through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis. Our experimental examples, which range from manipulating certain stimuli on a single product (e.g., the placement of textual and pictorial packaging elements) to manipulating the entire shopping trip for customers during their stay in a store (e.g., through more or less specific shopping tasks), highlight the broad applicability of this alternative approach for understanding customers&#8217; in-store search behavior. Thus, our model can be seen as a helpful tool for researchers interested in how to conduct experimental eye-tracking studies that shed light on the perceptual processes preceding product choices and purchase decisions. The 3S Model is equally suitable in controlled lab conditions and under ecologically valid settings in the real retail environment. Furthermore, it can be used from the micro level, with a focus on the meaningful metrics on a particular product, through the intermediate level, with the emphasis on the area surrounding products in shelves and other in-store spaces, all the way to the macro level, examining customers&#8217; navigational paths throughout a store as a function of their shopping tasks, cognitive capacity, or ability to acquire in-store information.

This article presents a new conceptualization of the in-store search process, the 3S Model, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We illustrate the usefulness of our conceptualization through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis in the 3S Model.

Die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit der Kunden in den Lager-, Regal-und Ladenstufen mit dem 3S-Modell

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

Verwenden der Rassenmodellungleichheit zur Quantifizierung von verhaltens- multisensorischen Integrationseffekten

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to measure rats&#8217; motor performance (speed and accuracy) in a social condition. Rats were trained to run on a runway and pull down a lever at the end of the runway. In testing, rats performed the task solitarily (single) or in the presence of a confederate rat beyond the lever (pair or a social condition). As indices of the performance speed, we measured the time needed to start running, run through the runway, and pull down the lever. As the index of performance accuracy, we counted the number of trials in which rats could pull down the lever during their first attempt. One-way and two-way repeated-measure analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. This run-and-pull task enabled us to examine the effect of the presence of another conspecific on both speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment. The results showed that rats performed the task faster but less accurately in pair sessions than in single sessions. This protocol would be a valid animal model to examine the effect of mere presence on speed and accuracy of motor performance in rats.

A procedure to measure the speed and accuracy of rats&rsquo; motor performance in a social condition is described. The protocol enables us to investigate the effect of the mere presence of others on speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment.

Eine Aufgabe zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen eines Partners auf die Geschwindigkeit und Genauigkeit der Motorleistung in Ratten

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to ...