我们特别感谢斯特凡 Tschöke 博士和路易莎 Steib 为临床参与者的招募提供科学咨询和帮助, 以及所有使我们能够进行研究并从中学习的参与者。

我们的研究得到了 Ulm 大学伦理委员会的批准。所有调查程序均无侵入性, 并按照《良好临床惯例和赫尔辛基宣言》的准则进行。
1. 心理生理学实验准备的一般程序
<ol><li>在向所有参与者提供详细信息 (包括有关提前终止的可能性的信息, 而不产生任何负面后果) 后, 获得对该议定书的道德认可和书面知情同意。</li>
	<li>在实验过程中准备实验程序和参与者任务的入门指导, 记录它, 并在刺激演示软件中以适当的格式保存。 注: 下面是一个示例如何制定初始指令: "这个测量记录你的生理活动, 而听脚本关于个人事件。这是通过连接到你的额头, 肩膀和手的电极发生的。试着在椅子上放一个舒服的位置。你的房间是封闭的, 以屏蔽噪音。我可以透过窗户看到你, 就像你看到我一样。如果事情不对, 你总能给我一个征兆, 我就在你身边。重要的是, 你坐在不动的测量和不移动。有规则的休息, 你可以移动。总的来说, 调查需要大约半小时。每个脚本演示文稿包括四连续30秒的周期: rest 条件、脚本侦听、想象力和放松。请仔细听每一个脚本, 并尝试生动地想象的插图经验的时间顺序, 无论是在脚本演示和事后, 直到你听到一个新的指令。每个脚本全部显示三次。测量从现在开始在大约一分钟, 只要你的生理读数已经达到稳定水平。所以你可以先放松一下。</li>
	<li>对于将在每两个脚本之间呈现的松弛和自报告指令进行类似的操作。 注: 下面是一个可能的提法: "请放松。如果你想, 你现在可以移动一点点。通过标记回答选项, 在事件的想象中最能描述你的感受, 填写问卷。之后, 试着再找一个舒服的姿势, 试着再坐一会, 继续放松。很快你就会听到另一个剧本了。请仔细听, 并尽量想象尽可能生动和按时间顺序的插图的经验, 直到你听到下一条指令。</li>
	<li>对于听觉指令和脚本的演示, 请使用刺激计算机和基于脚本语言的计算机软件。播放每个脚本三次, 并在每个脚本演示文稿中插入四个连续的30秒周期, 如下所示: 休息基线、阅读 (听口语脚本)、图像 (描述的体验的想象力) 和恢复 (请参见图 2).在两个脚本演示文稿之间, 预留 1-2 分钟的时间来填写自报告措施。</li>
	<li>在实验中使用适当的记录计算机和软件收集生理数据。根据记录生理数据的软件, 为生理参数 (SC 和 HR) 的记录准备必要的通道。</li>
	<li>设置标记或使用单独的通道来描述指令和脚本演示文稿的时间过程。<ol>
<li>为了便于从生理数据中去除工件, 可以将可能的标志移动。保存此录制设置以允许其对所有计划的度量值可用。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 参与者选择
注: 对于临床研究参与者的选择和招聘, 考虑了可用的标准 (沙利文-鲍耶et, 2007)25。
<ol><li>如有可能, 请从临床背景中招募临床参与者, 以获取有关纳入和排除标准的可靠信息。检查医疗记录和临床文件, 咨询临床治疗人员 (如果可能), 并要求参加者确定相关的信息, 以供参与人选择。</li>
	<li>根据以下纳入标准选择临床参与者: (a) ICD-10 诊断 F60.31;(b) 没有药物 (请参加者在实验室试验前1周弃权, 从任何精神药物或药物中可能混杂的自主效应, e. g. 抗胆碱能, α或β肾上腺素阻滞剂, 琴键,和 GABA-(A)-受体激动剂包括苯二氮);(c) 法律能力、充分的认知功能、足够稳定的心理状态、语言能力;(d) 在详细解释了各项目标和程序以及所有可能问题的答案之后得到知情同意。</li>
	<li>如果适用以下标准, 则排除潜在临床参与者: (a) 内部、神经、肌肉骨骼或内分泌紊乱;(b) 急性自杀意念、精神分裂症型疾病史或双相障碍、药物滥用在上周。</li>
	<li>选择有创伤病史的控制对象, 但没有与创伤相关或其他心理紊乱, 并将其与在年龄、性别和教育上的 BPD 组相匹配。 注: 如果从临床设置中吸收了 BPD 参与者, 则可以通过接近同一机构的内容和受训者来选择控制。由于大多数人在一生中至少经历过一次威胁事件, 所以很难找到有创伤病史的健康受试者。</li>
</ol>3. 临床评估
<ol><li>对所有参与者的心理状态进行广泛的评估, 并以临床经验丰富的研究者为重点, 对游离现象进行研究。为临床评估会议安排足够的时间 (每位病人的 1-2 次疗程 60-90 分钟)。使用以下工具 (或等效的):<ol>
<li>接近潜在的临床参与者, 并在知情同意后 (见上文), 交出自我报告问卷, 并对参与者进行适当的指导。</li>
		<li>获得有关年龄、毕业、婚姻和职业状况的信息。 注: 在个案研究中, 参与者是从临床背景中获得的, 如果有的话, 可以从诊所的文件系统或常规数据集获取社会人口。</li>
		<li>查询在过去几周内消耗的活性物质。</li>
		<li>将下列仪器交给临床参与者。<ol>
<li>使用儿童创伤调查表 (CTQ)26, 由五分量组成的28项调查表, 每个问卷包含5个项目 (情感虐待、情感疏忽、身体虐待、身体疏忽和性虐待) 和一个反应偏倚副数,最小化和拒绝量包括三项;这些项目包括通过选择五响应选项之一来评定的语句: (1) "从不真实" (2) "很少是真的" (3) "有时是真的" (4) "经常是真的", (5) "经常是真的"。</li>
			<li>使用生命事件检查表27进一步评估创伤性暴露。</li>
			<li>使用 Peritraumatic 分离体验量表 (PDEQ)28, 一个10项自报告调查表, 用于测量在创伤事件期间和随后的分钟和小时内离解的程度, 并附有指示以填写与他们最严重的创伤事件从生活事件核对表;评分项目在5点李克特规模从 1 (不完全正确) 到 5 (非常真实)。</li>
			<li>使用结构化的临床访谈中的初步问题帝斯曼 iv. 轴 i. 障碍和结构化的临床访谈的 dsm iv. 型轴心 II. 型人格障碍 (I. 和 ii.)29,30作为自我评分筛查仪, 允许减少的领域的数量被评估为诊断轴 I 和人格障碍。</li>
			<li>使用 "边界症状" 列表 (BSL)31, 一个99项自报告工具, 用于评估上一周内在5点李克特范围内的边缘症状的严重性, 并提供以下答案可能性: "一点也不", "一点点", "而" "多, "和" 非常强 ";它包含以下刻度: 自我知觉 (19 个项目), 影响章程 (13 个项目), 自已破坏 (12 个项目), 烦躁 (10 个项目), 孤独 (12 项), 入侵 (11 项) 和敌意 (6 项)。</li>
			<li>使用 "分离体验" (DES)32, 一张28项调查表, 筛选出游离症状;项目评估分离经验的强度从0% 的时间 (从来没有) 到100% 的时间 (总是)。</li>
			<li>使用症状检查 List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R)33, 一个90项自我报告工具, 评估广泛的心理问题和症状;它包含九个尺度 (躯体化, 强迫性, 人际敏感, 抑郁症, 焦虑, 敌意, 恐惧焦虑, 偏执意念, 质), 并提供一个指标的严重性作为测试总结;在5点李克特上构造项目, 从 0 (不完全) 到 4 (非常强)。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>对控制对象的自我报告评估进行同样的操作, 但以下情况除外: (a) 不要将任何 I 型和第二组问题交给控制参与者 (见下文的临床访谈部分);(b) 出于努力减少的原因, 只使用短的 SCL 版本而不是 SCL-90-R (即 SCL-14)34。</li>
	<li>尽快安排临床面试的预约, 确保参加者能在那之前填写所有的自我报告。</li>
	<li>在临床面试开始时, 确保参与者首先填写所有自我报告项目, 澄清未解决的项目, 必要时提出补充问题。</li>
	<li>通过询问关于询问的经验的类型和时间的问题, 深入讨论 CTQ 和生活事件清单的项目;如有必要, 请相应更正报告。</li>
	<li>使用临床标准化面谈, 以区分诊断两组, 如下所示。 注: 出于努力减少的原因, 使用较不广泛但同等的诊断仪器, 以筛查控制组内的精神紊乱。<ol>
<li>为临床组使用更广泛的临床诊断访谈: (a) 由临床医生管理的 ptsd (cap)35诊断 ptsd;(b) 对帝斯曼 IV. 型游离疾病 (免疫缺陷 D)36进行结构化临床访谈, 以诊断分离性疾病;和 (c) 我和第二次面谈。在有缺陷的访谈中, 只对自我报告筛选问题所表明的领域进行详细的查询。</li>
		<li>仅管理迷你国际神经精神访谈 (m.i.n. i.)37控制参与者。基于这一简短的结构化临床访谈, 根据 DSM IV 和 ICD-10 的标准, 可以诊断精神疾病, 确定没有精神障碍, 以及至少一个过去的创伤经验报告包含在控制组中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 为每个参与者准备心理生理学实验的程序
<ol><li>在临床访谈部分结束时, 请参与者指定并生动地描述以下三种类型的事件: 一个创伤性的 (在一些创伤的经验, 指示参与者选择一个被认为是最坏的), 作为以及两个进一步的个人经验, 一个中性的 (例如, 打扫房子, 早起, 或完成其他通常的, 轻微不愉快的日常职责) 和日常适度积极的事件 (例如, 愉快, 放松或乐趣活动)。</li>
	<li>在事件描述中, 询问目标发生的情况 (i. e、时间、地点和上下文) 以及主观信息 (i. e, 情绪, 感官知觉);采取详细的笔记允许随后草稿的三口头剧本 (中性, 阴性, 和创伤/厌恶), 将被用作个性化的情感线索。</li>
	<li>在接下来的几天内预约心理生理学实验。指导参加者在实验前不要使用任何洗手液或奶油。</li>
	<li>在临床面试后不久, 撰写了三十年代期间的口头剧本, 描绘了三回顾个人经历的第一人称单数, 现在时态和注册他们在一个录音机。在描述他们的经历时尽可能多地坚持参与者的个人配方 (请参见图 1以了解一个创伤性脚本的示例)。<ol>
<li>将它们以适当的格式保存为音频文件, 并将其传输到刺激计算机上的软件程序中, 以提供录制的听觉脚本。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>随机化脚本演示文稿的顺序。采用并保存演示程序中脚本的结果顺序, 并将其记录在案, 以便在数据分析过程中对其进行说明。</li>
	<li>将生成的顺序中的脚本传输并保存到演示程序中。使用基于脚本语言的计算机程序, 将听觉刺激同时发送到耳机和标记信号到心理生理学记录设备的毫秒精度。 注意: 为了避免 overstraining 严重受创伤的人, 请使用 pseudorandomized 脚本序列, 首先介绍中性或正则脚本, 而不留下任何连续的演示文稿。根据我们的经验, 我们不能确认严重受创伤的人在这种实验中的参与可能以任何方式产生压力。因此, 我们认为脚本在这些约束下的随机化只能选择。</li>
	<li>在脚本驱动的图像任务中, 准备工作表和铅笔收集情感状态的主观评价判断。使用可视化模拟9点李克特秤的电池: (a) 自我评估假人体 (SAM)38 , 以评估图像的觉醒程度和优势度;(b) 同样构建的尺度来评估一系列其他的离散情绪 (e. g., 恐惧, 厌恶);和 (c) 小版本的尺度离解张力尺度-急性 (DSS-4)39测量状态离解。 注意: 还有其他仪器评估创伤相关记忆的反应。我们还建议使用对脚本驱动的图像 (RSDI)40的响应, 另外评估重新体验和重新体验和避免。</li>
	<li>准备货币补偿和相应金额的收据。 注: 我们的参与者收到20欧元。</li>
</ol>5. 心理生理学实验
注: 实验设置: 实验遵循心理生理学测量的指导原则, 用于测量情绪线索的反应 41.
<ol><li>在一个声音衰减和温度和湿度控制的实验室中进行心理生理学实验, 通过电线和窗户连接到实验设备所在实验室的相邻部分。</li>
	<li>保留足够的时间进行生理评估 (约 60-90 分钟每位参与者)。</li>
	<li>参加者到达实验室后, 向他/她展示设备和记录仪器, 并解释其功能。</li>
	<li>坐在舒适的椅子上的参与者, 并允许一段时间的适应记录环境, 同时解释程序从知情同意和回答任何进一步的问题。</li>
	<li>询问参加者是否事先使用过洗手液, 如有必要, 请他们清洗并擦干双手。用酒精溶液垫清洁所需的接触皮肤区域。附加生理监测装置。<ol>
<li>使用胶粘剂, pregelled, 279 阿盖格/Cl 电极与圆形接触区, 填充适当的电极凝胶: (a) 为 SC 测量, 放置电极在手掌表面 (鱼际和鱼际隆起的非显性手);(b) 为 HR 记录, 使用三电极的铅 II 配置 (两个电极放置在左下方的胸部和右肩和参考电极放置, 例如在额头)。为指令和脚本的演示应用耳机。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>执行测试运行的测量, 以确保参与者听到的指示和生理记录运行良好。</li>
	<li>大约五分钟后开始评估, 以便让生理读数稳定下来。</li>
	<li>在实验过程中注意参与者的任何动作, 根据软件的需要, 按下按键/记笔记, 在必要时对工件进行标记。</li>
	<li>在实验结束时, 删除所有设备, 并清洁皮肤区域, 如果要求。提供货币补偿和收据。为参与者提供展示和解释生理记录的机会。询问参与者是否需要分享想法和经验或接受任何进一步的帮助。</li>
	<li>用冷水清洁电极, 允许去除任何凝胶休息。</li>
</ol>

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作者声明没有利益冲突。

本议定书描述了一个综合评估的外部生理反应, 自我报告, 和临床评估研究的创伤相关离解在桶。为了实现这一过程, 必须控制生理活动的混杂, 确保测量前生理数据的功能记录, 并收集专家调查员的临床资料。
这种综合评估议定书的限制可能涉及测量的敏感性和特殊性、主观和心理生理学水平之间的不完全变异、个体变异性的作用以及是否充分刺激.特别是对于使用这样一个综...

在感知危险时, 人类经历焦虑, 身体在防御级联内迅速反应, 以尽量减少伤害并确保生存。防御反应包括增加觉醒和交感神经活化的初期阶段, 如果不可避免的威胁 (e. g), 虐待儿童, 强奸, 酷刑), parasympathetically 调制的 "关闭" 分离反应 (e. g。心动过缓, 舒张, 感觉 deafferentation, 意识和言语的改变1,2) 成为主要。根据创伤相关联想记忆网络恢复的理论,3,4, peritraumatic 心理生理学反应的流行类型 (唤醒与离解) 将导致两个主要与创伤相关的刺激的临床概况和反应模式的亚型2。考虑到各种神经创伤后应激障碍研究对外伤相关记忆的活化反应的异质性, Lanius et。(2006)5辩称, 在同一诊断类别中, "对所有 PTSD 患者进行分组, 无论其不同的症状模式如何, 都可能干扰我们对创伤后精神病理学的理解"。在创伤后应激障碍区, 研究了游离反应对精神创伤患者精神病理和心理生理学的影响。例如, Schalinski、埃尔伯特 & Schauer (2011)6表明, 闭式离解预测 PTSD 和其他共病。使用心理生理学评估指出, 防御级联的修改允许快速飞行以响应威胁 7, 8.Schalinski et al。(2013)8显示, 创伤性事件的类型似乎影响心脏惊吓反应。另一项研究9指出了一种 "迟钝" 的反应模式--一种唤醒-离解混合, 其特点是同时激活两个自主神经系统分支-在更严重的创伤个体中。到目前为止, 在这方面没有对其他经常受心理创伤和游离症状影响的临床人群进行研究 (e. g, 桶)。
在对人类情感和行为的研究中, 从主观 (言语表达、韵律)、行为 (运动、面部表情、等等)、生理 (颤抖、出汗、心率、等)。通过争辩说, 忽略这三种情感表达方式中的一个或多个的评估可能是高度误导性的, Lang (1998)10强调了多式联运评估的相关性, 涉及观察行为的程序、自我报告/临床措施和心理生理学测量。
焦虑和明显的生理觉醒的极端状态是焦虑、创伤和与压力相关的疾病的特征。根据心理生理学的概念, 这些疾病可能被认为是改变的自主反应 (一般更高) 的结果, 以负刺激。这些可测量的心理生理学反应指数作为诊断标准的一部分, 使它们成为心理生理学研究的明显目标。特别是 PTSD, 作为一种具有一定事件标准的心理障碍 (i. e), 危及生命的经验, 例如事故、人身/性攻击、自然灾害、监禁、军事战斗和酷刑, 提供了宝贵的心理生理学评估的机会。
采用不同的模式、刺激和生理参数进行各种评估设计, 用于研究 PTSD。监测周边生理参数为自主活动的变化提供了可靠的措施, 与情绪和认知状态有关。其中, 皮肤电导率是心理生理学研究历史悠久的一项常见措施, 被认为是高度敏感的指标 11.它的监测往往结合心率记录, 一个进一步 autonomically 依赖变量。
对于周围生理参数的测量, 使用脚本驱动的图像实验是研究情绪和生理反应对创伤相关记忆激活的主要范式。在脚本驱动的图像范式12中, 要求参与者生动地想象由短语言脚本13、14、15、16触发的厌恶情况。这个主题被请求想象一种情况, 就好像他/她正在重温真实的事件过程, 包括在真实情况下出现的动作、人和情绪 (请参见图 1中的一个创伤性脚本示例)。所想象的创伤情况通常与其他类型的非创伤性场景进行比较。
脚本驱动的图像主要用于受 PTSD 影响的各种人群, e. g。越南退伍军人15,17, 事故的受害者18和前政治犯19。通常发现了一种增强的对创伤性线索的反应性, 但也有几个结果表明, 对创伤相关刺激 (e. g) 缺乏如此高的反应活性, 2000;戴维斯et al, 1996)15,20。随着对创伤后应激障碍的心理生理学知识的不断增加, 心理生理学研究在外伤相关和其他心理疾病方面也有了越来越大的进展。同时, 脚本驱动的图像范式已经成功地应用于研究桶21、22中的分离过程。
本文提出了一项协议, 以调查在脚本驱动的创伤相关的图像中, 有报告高浓度 PD 的人是否主要表现为游离反应和抑制自主反应的关系23,24. 此外, 我们的研究旨在证明是否有临床上不同的 BPD 亚群, 由结构化的临床访谈和症状量表测试。本议定书结合了广泛的标准化临床评估和测量生理 (HR 和 SC) 和主观反应在脚本驱动的图像范式。对与创伤相关的个性化脚本的反应与描写日常事件的剧本进行了比较分析。该协议为研究分离过程及其对心理病理学和心理生理学特征的影响提供了一个模型。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Experimental Runtime System (ERTS) Version 3.32</td><td>BeriSoft Cooperation, Frankfurt/Main, Germany</td><td></td><td>We used a scripting language based computer programme wich sends simultanously auditory stimuli to a headphone and marker signals to a psychophysiological recording device at millisecond accuracy.</td></tr><tr><td>Biopac MP150 system</td><td>Biopac Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA</td><td></td><td>We recorded the physiological data by using this hardware.</td></tr><tr><td>AcqKnowledge software</td><td>Biopac Systems, Inc.</td><td></td><td>We recorded the physiological data by using this software.</td></tr><tr><td>VOC</td><td></td><td></td><td>Format for the auditory files for instructions and script, compatibele with the stimulus presentation software.</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of a psychophysiological script-driven imagery experiment to study trauma-related dissociation in borderline personality disorder

该协议提供了一个心理生理学实验的详细描述, 使用脚本驱动的创伤相关图像和标准化的临床仪器在比较设计评估生理和心理病理学特征有桶的人。本方法旨在研究创伤相关离解的心理和生理效应。由于创伤相关疾病的 psychodiagnostic 分类依赖于对生命威胁的进化决定的反应的观察, 一个综合评估范式为研究创伤记忆的反应提出了一个非常适当的方法学方法。
受雇脚本驱动的图像范式使用个人召回指令激活与创伤相关的记忆网络, 并提示相关的情绪和生理反应。这些反应是通过自我评价尺度和生理评估来衡量的。在个人回忆中, 参与者被要求生动地想象创伤和日常的经历以及由他们事先与实验者一起创作的简短的个性化语言脚本触发的其他情况。可以测量多种不同的情感反应和生理参数。我们用这个范式来研究在桶内的游离态, 并发现游离态的生理和情感关联。一些参与者有严重的创伤后遗症。
为了调查同一诊断组内不同的反应模式, 应包括不同程度的创伤病史、症状严重性和共同患病的参与者。通过使用短的口头剧本, 在不影响调查对象有效性的情况下, 受试者的压力水平尽可能低。

有许多行为反映在情绪和生理反应, 可以研究的脚本驱动的图像范式。例如, 该设计适合于研究创伤相关记忆的情绪和生理反应模式。我们特别感兴趣的是验证是否有一个独特的桶子群, 主要特征是游离反应模式。
在我们的研究42中, 评估是在 Suedwuerttemberg 大学精神病学和心理治疗科 (精神病学中心) 进行的。这...

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Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

我们提出了一个个性化脚本驱动的创伤相关图像和临床评估的协议, 在调查 peritraumatic 离解 (PD), 心理生理学反应, 即心率 (HR) 和皮肤电导 (SC) 比较设计和心理特征, 经常受到严重创伤的人有边缘性人格障碍 (BPD)。

用心理生理学脚本驱动的图像实验研究边缘人格障碍的创伤相关离解

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

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Research

Education

JoVE Journal

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Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Psychological Disorders

Personality

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.3K 次观看.  Ulm University. 我们提出了一个个性化脚本驱动的创伤相关图像和临床评估的协议, 在调查 peritraumatic 离解 (PD), 心理生理学反应, 即心率 (HR) 和皮肤电导 (SC) 比较设计和心理特征, 经常受到严重创伤的人有边缘性人格障碍 (BPD)。

视频: Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is associated with increased personal well-being and self-esteem 2, whereas remembering and ruminating on negative AMs may lead to affective disorders 3. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying AM retrieval in general (reviewed in 4, 5), less is known about the effect of emotion on the subjective re-experience of AMs and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the fact that, unlike the investigations of the emotion effect on memory for laboratory-based microevents (reviewed in 6, 7-9), often times AM studies do not have a clear focus on the emotional aspects of remembering personal events (but see 10). Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional AMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cues for these memories are collected prior to scanning by means of an autobiographical memory questionnaire (AMQ), therefore allowing for proper selection of emotional AMs based on their phenomenological properties (i.e., intensity, vividness, personal significance). This protocol can be used in healthy and clinical populations alike.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of recollecting emotional autobiographical memories, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

情感自传回忆的神经关联的脑成像研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情绪调节的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

探索孤立的表达式和电影剪辑的使用与创伤性脑损伤的人评价情感识别

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity

Complementary structural and functional neuroimaging techniques used to examine the Default Mode Network (DMN) could potentially improve assessments of psychiatric illness severity and provide added validity to the clinical diagnostic process. Recent neuroimaging research suggests that DMN processes may be disrupted in a number of stress-related psychiatric illnesses, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Although specific DMN functions remain under investigation, it is generally thought to be involved in introspection and self-processing. In healthy individuals it exhibits greatest activity during periods of rest, with less activity, observed as deactivation, during cognitive tasks, e.g., working memory. This network consists of the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, lateral parietal cortices and medial temporal regions.
Multiple functional and structural imaging approaches have been developed to study the DMN. These have unprecedented potential to further the understanding of the function and dysfunction of this network. Functional approaches, such as the evaluation of resting state connectivity and task-induced deactivation, have excellent potential to identify targeted neurocognitive and neuroaffective (functional) diagnostic markers and may indicate illness severity and prognosis with increased accuracy or specificity. Structural approaches, such as evaluation of morphometry and connectivity, may provide unique markers of etiology and long-term outcomes. Combined, functional and structural methods provide strong multimodal, complementary and synergistic approaches to develop valid DMN-based imaging phenotypes in stress-related psychiatric conditions. This protocol aims to integrate these methods to investigate DMN structure and function in PTSD, relating findings to illness severity and relevant clinical factors.

This protocol describes the complementary neuroimaging techniques of resting state structural connectivity, task-induced deactivation, and structural connectivity analyses to examine the default network in post-traumatic stress disorder. The use of synergistic methods could potentially lead to improved diagnostics and assessments of severity, outcome, and other relevant clinical factors.

发展中的默认模式网络的神经影像学表型在创伤后应激障碍:整合静息状态下，工作记忆和结构连接

Complementary structural and functional neuroimaging techniques used to examine the Default Mode Network (DMN) could potentially improve assessments of ...

医学

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through modulation of neural resting membranes. Compared to other techniques, tDCS is relatively safe, cost-effective, and can be administered while individuals are engaged in controlled, specific cognitive processes. This latter point is important as tDCS may predominantly affect intrinsically active neural regions. In an effort to test tDCS as a potential treatment for psychiatric illness, the protocol described here outlines a novel procedure that allows the simultaneous application of tDCS during exposure to trauma-related cues using virtual reality (tDCS+VR) for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (NCT03372460). In this double-blind protocol, participants are assigned to either receive 2 mA tDCS, or sham stimulation, for 25 minutes while passively watching three 8-minute standardized virtual reality drives through Iraq or Afghanistan, with virtual reality events increasing in intensity during each drive. Participants undergo six sessions of tDCS+VR over the course of 2-3 weeks, and psychophysiology (skin conductance reactivity) is measured throughout each session. This allows testing for within and between session changes in hyperarousal to virtual reality events and adjunctive effects of tDCS. Stimulation is delivered through a built-in rechargeable battery-driven tDCS device using a 1 (anode) x 1 (cathode) unilateral electrode set-up. Each electrode is placed in a 3 x 3 cm (current density 2.22 A/m2) reusable sponge pocket saturated with 0.9% normal saline. Sponges with electrodes are attached to the participant&#8217;s skull using a rubber headband with the electrodes placed such that they target regions within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The virtual reality headset is placed over the tDCS montage in such a way as to avoid electrode interference.

This manuscript outlines a novel protocol to allow the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation during exposure to warzone trauma-related cues using virtual reality for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

虚拟现实曝光期间颅外直接电流刺激的同步应用

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through ...

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative emotions, which could be associated with impairments in emotion regulation skills. The ability to regulate emotions is a necessary coping mechanism when facing emotionally distressing situations, and deliberate emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal have been extensively studied in the general population. Despite this, little is known about potential deliberate emotion regulation deficits in OCD patients and the associated neural correlates. Here, we describe a protocol to investigate the neural correlates of deliberate emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in OCD patients in comparison to a matched control sample. This protocol follows current gold standards for neuroimaging studies and includes both task activation and connectivity analysis (as well as behavioral data) to allow a more complete investigation. Therefore, we expect it will contribute to expanding the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion (dys)regulation in OCD, and it could also be applied to explore emotion regulation deficits in other psychiatric disorders.

We introduce a protocol for exploring the neural correlates of a cognitive emotion regulation task, namely cognitive reappraisal, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol was used in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls but can also be used in other clinical samples.

使用基于任务的功能磁共振成像探索强迫症认知再评估的神经相关性

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) show heightened brain activity in limbic and orbitofrontal regions when confronted with negative ...

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
Dissociative Fugue 
A hallmark feature of dissociative disorders is the dissociative fugue state, wherein individuals undergo sudden and profound memory loss or even adopt a completely new identity. During this stage, affected individuals may unexpectedly travel to unfamiliar places and display behaviors consistent with their assumed identity. Such episodes often occur without any recollection of their past, creating significant challenges in personal and social contexts.
Trauma and Dissociation 
Dissociative disorders are strongly correlated with traumatic experiences. Chronic trauma, particularly during formative years, can overwhelm the mind&#39;s capacity to process events, leading to dissociation as a defense mechanism. This psychological response allows individuals to mentally detach from distressing events, creating a sense of distance from pain. It is common for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to exhibit symptoms of dissociation, as trauma and dissociation share psychological pathways.
Neurological Underpinnings
Research has identified structural changes in the brains of individuals with dissociative disorders, specifically in the hippocampus and amygdala, which are regions vital for memory and emotion regulation. Reduced volumes of these structures may hinder the brain&#39;s ability to process memories and regulate emotional responses effectively. These findings underscore the biological basis of dissociative symptoms, bridging the gap between psychological experiences and neurological mechanisms.
Understanding dissociative disorders requires recognizing their profound effects on mental functioning, their roots in trauma, and their basis in neurobiology, highlighting the complex interplay between mind and brain.

Dissociative disorders are psychological conditions where an individual&#39;s conscious awareness becomes dissociated or separated from their previous ...

教育

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual&#39;s distress.
Psychological Foundations
The origins of DID are deeply rooted in psychological and developmental factors. Research highlights extreme childhood trauma, particularly abuse, as a primary trigger. In such cases, individuals may dissociate to cope with overwhelming experiences, compartmentalizing distressing memories and emotions into distinct identities. This mechanism allows the individual to function while isolating traumatic events from conscious awareness. From a psychodynamic perspective, these identities serve as defenses against unacceptable impulses, with secondary personalities acting as outlets for suppressed emotions or desires. Learning theories suggest that dissociative behaviors are reinforced by the reduction of anxiety, making them more likely to recur in stressful situations.
Sociocultural and Biological Contributions
Sociocultural factors also influence the presentation and recognition of DID. Increased media portrayal of the disorder has heightened public and clinical awareness, contributing to a rise in diagnoses. However, this exposure may also shape the manifestation of symptoms in ways that align with cultural narratives.
Structural and functional brain differences are associated with DID on the biological front. Abnormal brain anatomy and activity often accompany DID. Brain scans reveal shrinkage in regions involved in memory and threat detection, along with heightened activity in areas that control and inhibit traumatic memories. These findings underscore the interplay between neurological adaptations and psychological processes in the disorder&#39;s development and progression.
This multifaceted approach to understanding DID reflects the intricate interplay of psychological, sociocultural, and biological factors, each contributing to the manifestation and management of this complex condition.

Dissociative Identity Disorder, or DID, formerly called multiple personality disorder, occurs when an individual exhibits two or more distinct personality ...