我们特别感谢斯特凡 Tschöke 博士和路易莎 Steib 为临床参与者的招募提供科学咨询和帮助, 以及所有使我们能够进行研究并从中学习的参与者。

我们的研究得到了 Ulm 大学伦理委员会的批准。所有调查程序均无侵入性, 并按照《良好临床惯例和赫尔辛基宣言》的准则进行。
1. 心理生理学实验准备的一般程序
<ol><li>在向所有参与者提供详细信息 (包括有关提前终止的可能性的信息, 而不产生任何负面后果) 后, 获得对该议定书的道德认可和书面知情同意。</li>
	<li>在实验过程中准备实验程序和参与者任务的入门指导, 记录它, 并在刺激演示软件中以适当的格式保存。 注: 下面是一个示例如何制定初始指令: "这个测量记录你的生理活动, 而听脚本关于个人事件。这是通过连接到你的额头, 肩膀和手的电极发生的。试着在椅子上放一个舒服的位置。你的房间是封闭的, 以屏蔽噪音。我可以透过窗户看到你, 就像你看到我一样。如果事情不对, 你总能给我一个征兆, 我就在你身边。重要的是, 你坐在不动的测量和不移动。有规则的休息, 你可以移动。总的来说, 调查需要大约半小时。每个脚本演示文稿包括四连续30秒的周期: rest 条件、脚本侦听、想象力和放松。请仔细听每一个脚本, 并尝试生动地想象的插图经验的时间顺序, 无论是在脚本演示和事后, 直到你听到一个新的指令。每个脚本全部显示三次。测量从现在开始在大约一分钟, 只要你的生理读数已经达到稳定水平。所以你可以先放松一下。</li>
	<li>对于将在每两个脚本之间呈现的松弛和自报告指令进行类似的操作。 注: 下面是一个可能的提法: "请放松。如果你想, 你现在可以移动一点点。通过标记回答选项, 在事件的想象中最能描述你的感受, 填写问卷。之后, 试着再找一个舒服的姿势, 试着再坐一会, 继续放松。很快你就会听到另一个剧本了。请仔细听, 并尽量想象尽可能生动和按时间顺序的插图的经验, 直到你听到下一条指令。</li>
	<li>对于听觉指令和脚本的演示, 请使用刺激计算机和基于脚本语言的计算机软件。播放每个脚本三次, 并在每个脚本演示文稿中插入四个连续的30秒周期, 如下所示: 休息基线、阅读 (听口语脚本)、图像 (描述的体验的想象力) 和恢复 (请参见图 2).在两个脚本演示文稿之间, 预留 1-2 分钟的时间来填写自报告措施。</li>
	<li>在实验中使用适当的记录计算机和软件收集生理数据。根据记录生理数据的软件, 为生理参数 (SC 和 HR) 的记录准备必要的通道。</li>
	<li>设置标记或使用单独的通道来描述指令和脚本演示文稿的时间过程。<ol>
<li>为了便于从生理数据中去除工件, 可以将可能的标志移动。保存此录制设置以允许其对所有计划的度量值可用。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 参与者选择
注: 对于临床研究参与者的选择和招聘, 考虑了可用的标准 (沙利文-鲍耶et, 2007)25。
<ol><li>如有可能, 请从临床背景中招募临床参与者, 以获取有关纳入和排除标准的可靠信息。检查医疗记录和临床文件, 咨询临床治疗人员 (如果可能), 并要求参加者确定相关的信息, 以供参与人选择。</li>
	<li>根据以下纳入标准选择临床参与者: (a) ICD-10 诊断 F60.31;(b) 没有药物 (请参加者在实验室试验前1周弃权, 从任何精神药物或药物中可能混杂的自主效应, e. g. 抗胆碱能, α或β肾上腺素阻滞剂, 琴键,和 GABA-(A)-受体激动剂包括苯二氮);(c) 法律能力、充分的认知功能、足够稳定的心理状态、语言能力;(d) 在详细解释了各项目标和程序以及所有可能问题的答案之后得到知情同意。</li>
	<li>如果适用以下标准, 则排除潜在临床参与者: (a) 内部、神经、肌肉骨骼或内分泌紊乱;(b) 急性自杀意念、精神分裂症型疾病史或双相障碍、药物滥用在上周。</li>
	<li>选择有创伤病史的控制对象, 但没有与创伤相关或其他心理紊乱, 并将其与在年龄、性别和教育上的 BPD 组相匹配。 注: 如果从临床设置中吸收了 BPD 参与者, 则可以通过接近同一机构的内容和受训者来选择控制。由于大多数人在一生中至少经历过一次威胁事件, 所以很难找到有创伤病史的健康受试者。</li>
</ol>3. 临床评估
<ol><li>对所有参与者的心理状态进行广泛的评估, 并以临床经验丰富的研究者为重点, 对游离现象进行研究。为临床评估会议安排足够的时间 (每位病人的 1-2 次疗程 60-90 分钟)。使用以下工具 (或等效的):<ol>
<li>接近潜在的临床参与者, 并在知情同意后 (见上文), 交出自我报告问卷, 并对参与者进行适当的指导。</li>
		<li>获得有关年龄、毕业、婚姻和职业状况的信息。 注: 在个案研究中, 参与者是从临床背景中获得的, 如果有的话, 可以从诊所的文件系统或常规数据集获取社会人口。</li>
		<li>查询在过去几周内消耗的活性物质。</li>
		<li>将下列仪器交给临床参与者。<ol>
<li>使用儿童创伤调查表 (CTQ)26, 由五分量组成的28项调查表, 每个问卷包含5个项目 (情感虐待、情感疏忽、身体虐待、身体疏忽和性虐待) 和一个反应偏倚副数,最小化和拒绝量包括三项;这些项目包括通过选择五响应选项之一来评定的语句: (1) "从不真实" (2) "很少是真的" (3) "有时是真的" (4) "经常是真的", (5) "经常是真的"。</li>
			<li>使用生命事件检查表27进一步评估创伤性暴露。</li>
			<li>使用 Peritraumatic 分离体验量表 (PDEQ)28, 一个10项自报告调查表, 用于测量在创伤事件期间和随后的分钟和小时内离解的程度, 并附有指示以填写与他们最严重的创伤事件从生活事件核对表;评分项目在5点李克特规模从 1 (不完全正确) 到 5 (非常真实)。</li>
			<li>使用结构化的临床访谈中的初步问题帝斯曼 iv. 轴 i. 障碍和结构化的临床访谈的 dsm iv. 型轴心 II. 型人格障碍 (I. 和 ii.)29,30作为自我评分筛查仪, 允许减少的领域的数量被评估为诊断轴 I 和人格障碍。</li>
			<li>使用 "边界症状" 列表 (BSL)31, 一个99项自报告工具, 用于评估上一周内在5点李克特范围内的边缘症状的严重性, 并提供以下答案可能性: "一点也不", "一点点", "而" "多, "和" 非常强 ";它包含以下刻度: 自我知觉 (19 个项目), 影响章程 (13 个项目), 自已破坏 (12 个项目), 烦躁 (10 个项目), 孤独 (12 项), 入侵 (11 项) 和敌意 (6 项)。</li>
			<li>使用 "分离体验" (DES)32, 一张28项调查表, 筛选出游离症状;项目评估分离经验的强度从0% 的时间 (从来没有) 到100% 的时间 (总是)。</li>
			<li>使用症状检查 List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R)33, 一个90项自我报告工具, 评估广泛的心理问题和症状;它包含九个尺度 (躯体化, 强迫性, 人际敏感, 抑郁症, 焦虑, 敌意, 恐惧焦虑, 偏执意念, 质), 并提供一个指标的严重性作为测试总结;在5点李克特上构造项目, 从 0 (不完全) 到 4 (非常强)。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>对控制对象的自我报告评估进行同样的操作, 但以下情况除外: (a) 不要将任何 I 型和第二组问题交给控制参与者 (见下文的临床访谈部分);(b) 出于努力减少的原因, 只使用短的 SCL 版本而不是 SCL-90-R (即 SCL-14)34。</li>
	<li>尽快安排临床面试的预约, 确保参加者能在那之前填写所有的自我报告。</li>
	<li>在临床面试开始时, 确保参与者首先填写所有自我报告项目, 澄清未解决的项目, 必要时提出补充问题。</li>
	<li>通过询问关于询问的经验的类型和时间的问题, 深入讨论 CTQ 和生活事件清单的项目;如有必要, 请相应更正报告。</li>
	<li>使用临床标准化面谈, 以区分诊断两组, 如下所示。 注: 出于努力减少的原因, 使用较不广泛但同等的诊断仪器, 以筛查控制组内的精神紊乱。<ol>
<li>为临床组使用更广泛的临床诊断访谈: (a) 由临床医生管理的 ptsd (cap)35诊断 ptsd;(b) 对帝斯曼 IV. 型游离疾病 (免疫缺陷 D)36进行结构化临床访谈, 以诊断分离性疾病;和 (c) 我和第二次面谈。在有缺陷的访谈中, 只对自我报告筛选问题所表明的领域进行详细的查询。</li>
		<li>仅管理迷你国际神经精神访谈 (m.i.n. i.)37控制参与者。基于这一简短的结构化临床访谈, 根据 DSM IV 和 ICD-10 的标准, 可以诊断精神疾病, 确定没有精神障碍, 以及至少一个过去的创伤经验报告包含在控制组中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 为每个参与者准备心理生理学实验的程序
<ol><li>在临床访谈部分结束时, 请参与者指定并生动地描述以下三种类型的事件: 一个创伤性的 (在一些创伤的经验, 指示参与者选择一个被认为是最坏的), 作为以及两个进一步的个人经验, 一个中性的 (例如, 打扫房子, 早起, 或完成其他通常的, 轻微不愉快的日常职责) 和日常适度积极的事件 (例如, 愉快, 放松或乐趣活动)。</li>
	<li>在事件描述中, 询问目标发生的情况 (i. e、时间、地点和上下文) 以及主观信息 (i. e, 情绪, 感官知觉);采取详细的笔记允许随后草稿的三口头剧本 (中性, 阴性, 和创伤/厌恶), 将被用作个性化的情感线索。</li>
	<li>在接下来的几天内预约心理生理学实验。指导参加者在实验前不要使用任何洗手液或奶油。</li>
	<li>在临床面试后不久, 撰写了三十年代期间的口头剧本, 描绘了三回顾个人经历的第一人称单数, 现在时态和注册他们在一个录音机。在描述他们的经历时尽可能多地坚持参与者的个人配方 (请参见图 1以了解一个创伤性脚本的示例)。<ol>
<li>将它们以适当的格式保存为音频文件, 并将其传输到刺激计算机上的软件程序中, 以提供录制的听觉脚本。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>随机化脚本演示文稿的顺序。采用并保存演示程序中脚本的结果顺序, 并将其记录在案, 以便在数据分析过程中对其进行说明。</li>
	<li>将生成的顺序中的脚本传输并保存到演示程序中。使用基于脚本语言的计算机程序, 将听觉刺激同时发送到耳机和标记信号到心理生理学记录设备的毫秒精度。 注意: 为了避免 overstraining 严重受创伤的人, 请使用 pseudorandomized 脚本序列, 首先介绍中性或正则脚本, 而不留下任何连续的演示文稿。根据我们的经验, 我们不能确认严重受创伤的人在这种实验中的参与可能以任何方式产生压力。因此, 我们认为脚本在这些约束下的随机化只能选择。</li>
	<li>在脚本驱动的图像任务中, 准备工作表和铅笔收集情感状态的主观评价判断。使用可视化模拟9点李克特秤的电池: (a) 自我评估假人体 (SAM)38 , 以评估图像的觉醒程度和优势度;(b) 同样构建的尺度来评估一系列其他的离散情绪 (e. g., 恐惧, 厌恶);和 (c) 小版本的尺度离解张力尺度-急性 (DSS-4)39测量状态离解。 注意: 还有其他仪器评估创伤相关记忆的反应。我们还建议使用对脚本驱动的图像 (RSDI)40的响应, 另外评估重新体验和重新体验和避免。</li>
	<li>准备货币补偿和相应金额的收据。 注: 我们的参与者收到20欧元。</li>
</ol>5. 心理生理学实验
注: 实验设置: 实验遵循心理生理学测量的指导原则, 用于测量情绪线索的反应 41.
<ol><li>在一个声音衰减和温度和湿度控制的实验室中进行心理生理学实验, 通过电线和窗户连接到实验设备所在实验室的相邻部分。</li>
	<li>保留足够的时间进行生理评估 (约 60-90 分钟每位参与者)。</li>
	<li>参加者到达实验室后, 向他/她展示设备和记录仪器, 并解释其功能。</li>
	<li>坐在舒适的椅子上的参与者, 并允许一段时间的适应记录环境, 同时解释程序从知情同意和回答任何进一步的问题。</li>
	<li>询问参加者是否事先使用过洗手液, 如有必要, 请他们清洗并擦干双手。用酒精溶液垫清洁所需的接触皮肤区域。附加生理监测装置。<ol>
<li>使用胶粘剂, pregelled, 279 阿盖格/Cl 电极与圆形接触区, 填充适当的电极凝胶: (a) 为 SC 测量, 放置电极在手掌表面 (鱼际和鱼际隆起的非显性手);(b) 为 HR 记录, 使用三电极的铅 II 配置 (两个电极放置在左下方的胸部和右肩和参考电极放置, 例如在额头)。为指令和脚本的演示应用耳机。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>执行测试运行的测量, 以确保参与者听到的指示和生理记录运行良好。</li>
	<li>大约五分钟后开始评估, 以便让生理读数稳定下来。</li>
	<li>在实验过程中注意参与者的任何动作, 根据软件的需要, 按下按键/记笔记, 在必要时对工件进行标记。</li>
	<li>在实验结束时, 删除所有设备, 并清洁皮肤区域, 如果要求。提供货币补偿和收据。为参与者提供展示和解释生理记录的机会。询问参与者是否需要分享想法和经验或接受任何进一步的帮助。</li>
	<li>用冷水清洁电极, 允许去除任何凝胶休息。</li>
</ol>

作者声明没有利益冲突。

本议定书描述了一个综合评估的外部生理反应, 自我报告, 和临床评估研究的创伤相关离解在桶。为了实现这一过程, 必须控制生理活动的混杂, 确保测量前生理数据的功能记录, 并收集专家调查员的临床资料。
这种综合评估议定书的限制可能涉及测量的敏感性和特殊性、主观和心理生理学水平之间的不完全变异、个体变异性的作用以及是否充分刺激.特别是对于使用这样一个综...

在感知危险时, 人类经历焦虑, 身体在防御级联内迅速反应, 以尽量减少伤害并确保生存。防御反应包括增加觉醒和交感神经活化的初期阶段, 如果不可避免的威胁 (e. g), 虐待儿童, 强奸, 酷刑), parasympathetically 调制的 "关闭" 分离反应 (e. g。心动过缓, 舒张, 感觉 deafferentation, 意识和言语的改变1,2) 成为主要。根据创伤相关联想记忆网络恢复的理论,3,4, peritraumatic 心理生理学反应的流行类型 (唤醒与离解) 将导致两个主要与创伤相关的刺激的临床概况和反应模式的亚型2。考虑到各种神经创伤后应激障碍研究对外伤相关记忆的活化反应的异质性, Lanius et。(2006)5辩称, 在同一诊断类别中, "对所有 PTSD 患者进行分组, 无论其不同的症状模式如何, 都可能干扰我们对创伤后精神病理学的理解"。在创伤后应激障碍区, 研究了游离反应对精神创伤患者精神病理和心理生理学的影响。例如, Schalinski、埃尔伯特 & Schauer (2011)6表明, 闭式离解预测 PTSD 和其他共病。使用心理生理学评估指出, 防御级联的修改允许快速飞行以响应威胁 7, 8.Schalinski et al。(2013)8显示, 创伤性事件的类型似乎影响心脏惊吓反应。另一项研究9指出了一种 "迟钝" 的反应模式--一种唤醒-离解混合, 其特点是同时激活两个自主神经系统分支-在更严重的创伤个体中。到目前为止, 在这方面没有对其他经常受心理创伤和游离症状影响的临床人群进行研究 (e. g, 桶)。
在对人类情感和行为的研究中, 从主观 (言语表达、韵律)、行为 (运动、面部表情、等等)、生理 (颤抖、出汗、心率、等)。通过争辩说, 忽略这三种情感表达方式中的一个或多个的评估可能是高度误导性的, Lang (1998)10强调了多式联运评估的相关性, 涉及观察行为的程序、自我报告/临床措施和心理生理学测量。
焦虑和明显的生理觉醒的极端状态是焦虑、创伤和与压力相关的疾病的特征。根据心理生理学的概念, 这些疾病可能被认为是改变的自主反应 (一般更高) 的结果, 以负刺激。这些可测量的心理生理学反应指数作为诊断标准的一部分, 使它们成为心理生理学研究的明显目标。特别是 PTSD, 作为一种具有一定事件标准的心理障碍 (i. e), 危及生命的经验, 例如事故、人身/性攻击、自然灾害、监禁、军事战斗和酷刑, 提供了宝贵的心理生理学评估的机会。
采用不同的模式、刺激和生理参数进行各种评估设计, 用于研究 PTSD。监测周边生理参数为自主活动的变化提供了可靠的措施, 与情绪和认知状态有关。其中, 皮肤电导率是心理生理学研究历史悠久的一项常见措施, 被认为是高度敏感的指标 11.它的监测往往结合心率记录, 一个进一步 autonomically 依赖变量。
对于周围生理参数的测量, 使用脚本驱动的图像实验是研究情绪和生理反应对创伤相关记忆激活的主要范式。在脚本驱动的图像范式12中, 要求参与者生动地想象由短语言脚本13、14、15、16触发的厌恶情况。这个主题被请求想象一种情况, 就好像他/她正在重温真实的事件过程, 包括在真实情况下出现的动作、人和情绪 (请参见图 1中的一个创伤性脚本示例)。所想象的创伤情况通常与其他类型的非创伤性场景进行比较。
脚本驱动的图像主要用于受 PTSD 影响的各种人群, e. g。越南退伍军人15,17, 事故的受害者18和前政治犯19。通常发现了一种增强的对创伤性线索的反应性, 但也有几个结果表明, 对创伤相关刺激 (e. g) 缺乏如此高的反应活性, 2000;戴维斯et al, 1996)15,20。随着对创伤后应激障碍的心理生理学知识的不断增加, 心理生理学研究在外伤相关和其他心理疾病方面也有了越来越大的进展。同时, 脚本驱动的图像范式已经成功地应用于研究桶21、22中的分离过程。
本文提出了一项协议, 以调查在脚本驱动的创伤相关的图像中, 有报告高浓度 PD 的人是否主要表现为游离反应和抑制自主反应的关系23,24. 此外, 我们的研究旨在证明是否有临床上不同的 BPD 亚群, 由结构化的临床访谈和症状量表测试。本议定书结合了广泛的标准化临床评估和测量生理 (HR 和 SC) 和主观反应在脚本驱动的图像范式。对与创伤相关的个性化脚本的反应与描写日常事件的剧本进行了比较分析。该协议为研究分离过程及其对心理病理学和心理生理学特征的影响提供了一个模型。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Experimental Runtime System (ERTS) Version 3.32</td>
			<td>BeriSoft Cooperation, Frankfurt/Main, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We used a scripting language based computer programme wich sends simultanously auditory stimuli to a headphone and marker signals to a psychophysiological recording device at millisecond accuracy.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopac MP150 system</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We recorded the physiological data by using this hardware .</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AcqKnowledge software</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We recorded the physiological data by using this software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VOC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Format for the auditory files for instructions and script, compatibele with the stimulus presentation software.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a psychophysiological script-driven imagery experiment to study trauma-related dissociation in borderline personality disorder

该协议提供了一个心理生理学实验的详细描述, 使用脚本驱动的创伤相关图像和标准化的临床仪器在比较设计评估生理和心理病理学特征有桶的人。本方法旨在研究创伤相关离解的心理和生理效应。由于创伤相关疾病的 psychodiagnostic 分类依赖于对生命威胁的进化决定的反应的观察, 一个综合评估范式为研究创伤记忆的反应提出了一个非常适当的方法学方法。
受雇脚本驱动的图像范式使用个人召回指令激活与创伤相关的记忆网络, 并提示相关的情绪和生理反应。这些反应是通过自我评价尺度和生理评估来衡量的。在个人回忆中, 参与者被要求生动地想象创伤和日常的经历以及由他们事先与实验者一起创作的简短的个性化语言脚本触发的其他情况。可以测量多种不同的情感反应和生理参数。我们用这个范式来研究在桶内的游离态, 并发现游离态的生理和情感关联。一些参与者有严重的创伤后遗症。
为了调查同一诊断组内不同的反应模式, 应包括不同程度的创伤病史、症状严重性和共同患病的参与者。通过使用短的口头剧本, 在不影响调查对象有效性的情况下, 受试者的压力水平尽可能低。

有许多行为反映在情绪和生理反应, 可以研究的脚本驱动的图像范式。例如, 该设计适合于研究创伤相关记忆的情绪和生理反应模式。我们特别感兴趣的是验证是否有一个独特的桶子群, 主要特征是游离反应模式。
在我们的研究42中, 评估是在 Suedwuerttemberg 大学精神病学和心理治疗科 (精神病学中心) 进行的。这...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder at JoVE.com

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

我们提出了一个个性化脚本驱动的创伤相关图像和临床评估的协议, 在调查 peritraumatic 离解 (PD), 心理生理学反应, 即心率 (HR) 和皮肤电导 (SC) 比较设计和心理特征, 经常受到严重创伤的人有边缘性人格障碍 (BPD)。

用心理生理学脚本驱动的图像实验研究边缘人格障碍的创伤相关离解

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

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12.2K 次观看.  Ulm University. 我们提出了一个个性化脚本驱动的创伤相关图像和临床评估的协议, 在调查 peritraumatic 离解 (PD), 心理生理学反应, 即心率 (HR) 和皮肤电导 (SC) 比较设计和心理特征, 经常受到严重创伤的人有边缘性人格障碍 (BPD)。

视频: Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

使用操作性口面疼痛评估设备（OPAD）测量伤害行为的变化

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

信号衰减为强迫症的大鼠模型

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

情绪调节策略的童年有效性的心理生理评估

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For example, in the cat, visual information about an impending obstacle can modulate stepping for avoidance. Locomotor adaptation can also occur independent of vision, as sudden tactile inputs to the leg by an expected obstacle can modify the stepping of all four legs for avoidance. Such complex locomotor coordination involves supraspinal structures, such as the parietal cortex. This protocol describes the use of reversible, cooling-induced cortical deactivation to assess parietal cortex contributions to memory-guided obstacle locomotion in the cat. Small cooling loops, known as cryoloops, are specially shaped to deactivate discrete regions of interest to assess their contributions to an overt behavior. Such methods have been used to elucidate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the cat.

Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.

可逆冷却诱导 Deactivations 对行走猫的障碍记忆的皮层贡献研究

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

语义启动事件相关电位 (ERP) 研究自闭症频谱障碍词汇语义和视觉语义处理

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

利用基于课堂的 deese roediger mcdermott 范式评估意象对虚假记忆的影响

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as personality. Here, we describe a behavioral protocol designed for the study of the influence of zebrafish personality on their orientation response to multiple external environmental cues, specifically water currents and magnetic fields. This protocol aims to understand whether proactive or reactive zebrafish display different rheotactic thresholds (i.e., the flow speed at which the fish start swimming upstream) when the surrounding magnetic field changes its direction. To identify zebrafish with the same personality, fish are introduced in the dark half of a tank connected with a narrow opening to a bright half. Only proactive fish explore the novel, bright environment. Reactive fish do not exit the dark half of the tank. A swimming tunnel with low flow rates is used to determine the rheotactic threshold. We describe two setups to control the magnetic field in the tunnel, in the range of the earth&#8217;s magnetic field intensity: one that controls the magnetic field along the flow direction (one dimension) and one that allows a three-axial control of the magnetic field. Fish are filmed while experiencing a stepwise increase of the flow speed in the tunnel under different magnetic fields. Data on the orientation behavior are collected through a video-tracking procedure and applied to a logistic model to allow the determination of the rheotactic threshold. We report representative results collected from shoaling zebrafish. Specifically, these demonstrate that only reactive, prudent fish show variations of the rheotactic threshold when the magnetic field varies in its direction, while proactive fish do not respond to magnetic field changes. This methodology can be applied to the study of magnetic sensitivity and rheotactic behavior of many aquatic species, both displaying solitary or shoaling swimming strategies.

We describe a behavioral protocol designed to assess how zebrafish&#8217;s personalities influence their response to water currents and weak magnetic fields. Fishes with the same personalities are separated based on their explorative behavior. Then, their rheotactic orientation behavior in a swimming tunnel with a low flow rate and under different magnetic conditions is observed.