Name: a flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay for the assessment of human nk cell activity
Uploaded: 2017-08-09T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 8 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity at JoVE.com

我们要感谢吉尔纳西索，加州大学洛杉矶分校免疫遗传学中心，她求助与手稿的准备。

Samples were collected according to the ethical guidelines established by the UCLA Human Research Protection Program and IRB approved.
1. Preparation of reagents
NOTE: Unless otherwise stated, all reagents should be allowed to equilibrate at room temperature prior to use. All reagents must remain sterile.
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a 2x working solution of Tween-20 (i.e., 0.2%) by adding 10&#160;&#181;L of Tween-20 solution to 5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without calcium and magnesium with a p20 pipette.
	<ol>
		<li>Given the high viscosity of Tween-20, take the following steps to ensure accuracy: collect slowly to avoid bubble formation, do not submerge the entire tip to avoid carry-over, and pipette up and down several times in PBS to wash out all Tween-20 from the tip.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Add 2 &#181;L of IL-2 stock solution (2.1E6 IU/mL) to 198 &#181;L of complete media (i.e., 1:100 dilution), which is RPMI with 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), then proceed to an additional 1:100 dilution by adding 2 &#181;L of IL-2 intermediate solution to 198 &#181;L of complete media to prepare a 7x working solution (210 IU/mL).</li>
	<li>Add 2 &#181;L of CFSE stock solution (5 mM) to 500 &#181;L of plain media (RPMI). Vortex, spin down to remove drops from the cap, then proceed with an additional 1:20 dilution by adding 50 &#181;L of the CFSE intermediate solution to 950 &#181;L of plain RPMI to obtain a 2x working solution of 1 &#181;M. Vortex well and keep protected from light.</li>
</ol>
2. Isolation of PBMCs as effector cells
NOTE: This assay has been validated for effective use with total PBMCs from healthy controls. However, it is recommended that NK cell content be verified with each PBMC preparation (Figure 1). Also, the volume of whole blood for collection is based on the frequency of NK cells in peripheral whole blood and this may vary from person to person, particularly between healthy donors and patients.
<ol>
	<li>Collect a minimum of 4 mL of human whole blood in sodium or lithium heparinized blood collection tubes. Store blood samples at room temperature upon collection and use within 30 h of collection.</li>
	<li>Dilute whole blood with 4 mL of PBS (i.e. equal volume of PBS to whole blood).</li>
	<li>Add 4 mL of density gradient solution (see table of materials) to a 15-mL conical tube. Carefully overlay diluted whole blood over the density gradient solution by tilting the tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 650 x g for 24 min with the brake off.</li>
	<li>Carefully collect the layer of mononuclear cells, which is the thin white layer below the top layer of plasma and platelets, into a new 15-mL conical tube. Bring the volume to 15 mL with PBS.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 450 x g for 10 min with the brake on. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend cells in 0.5 mL of complete media.</li>
	<li>Use an automated cell counter or hemocytometer to count the cells, and adjust the PBMC&#160;concentration to 5x106 cells/mL with complete media.</li>
	<li>Check the NK cell content by flow cytometry (see step 4).</li>
	<li>Start the assay within 30 min. Keep cells at room temperature for up to 10 min, or place in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C until ready for use.</li>
</ol>
3. Isolation of NK cells as effector cells
NOTE: This portion of the protocol is an alternative to using total PBMCs as effector cells. The typical yield from 4 mL of whole blood from a healthy individual is approximately 4x105 NK cells, or approximately 5-15% of PBMCs, though this frequency varies between donors 21. It is recommended that a purity check be performed after the isolation.
<ol>
	<li>Collect a minimum of 4 mL of human whole blood in sodium or lithium heparinized blood collection tubes. Take 50 &#181;L of whole blood to stain as a pre-enrichment sample.</li>
	<li>Add the enrichment cocktail to blood samples at 50 &#181;L/mL (see table of materials). Mix well and incubate for 10 min at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Add an equal volume of PBS + 2% FBS to dilute the sample and gently mix well.</li>
	<li>Add 4 mL of density gradient solution to a 15-mL conical tube. Carefully overlay the diluted sample on top of the density gradient medium.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 1,200 x g for 10 min with the brake off.</li>
	<li>Carefully collect the layer of enriched cells into a new 15-mL conical tube. Wash the cells by bringing the volume up to 50 mL with PBS + 2% FBS.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min. Discard the supernatant and repeat the wash.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend cells in 0.5 mL of complete media.</li>
	<li>Using an automated cell counter or hemocytometer, count the cells and adjust the concentration to 5x105 cells/mL. Take 50 &#181;L of purified cell suspension to stain as a post-enrichment sample.</li>
	<li>Keep cells at room temperature for up to 10 min, or place in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C until ready for use.</li>
</ol>
4. Immunophenotyping for assessment of NK cell content
<ol>
	<li>Using 50 &#181;L total isolated PBMCs, pre-enrichment whole blood, or purified NK cells, stain with anti-CD56 fluorochrome-conjugated antibody as an NK cell marker. Markers for other cell types and lineages (i.e. CD3+ T cells, CD19+ B cells) may also be included to assess the origin of contamination, if any.</li>
	<li>Incubate for 20 min at 4 &#176;C, and wash by adding 2 mL of PBS + 2% FBS.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 450 x g for 5 min.</li>
	<li>For PBMCs or NK cells, aspirate supernatant and resuspend cells in 100 &#181;L of PBS + 2% FBS.</li>
	<li>For whole blood samples, perform red blood cell (RBC) lysis:
	<ol>
		<li>After centrifugation, aspirate the supernatant and resuspend in 2 mL red blood cell lysis buffer (31.75 g of ammonium chloride + 4.16 g of Tris base + 6.65 g of EDTA, dissolved in 5000 mL of deionized water).</li>
		<li>Incubate for 10 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Repeat wash twice, aspirate the supernatant, and resuspend lysed sample in 100 &#181;L of PBS + 2% FBS. 
		NOTE: RBC lysis may also be performed prior to staining.</li>
		<li>Proceed with flow cytometric analysis.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Thawing, culturing, and harvesting of K562 target cells
<ol>
	<li>Aliquot 10 mL of complete media into a 15-mL conical tube and allow to warm in a 37 &#176;C water bath. For the thawing and culturing of K562 cells, use only media pre-warmed to 37 &#176;C for all steps.</li>
	<li>Place one vial of frozen K562 cells in the 37 &#176;C water bath until most of it is thawed.</li>
	<li>Transfer the semi-thawed K562 cells to the complete media, pre-warmed to 37 &#176;C, in the 15-mL conical tube. Wash the inside of the cryogenic vial with some pre-warmed media, and add the wash to the 15-mL tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 140 x g for 7 min with the brake on. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of complete media.</li>
	<li>Aliquot an appropriate amount of cell suspension to count cells using an automated cell counter or hemocytometer.</li>
	<li>Adjust the concentration to 1x105-2x105 cells/mL&#160;and culture in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C for at least 2 days before use. Maintain the culture at this density range for no longer than 3 months, then thaw a new aliquot.&#160;Never exceed a cell concentration of 1x106 cells/mL in culture.</li>
	<li>For use in the assay, mix the K562 cell culture well with a 10-mL serological pipette and remove an aliquot to count and assess cell viability using an automated cell counter or hemocytometer and Trypan Blue staining.
	<ol>
		<li>If the viability is less than 85%, proceed with the following dead cell removal steps.
		<ol>
			<li>Add 15 mL of density gradient solution to 50-mL conical tubes, as needed. Collect all cells from culture and slowly overlay the cell suspension over the density gradient solution by tilting the tube.</li>
			<li>Centrifuge at 650 x gfor 24 min with brake off. Carefully collect the layer of live cells into a new 15-mL conical tube. Bring the volume to 50 mL with PBS.</li>
			<li>Centrifuge at 450 x g for 10 min with the brake on. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of complete media. Count the cells and check cell viability (as in 5.7).</li>
			<li>Culture in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C for at least 2 days before use.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Collect 5x105 K562 target cells and centrifuge at 140 x g for 7 min. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 500 &#181;L in media with 1% FBS.</li>
</ol>
6. Labeling of K562 target cells
NOTE: Make sure the K562 cells are well resuspended before adding the CFSE working solution.
<ol>
	<li>Pipette 500 &#181;L of the CFSE working solution to the 500 &#181;L of K562 cells for a final concentration of 0.5 &#181;M. Using the same 1000-1250 &#181;L tip, mix immediately by gently pipetting up and down 3-5 times.</li>
	<li>Incubate in the 37 &#176;C water bath or in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C for 10 min in the dark. 
	NOTE: Since the temperature equilibration lag time is longer in the incubator compared to the water bath, incubation time might need to be adjusted especially for volumes &#62; 1 mL.</li>
	<li>Quench the labeling reaction with 10 mL of complete media for 10 min in the dark at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the labeled K562 cells at 140 x g for 7 min. Remove the supernatant and resuspend in 1 mL of complete media.</li>
	<li>Count the cells using an automated cell counter or hemocytometer and bring the concentration to 1x105 cells/mL in complete media.</li>
	<li>Place cells in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C until ready for use. Cells can be kept at room temperature for up to 10 min, or in in a humidified CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C until ready for use. Do not refrigerate.</li>
</ol>
7. Plating
NOTE: If NK cells are limiting, the concentration of both K562 and NK cells can be halved, so that half of the cells are plated in the assay. The assay yields comparable results with half the amount of cells (as long as the ratios are kept consistent).
<ol>
	<li>If using total PBMCs, label a 96-well, U-bottom, tissue culture-treated plate for the following conditions per well: (1) Effector (E) : Target (T) = 50 : 1 + IL-2 - positive control for NK cell cytotoxicity; (2) E : T = 50 : 1; (3) E : T = 25 : 1; (4) E : T = 12.5 : 1; (5) E : T = 6.25 : 1; (6) T - target cells only - negative control for K562 death; (7) E - effector cells only; (8) T + Tween - Positive control for K562 death</li>
	<li>If using purified NK cells, label a 96-well, U-bottom, tissue culture treated plate for the following conditions per well: (1) Effector (E) : Target (T) = 5: 1&#160;+ IL-2 - positive control for NK cell cytotoxicity; (2) E : T = 5 : 1; (3) E : T = 2.5 : 1; (4) E : T = 1.25 : 1; (5) E : T = 0.625: 1; (6) T - target cells only - negative control for K562 death; (7) E - effector cells only; (8) T + Tween - positive control for K562 death</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of complete media to conditions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. For this and all subsequent steps, (recommended) use a multichannel pipette.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of effector cells (PBMCs at 5x106 cells/mL or purified NK cells at 5x105 cells/mL) to conditions 1, 2, 3. Add effector cells for conditions 4-7 by serial dilution. Do not change tips from condition to condition.
	<ol>
		<li>Mix condition 3, take 100 &#181;L, and transfer to condition 4.</li>
		<li>Mix condition 4, take 100 &#181;L, and transfer to condition 5.</li>
		<li>Mix condition 5, take 100 &#181;L, and transfer to condition 7; Condition 6 does not have effector cells.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of prepared 2x 0.2% Tween working solution to condition 8 (final concentration: 0.1% Tween-20); condition 8 does not have effector cells.</li>
	<li>Add 30 &#181;L of IL-2 working solution to condition 1. IL-2 should be added to the effector cell suspension prior to the addition of target cell suspension (final concentration: 27 IU/mL).</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of target cells (labeled K562 cells at 1x105 cells/mL) to conditions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8. Condition 7 does not have target cells.</li>
	<li>Mix all wells with a multichannel pipette and centrifuge the plate at 120 x g for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Incubate in a humidified CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C for 4 h. At the end of the incubation, place the plate on ice and proceed to viability staining within 30 min.</li>
</ol>
8. Staining for viability and acquisition
<ol>
	<li>Prepare dead cell stain (see table of materials) by adding 3 &#181;L of the 5 &#181;M stock solution to 600 &#181;L of PBS.</li>
	<li>Add 50 &#181;L of diluted dead cell stain to each well for a final volume of 250 &#181;L and a final concentration of 0.005 &#181;M. Mix well with a multichannel pipette.</li>
	<li>Proceed with flow cytometric analysis. Using a flow cytometer, collect at least 1,000 events in the target cell gate (Figure 2) for statistically meaningful results.</li>
</ol>

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作者宣称没有的财务上的利益冲突。

这里介绍的方法提供了一个简单和具有成本效益的替代传统51铬释放检测评估 NK 细胞杀伤活性。此方法是灵敏、 重现性好，比以前的标准方法，像 cra 法案，耗时少，可以用于临床和研究应用程序。
同时测定工程与总外周血和浓缩的 NK 细胞，而无需使用外周血净化细胞群体的选项是极大的好处与小卷收集的血或少或质量差细胞来自病人的样本打交道时。这种测定方?...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/56191/a-flow-cytometry-based-cytotoxicity-assay-for-assessment-human-nk">A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity</a>. Figure 4 has been corrected to show background-corrected data.
Figure 4 was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56191/56191fig4v1.jpg" />
to:
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56191/56191fig4v2.jpg" />

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/56191/a-flow-cytometry-based-cytotoxicity-assay-for-assessment-human-nk">A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity</a>. Figure 4 has been corrected to show background-corrected data.

Erratum: A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞是人类先天淋巴细胞批判地参与消除病毒感染的细胞，转化的细胞和其他致病性威胁1，2的复杂的子集。NK 细胞裂解颗粒房子像穿孔素和 granzymes 细胞毒性蛋白质。激活后，NK 细胞形成复杂的互动关系，与他们的目标称为免疫突触，藉以本地释放这些细胞毒性分子，造成的直接目标细胞裂解和细胞凋亡与细胞因子和趋化因子的释放，并最终在诱导炎症状态1，，34。
NK 细胞活化涉及复杂的字符串的激活和抑制相互作用 NK 细胞受体与配体形成严格监管的系统的靶细胞表面表达。NK 细胞活化的研究最机制之一是"缺少自我"。事实上，缺乏检测类我主要组织相容性复合物 (MHC) 上或人类白细胞抗原 (HLA) 分子的感染或转化细胞触发器 NK 细胞毒性。肿瘤和病毒感染的细胞普遍下调这些抗原逃避 T 细胞介导的免疫功能，从而成为初级 NK 细胞目标1，，34。
NK 细胞功能的评估主要分为肥大或细胞毒性检测方法。然而，脱颗粒含量测定，如 CD107a，肥大关联标记流流式细胞术检测仅仅是功能的指示性的 NK 细胞活化而不是功能的其最终，直接杀死目标细胞5，，67，8的。因此，这种限制已经提请调查人员细胞毒性试验作为一种更生动、 更直接的替代。
长期的"金本位"评估细胞介导的细胞毒活性的 T 和 NK 细胞是铬释放检测 (CRA)。CRA 涉及放射性标记的靶细胞与51Cr 和效应器细胞共同孵育他们。这种测定方法被沉浸在那细胞裂解结果中释放的蛋白质绑定51Cr 到上清液，可以通过伽玛计数测量的原理。这种测定方法，同时有效，是有问题的各种原因: 材料成本高、 处理和处置放射性51Cr、 51Cr，自发释放和困难标准化-使它完全不切实际9，10。
大量的非放射性检测，涉及荧光标记、 酶释放和甚至生物发光，已经得到发展，作为 CRA 11，，1213，14的替代品。在这里，我们可以描述流测量的 NK 细胞杀伤活性对 k562 细胞的靶细胞，是简单、 灵敏，基于流式细胞仪的方法。K562 细胞是人类 erythroleukemic 细胞线与 HLA 类表达减少第一和配体的活化 NK 受体，这使得它们特别容易受到 NK 细胞介导的细胞毒性15高度的表达。在这种测定方法，K562 细胞前带有羧基荧光素二乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯 (CFSE) 和共培养在各种比率与任一外周血单个核细胞 （外周血） 或纯化 NK 细胞1。CFSE 是稳定、 蛋白结合的荧光染料，允许歧视的靶细胞效应器 NK 细胞16，17日。共同孵育后, 核酸染色，具体渗透膜的死细胞，用于标识被杀死的靶细胞 （见材料表）。样品上流式细胞仪来确定死 （即，染色 +） 的百分比，得出 CFSE + 靶细胞。
这种测定方法可以用作常规的诊断筛查，为单基因缺陷影响 NK 细胞隔间，其中有大约 30 已知的缺陷导致功能或经典 NK 细胞缺乏症，并为原发性或继发性噬血细胞综合征。它也是用于调查患者反复发作，严重的疱疹病毒感染，评价免疫重建造血细胞移植或邮政免疫调节治疗18，，1920后, 为基本研究应用程序宿主 NK 细胞活性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Phosphate-buffered Saline (1x, w/o Ca2+ and Mg2+)</td><td>Corning (Cellgro)</td><td>21-040-CM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>17-1440-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Sigma</td><td>BP337-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 Media</td><td>Corning (Cellgro)</td><td>10-040-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Omega Scientific</td><td>FB-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin Streptomycin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140-163</td><td>Stock solution at 10,000 U/mL</td></tr><tr><td>IL-2</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>202-IL-050</td><td>Lyophilized from a 0.2 &amp;mu;m filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein. Reconstitute with 500 ul at 100 &amp;mu;g/mL in sterile 100 mM Acetic Acid containing at least 0.1% bovine serum albumin (2.1x10E6 IU/ml)</td></tr><tr><td>K562 Cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-243</td><td>Cancer cell line&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>T-75 cell culture flasks</td><td>Corning</td><td>431464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CFSE cell proliferation kit</td><td>Life Technologies (CellTrace)</td><td>C34554</td><td>Reconstitute I vial with 18 ul DMSO to prepare a 5mM stock solution. Do not freeze/thaw.</td></tr><tr><td>Sytox Red</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>S34859</td><td>Stock solution is provided at 5 &amp;mu;M in 1 mL DMSO. The DMSO solution may be subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles without reagent degradation.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium/lithium heparin blood collection tubes</td><td>BD</td><td>02-687-95</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U-bottom 96-well plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>CLS3897</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serological pipettes</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene round-bottom tubes (5mL)</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>14959-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL polypropylene conical tube</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mL polypropylene conical tube</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reagent reservoir</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>2321-2230</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human NK cell enrichment cocktail</td><td>StemCell Technologies (RosetteSep)</td><td>15065</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay for the assessment of human nk cell activity

先天免疫系统内效应器淋巴细胞称为自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞在宿主防御对异常细胞，专门消除肿瘤和病毒感染细胞发挥了重要的作用。大约 30 已知的单基因缺陷，一大批其他的病理状况，导致功能或经典 NK 细胞缺陷，表现在减少或缺失细胞毒活性。历史上，还用放射性方法，它是繁琐、 昂贵和有潜在危险的方法研究了细胞毒性。这篇文章描述了一个精简、 临床适用流流式细胞仪基于方法量化 NK 细胞杀伤活性。这种测定方法，外周血单个核细胞 （外周血） 或纯化的 NK 细胞制剂在不同比例共同孵育与已知为 NK 细胞介导的细胞毒性 (NKCC) 对敏感目标肿瘤细胞系。靶细胞是预先标记荧光的荧光染料，使他们从效应器细胞 （NK 细胞） 的歧视。后潜伏期，杀死的靶细胞核酸染色，具体地渗透到死细胞由标识。此方法是服从既诊断研究和应用，得益于多参数流式细胞的能力，有好处，有可能使 NK 细胞表型和功能的更深入的分析。

在设置前检测，强烈建议 NK 细胞内容会在选择的效应器人口评估。图 1显示了典型 CD56 沾色 （浅蓝色） 之前和之后 （红色） NK 细胞富集。NK 细胞组成达 15%的外周血和浓缩后应至少 80%的纯。
流式细胞术分析这种测定方法中的涉及的两个参数的检测: CFSE，检出相同的通道作为 FITC;和死细胞染色，在相同?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity at JoVE.com

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

示了流基于流式细胞仪的方法定量地确定人类自然杀手细胞的细胞毒活性。

人外周血 NK 细胞活性评估流基于流式细胞仪检测细胞毒性检测

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

a-flow-cytometry-based-cytotoxicity-assay-for-assessment-human-nk

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

23.7K 次观看.  University of California, Los Angeles. 示了流基于流式细胞仪的方法定量地确定人类自然杀手细胞的细胞毒活性。

视频: A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells 

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of NK cells and ability to expand in vitro has restricted development of NK cell immunotherapy. Here we describe a method to efficiently expand vast quantities of functional NK cells ex vivo using K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL21, as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC).
NK cell adoptive therapies to date have utilized a cell product obtained by steady-state leukapheresis of the donor followed by depletion of T cells or positive selection of NK cells. The product is usually activated in IL-2 overnight and then administered the following day 1. Because of the low frequency of NK cells in peripheral blood, relatively small numbers of NK cells have been delivered in clinical trials.
The inability to propagate NK cells in vitro has been the limiting factor for generating sufficient cell numbers for optimal clinical outcome. Some expansion of NK cells (5-10 fold over 1-2 weeks) has be achieved through high-dose IL-2 alone 2. Activation of autologous T cells can mediate NK cell expansion, presumably also through release of local cytokine 3. Support with mesenchymal stroma or artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can support the expansion of NK cells from both peripheral blood and cord blood 4. Combined NKp46 and CD2 activation by antibody-coated beads is currently marketed for NK cell expansion (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA), resulting in approximately 100-fold expansion in 21 days.
Clinical trials using aAPC-expanded or -activated NK cells are underway, one using leukemic cell line CTV-1 to prime and activate NK cells5 without significant expansion. A second trial utilizes EBV-LCL for NK cell expansion, achieving a mean 490-fold expansion in 21 days6. The third utilizes a K562-based aAPC transduced with 4-1BBL (CD137L) and membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15)7, which achieved a mean NK expansion 277-fold in 21 days. Although, the NK cells expanded using K562-41BBL-mIL15 aAPC are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo compared to unexpanded NK cells, and participate in ADCC, their proliferation is limited by senescence attributed to telomere shortening8. More recently a 350-fold expansion of NK cells was reported using K562 expressing MICA, 4-1BBL and IL159.
Our method of NK cell expansion described herein produces rapid proliferation of NK cells without senescence achieving a median 21,000-fold expansion in 21 days.

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Here we describe a method to efficiently expand and purify large numbers of human NK cells and assess their function.

人外周血NK细胞的扩展，纯化和功能评估

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

科研

免疫与感染

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK cells to recognize and lyse HIV-1 infected cells because identifying any aberrancy in NK cell function against HIV-infected cells could potentially lead to therapies that would enhance their cytolytic activity. There is a need to use HIV-infected primary T-cell blasts as target cells rather then infected-T-cell lines in the cytotoxicity assays. T-cell lines, even without infection, are quite susceptible to NK cell lysis. Furthermore, it is necessary to use autologous primary cells to prevent major histocompatibility complex class I mismatches between the target and effector cell that will result in lysis. Early studies evaluating NK cell cytolytic responses to primary HIV-infected cells failed to show significant killing of the infected cells 1,2. However, using HIV-1 infected primary T-cells as target cells in NK cell functional assays has been difficult due the presence of contaminating uninfected cells 3. This inconsistent infected cell to uninfected cell ratio will result in variation in NK cell killing between samples that may not be due to variability in donor NK cell function. Thus, it would be beneficial to work with a purified infected cell population in order to standardize the effector to target cell ratios between experiments 3,4. Here we demonstrate the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected cells by taking advantage of HIV-1's ability to down-modulate CD4 on infected cells and the availability of commercial kits to remove dead or dying cells 3-6. The purified infected primary T-cell blasts can then be used as targets in either a degranulation or cytotoxic assay with purified NK cells as the effector population 5-7. Use of NK cells as effectors in a degranulation assay evaluates the ability of an NK cell to release the lytic contents of specialized lysosomes 8 called "cytolytic granules". By staining with a fluorochrome conjugated antibody against CD107a, a lysosomal membrane protein that becomes expressed on the NK cell surface when the cytolytic granules fuse to the plasma membrane, we can determine what percentage of NK cells degranulate in response to target cell recognition. Alternatively, NK cell lytic activity can be evaluated in a cytotoxic assay that allows for the determination of the percentage of target cells lysed by release of 51Cr from within the target cell in the presence of NK cells.

Cytotoxicity assays to measure natural killer cell lytic responses to HIV-infected cells is limited by the purity of the target cells. We demonstrate here the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected primary T-cell blasts by taking advantage of HIV-1 s ability to down-modulate CD4.

制备和使用艾滋病毒感染主的CD4 + T细胞作为靶细胞，自然杀伤细胞的细胞毒性检测

 Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

基于细胞的流式细胞仪检测，以测量细胞毒活性

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and virus-infected or malignantly transformed cells due to a set of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Upon virus or tumor cell recognition a variety of different NK cell functions are initiated including cytotoxicity against the target cell as well as cytokine and chemokine production leading to the activation of other immune cells. It has been demonstrated that accurate NK cell functions are crucial for the treatment outcome of different virus infections and malignant diseases. Here a simple and reliable method is described to analyze different NK cell functions using a flow cytometry-based assay. NK cell functions can be evaluated not only for the whole NK cell population, but also for different NK cell subsets. This technique enables scientists to easily study NK cell functions in healthy donors or patients in order to reveal their impact on different malignancies and to further discover new therapeutic strategies.

A simple and reliable method is described here to analyze a set of NK cell functions such as degranulation, cytokine and chemokine production within different NK cell subsets.

流式细胞仪为基础的检测方法的NK细胞功能的监控

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

人全血中NK细胞杀伤活性的流式细胞仪分析

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

A Plate-based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Rat Placental Natural Killer Cell Cytolytic Function

It is well known that decidual natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy. Recent studies have demonstrated an altered population of circulating and decidual NK cells in women who suffer from adverse pregnancy complications such as recurrent miscarriage and preeclampsia. Studies from our group have shown that hypertension in pregnancy is associated with an increased population of activated NK cells in the placenta based on the expression of surface activation markers. This manuscript provides a detailed protocol to assess the cytotoxic function of NK cells isolated from placentas in a preeclampsia-like animal model of surgically induced placental ischemia. The following steps are described in detail: generation of single cell suspension, NK cell isolation, ex vivo stimulation, effector:target cell co-culture, and the cytotoxicity assay.

Here, we provide a detailed methodology to isolate and assess cytotoxic function of natural killer cells from placentas by a colorimetric plate assay. The reduced uterine perfusion pressure rat model of placental ischemia was chosen to demonstrate the antibody-mediated isolation and assessment of the cytotoxic function of natural killer cells.

一种基于板的大鼠胎盘自然杀伤细胞细胞细胞溶解功能评价的细胞毒性测定

It is well known that decidual natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy. Recent studies have ...

Assessment of Human Natural Killer Cell Events Driven by Fc&#947;RIIIa Engagement in the Presence of Therapeutic Antibodies

One mechanism of action for clinical efficacy by therapeutic antibodies is the promotion of immune-related functions, such as cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity, driven by Fc&#947;RIIIa (CD16) expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. These observations have led to research focusing on methods to increase Fc receptor-mediated events, which include removal of a fucose moiety found on the Fc portion of the antibody. Further studies have elucidated the mechanistic changes in signaling, cellular processes, and cytotoxic characteristics that increase ADCC activity with afucosylated antibodies. Additionally, other studies have shown the potential benefits of these antibodies in combination with small molecule inhibitors. These experiments demonstrated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the benefits of using afucosylated antibodies in combination settings. Many of these observations were based on an artificial in vitro activation assay in which the Fc&#947;RIIIa on human NK cells was activated by therapeutic antibodies. This assay provided the flexibility to study downstream effector NK cell functions, such as cytokine production and degranulation. In addition, this assay has been used to interrogate signaling pathways and identify molecules that can be modulated or used as biomarkers. Finally, other therapeutic molecules (i.e., small molecule inhibitors) have been added to the system to provide insights into the combination of these therapeutics with therapeutic antibodies, which is essential in the current clinical space. This manuscript aims to provide a technical foundation for performing this artificial human NK cell activation assay. The protocol demonstrates key steps for cell activation as well as potential downstream applications that range from functional readouts to more mechanistic observations.

A protocol for studying Fc&#947;RIIIa-driven events by therapeutic antibodies in human natural killer cells is described here. This artificial stimulation platform permits the interrogation of downstream effector functions such as degranulation, chemokine/cytokine production, and signaling pathways mediated by the Fc&#947;RIIIa and Fc portions of antibodies involved in binding.

在存在治疗性抗体的情况下，由FcγRIIIa参与驱动的人类自然杀伤细胞事件的评估

One mechanism of action for clinical efficacy by therapeutic antibodies is the promotion of immune-related functions, such as cytokine secretion and ...

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of the cytotoxic lymphocyte population of the innate immune system and participate as a first line of defense by clearing pathogen-infected, malignant, and stressed cells. The ability of NK cells to eradicate cancer cells makes them an important tool in the fight against cancer. Several new immune-based therapies are under investigation for cancer treatment which rely either on enhancing NK cell activity or increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to NK cell-mediated eradication. However, to effectively develop these therapeutic approaches, cost-effective in vitro assays to monitor NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and migration are also needed. Here, we present two in vitro protocols that can reliably and reproducibly monitor the effect of NK-cell cytotoxicity on cancer cells (or other target cells). These protocols are non-radioactivity-based, simple to set up, and can be scaled up for high-throughput screening. We also present a flow cytometry-based protocol to quantitatively monitor NK cell migration, which can also be scaled up for high-throughput screening. Collectively, these three protocols can be used to monitor key aspects of NK cell activity that are necessary for the cells&#39; ability to eradicate dysfunctional target cells.

Evasion of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated eradication by cancer cells is important for cancer initiation and progression. Here, we present two non-radioactivity-based protocols to evaluate NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward hepatic tumor cells. Additionally, a third protocol is presented to analyze NK cell migration.

肝肿瘤细胞背景下自然杀伤细胞介导细胞毒性和迁移的测量

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of the cytotoxic lymphocyte population of the innate immune system and participate as a first line of defense by ...

医学

Calcein Acetoxymethyl Staining to Evaluate Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity toward Cancer Cells

Source: Chava, S. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/60714">Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates an assay to measure the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells against cancer cells using the Calcein AM stain. The reduced number of fluorescent cancer cells following co-culture with natural killer cells indicates natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward cancer cells.

钙黄绿素乙酰氧基甲基染色评估自然杀伤细胞介导的对癌细胞的细胞毒性

Source: Chava, S. et al., Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells. J. Vis. Exp. ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunodiagnostics

Imaging and Visualization Techniques

Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Assay Sample Preparation for Flow Cytometric Analysis

Source: McBride, J. E., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54779">Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates the lytic activity of natural killer cells against fluorescently-stained target cells. The method enables NK cell-induced cytotoxicity measurement by staining dead cells and using a flow cytometer to quantify live and dead target cells.