Name: indoor experimental assessment of the efficiency and irradiance spot of the achromatic doublet on glass (adg) fresnel lens for concentrating photovoltaics
Uploaded: 2017-10-27T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics at Jo

这项工作得到了西班牙经济和竞争力部在 Acromalens 项目 (ENE2013-45229-P) 的部分支持, 并得到了欧洲联盟在项目 CPV 的2020期研究和创新计划的资助。根据授予协议640873的匹配。

1. 使用射线追踪模拟的透镜建模 <ol> <li> 型号准备 <ol> <li> 导入 ADG 菲涅尔透镜的几何形状到射线追踪模拟软件中, 并设置材料性能如透射率和折射率. 
		注: ADG 菲涅尔设计是在太阳能研究所开发的, 它包括基于基本光学原理的计算机代码, 如费马和 #39 原理、斯内尔和 #39 定律。利用透镜的材料色散曲线, 开发了设计方法。在其他地方 4 中介绍了设计方法的详细说明. </li>
		<li> 设置一个具有太阳真实特性的光源, 如角孔径和光谱分布. </li>
		<li> 将接收器放置在距透镜的距离等于标称焦距距离的位置. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig1.jpg"/> 图 1 。射线追踪模拟模型的截图。它可以观察光源, ADG 菲涅尔透镜 (包括玻璃基板, 弹性体, 和塑料双菲涅尔透镜), 和接收器用于测量辐照度在透镜光圈 (透镜接收器) 和辐照度在出口 (太阳细胞接收器)。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol start="2"> <li> 运行模拟并计算所需的结果, 如可达到的最大浓度和透镜光学效率。可达到的浓度被定义为透镜光阑与接收点所在区域之间的比值。光学效率被定义为在接收器的功率与透镜光学口径 10 的功率之间的比值. 
	注: 接收器的面积比透镜投射的光斑大得多, 以确保接收器收集由透镜传送的每束射线。这样, 计算出的光学效率就会考虑到材料吸收、反射和制造约束 (在拐角和山谷中绘制角度和刀尖舍入) 造成的损耗. </li>
	<li> 重复步骤 1.1. 和 1.2. 模拟传统的 silicone-on-glass (ADG) 菲涅尔透镜, 而不是用作基准的菲涅尔镜片. </li>
</ol> 2。太阳能电池特性 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig2.jpg"/> 图 2 。聚光太阳能电池用太阳能模拟器。太阳模拟器的照片, 用来描述太阳电池在集中辐照下的特性。在图的顶部, 它是可能的观察灯的位置决定浓度水平。在底部, 显示了参考组件太阳电池和被测器件的测量平面。在照片的左侧, 可以欣赏电子设备 (电源和数据采集器) 和用于进行特性描述的计算机。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol> <li> 太阳电池特性模拟器的校准 <ol> <li> 在太阳模拟器中的位置参考组件单元格 (顶部、中间和底部), 也称为 isotypes, 在参照下校准频谱和测试设备 (被测), 即要测量的太阳能电池. 
		注意: 将参考单元和被测器件尽可能紧密地放在一起, 以减少由于测量平面上的不均匀光照引起的可能误差. </li>
		<li> 调整闪光灯的定位 (高度), 以达到所需的浓度水平。进一步灯是从测量的平面, 更低的集中达到。
		<ol> <li> 频谱分布取决于光源的位置和闪光灯强度。添加必要的过滤器以调整频谱分布。在步骤2.2.1 中描述了获得类似于参考光谱的分布的过程. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 将 isotypes 和被测器件连接到太阳模拟器的数据采集 (数据采集) 板上. </li>
		<li> 使用文本编辑器, 创建包含要在单元电流电压 (IV) 曲线测量中使用的偏振值的文本文件。文本文件包含每个电压点的一行。更多的电压点导致更高的曲线定义。由于所有涉及的太阳能电池都是 MJ 太阳能电池, 极化值由0伏到 3.1 v 之间的值组成. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 测量 <ol> <li> 在整个 flash 衰减过程中的光照强度有一个初始峰值, 然后开始下降 ( 图 3 )。光谱分布也在整个闪光脉冲中被修改。传统的 MJ 太阳能电池由三 sub-cells, 不同的带串联而成。每个细胞都可以在不同的太阳光谱部分转换电能。因此, 由 MJ 太阳能电池产生的电流总是受到细胞产生最小电流的限制。要执行精确的测量, 选择一个辐照度水平, 其中两个 isotypes, 对应的顶部和中间 sub-cells, 指示完全相同的辐照度水平。这证实了细胞是在目标浓度水平和频谱下测量的。底部细胞表示的辐照度不重合的事实可以忽略不计。这是因为商业 Ge-based MJ 太阳能电池是从来没有电流限制这个细胞。 图 3 描述了此过程的图形说明. </li>
		<li> 一旦确定了测量所需的辐照度水平, 就开始 IV 测试。模拟器从步骤2.1.4 中定义的文本文件中读取偏振点。对于每一点, 设备对立在所需电压下的电池, 触发闪光灯, 并测量由太阳能电池产生的电流。对电流和电压值 (即 IV 曲线) 显示在计算机屏幕上. 
		注意: 从 IV 曲线可以获得短路电流 (I sc )、开路电压 (V oc )、填充因子 (FF) 和被测器件的效率 (即使在下一部分中, 只使用短路电流). </li>
		<li> 重复步骤 2.2.2. 在不同浓度水平上检查太阳电池光电流是否线性地依赖于浓度水平 (请参见 图 4 ), 因此, 校准后的电池可以用作光线传感器来确定透镜焦平面的辐照度。对于每个浓度水平, 调整闪光灯的频谱分布使用适当的过滤器, 以执行测量时, isotypes, 顶部和中间 sub-cells, 指示相同的辐射水平, 如在步骤2.2.1 中所解释. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig3.jpg"/> 图 3 。在闪光衰变过程中测量的震级的时间演化。在图上, 它被标记的瞬间, 当同种细胞, 对应于顶部和中间 sub-cells, 测量相同的辐照度水平。在从与顶部和中间 subcells 对应的曲线相交处开始的黑色虚线之后, 可以确定被测电流值 (黑色圆圈) 作为当前测量的精确时刻中的顶部和中间参考线sub-cells 看到相同的辐照度水平。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
 <img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig4.jpg"/> 图 4 。( A ) 用于进行实验测试的设置的方案。( B ) 实验装置及其组件 (光源与集成球体、透镜样品、CCD 相机和用作光传感器的太阳能电池) 的照片。抛物面镜和滤镜在这张照片中是不可见的。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig4large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
 3. 透镜特性. 
 <img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig5.jpg"/> 图 5 。图, 表示由 MJ 太阳能电池产生的光电流作为浓度函数的演化。正如预期的, 有一个线性依赖。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig5large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol> <li> 安装准备. 
	<ol> <li> 安装3轴自动定位平台: 计算机辅助的移动平台能够精确地控制标定的太阳能电池/CCD 相机与要测量的透镜之间的相对位置。
		<ol> <li> 检查3轴自动定位平台是否完全水平使用气泡级别. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 在平台和 #39 上安装太阳能电池/CCD 摄像机支持, 以这种方式可以控制其沿 x、y 和 z 轴的位置. </li>
		<li> 在步骤3.1.2 中描述的移动支架前面的平台上安装镜头支持。使用 x 和 y 轴上的移动支架, 就可以完美地将透镜与太阳能电池/CCD 摄像机目标相结合。移动持有人沿 z 轴, 它可以把太阳能电池/CCD 相机的目标在最佳焦距的镜头 (最小光斑大小) 和移动它沿其光轴. </li>
		<li> 连接每台设备 (自动定位平台、数据采集板以测量电池光电流、CCD 摄像机和氙气灯) 到用于执行整个实验测试的计算机. </li>
		<li> 测试所有连接设备的连接和操作。
		<ol> <li> 打开控制 CPV 的太阳模拟器的软件, 然后按下按钮和 #34; 光脉冲和 #34; 为了拍摄闪光灯。如果 flash 衰变图看起来与 图 3 类似, 则表示数据采集板、氙气灯、同种 subcells 和被测器件工作正常. </li>
			<li> 打开控制 CCD 摄像机的软件, 检查照相机是否正常工作. </li>
			<li> 打开控制计算机辅助移动平台的软件, 并使用它沿三轴移动移动支架。为此, 请在软件窗口左上列的坐标轴中选择一个坐标轴, 然后在 #34 中插入一个位置; 移动绝对和 #34; 脉冲和 #34; 运行和 #34;如果移动支架按预期移动, 则表示移动平台工作正常. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 清理并将镜片置于自动定位平台上安装的固定支架上进行测量. </li>
		<li> 在传感器前面, 放置热镜 (短路过滤器阻挡光波长长于 700 nm) 或冷镜 (波长短于 700 nm 的长通滤波器阻挡光) 
		注意: 步骤3.1.7。仅对使用 CCD 摄像机进行测量是必要的. </li>
		<li> 使用移动支架将太阳能电池/CCD 相机放在镜头的中央, 并将其放在最佳的焦点位置. </li>
		<li> 使用任何文本编辑器, 创建一个文本文件, 其中包含在每行中对应于测量点 (某一 lens-to-receiver 距离) 的坐标, 从单元格/CCD 摄像机的位置开始, 5 mm 靠近镜头, 而不是最佳焦距并且到位置5毫米进一步. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 测量阶段 <ol> 太阳电池测量 <li> 备注: 与前一节描述的太阳能电池模拟器一样, 太阳模拟器的光强和光谱分布CPV 在整个闪光衰变过程中变化。闪光衰变的图形表示类似于在步骤2.2.1 中描述的聚光器电池的太阳模拟装置所获得的图像。并在 图 3 中进行了描述。有一个初始峰值, 然后它减少。光谱分布在整个闪光衰变过程中发生变化。测量是在两个 isotypes, 对应于顶部和中间 sub-cells, 指示相同的辐照度水平的时刻进行. 
		注意: 相反到太阳模拟器的事例为太阳能电池在这种情况下, 我们有在辐照度水平的唯一的控制是闪光光强度和中性过滤器 <ol> <li> 一旦确定了最佳辐照度水平, 就有可能开始 测试.对于在步骤3.1.9 中定义的每个位置, 触发闪光灯。然后, 模拟器生成一个文本文件, 其中包含了整个闪光衰变过程中的数据信号, 由此可以推断出光集中在透镜下的太阳电池电流. </li>
			<li> 重复步骤从3.1.7 到 3.2.1.3. 为每个要测量的镜头. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> ccd 摄像机测量 <ol> <li> 为3.1.9 中定义的每个位置, 使用 CCD 摄像机, 拍摄生成的光点的照片. 
			注: 与热或冷镜耦合的摄像机 CCD 传感器的光谱响应与顶部和中间细胞相似 (参见 图 6 )。此外, 为了获得有用的信息照片, 有必要采取一些预防措施。首先, 必须调整闪光灯的光强, 以获得良好的信噪比, 同时不饱和 CCD 传感器。为此, 可以直接修改闪光灯强度或使用中性过滤器获得所需的辐照度水平。其次, 模拟器室是完全黑暗的, 以避免外部光源对测量的影响是非常重要的. </li>
			<li> 温度测量 <ol> <li> 将镜头放置在测量的 ins 上ide 在测试期间用于控制透镜温度的热室. </li>
				<li> 使用热量室, 改变透镜温度从10和 #176; c 到50和 #176; c 的步骤等于10和 #176; c。要做到这一点, 将镜片放在具有透明前盖的热室中. </li>
				<li> 使用 CCD 摄像机对不同温度进行测量的方法与3.2.2.1 中描述的相同. 
				注意: 正在测试的镜片的温度是通过连接到它的热电偶直接测量的。镜片表面的温度差低于2和 #176; C. </li>
			</ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig6.jpg"/> 图 6 。由冷镜或热玻璃 (空点) 过滤的 CCD 相机硅传感器的光谱响应 (sr), 用于模拟 3 J 晶格匹配的太阳能电池 (实心点) 的中间和顶部 sub-cells 的 sr。此图已从 10 中修改. 
<ol start="3"> <li> 通过太阳能电池测量获得的处理结果. 
	<ol> <li> 使用校准的同种单元元件以供参考, 确定太阳能电池顶部和中间 sub-cells 所产生的光电流, 作为每个位置的光线传感器 (有关如何估计顶部和中部的详细讨论photocurrents 从在闪光朽烂期间记录的信号提到 11 ). </li>
		<li> 绘制一个表示近似光电流的图, 作为顶部和中间 sub-cells 的 lens-to-receiver 距离函数. </li>
		<li> 比较使用 ADG 消色差菲涅尔透镜和菲涅尔透镜的结果. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 通过 CCD 摄像机测量获得的处理结果. 
	<ol> <li> 确定与 CCD 相机一起拍摄的照片中的光源的质心. 
		注: #34; 光和 #34 的质心; 辐照度图分布是该区域的中心, 其辐照度高于地图最大辐照度的 90%. </li>
		<li> 一旦确定了光斑质心, 就定义了一些可能的半径, 并为每一个, 计算在该圆中包含的光在照片中所包含的总辐照度的百分比. </li>
		<li> 计算光斑半径。它被定义为包含总辐照度的95% 的半径. 
		注: 95% 的值已被选择, 以避免人为的大斑点, 由于由外部来源的光进行的噪音, 即, 直接从氙气灯或从周围环境的光. </li>
		<li> 重复处理从3.4.1 到3.4.3 的步骤, 以使用冷热镜进行测量. </li>
		<li> 绘制一个图形, 该图表示光点直径作为 lens-to-receiver 距离的函数, 分别针对蓝色和红色光 (热镜和冷镜测量) 的最佳位置 (最小光斑尺寸). </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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我们没有什么要透露的。

提出的 ADG 菲涅耳透镜特性的方法包括两个不同的程序: 第一种是利用太阳能电池作为光传感器, 第二个是基于 CCD 摄像机。
采用太阳电池为基础的程序, 用不同的菲涅尔透镜作为聚光器测量了 MJ 太阳能电池产生的光电流。正如协议中所描述的, CPV 太阳能模拟器利用了一种在抛物面镜上反射的氙气闪光灯。这样的镜子在测量平面上产生一个准直光束 (与透镜孔径重合)。由于镜面制造公差和表面粗糙度, 测量平面上的准直光不均匀。太阳模拟器所产生的辐照度的不均匀性是我们实验测量10的主要误差源。由于大透镜将辐照度在测量平面上与大面积相结合, 因此由于不均匀而导致的误差取决于透镜的大小。太阳模拟器为 CPV 系统使用在太阳能学院获得了均匀性优于±5% 为 3x3 cm 光学9。对于在这里测试的 ADG 菲涅耳透镜, 其光学孔径为40x40 毫米, 不均匀性对测量的影响可能是至关重要的。为了减少这种不确定性, 在进行任何实验之前, 参考透镜是重新的。此外, 在进行这些测量时, 最重要的是要特别小心在细胞和镜头的对准。事实上, 太阳能电池必须精确地放在透镜所投射的光斑的中心位置, 以避免错位, 因为如果使用了不良的初始定位, 就会改变由于离焦而产生的光电流减少。另一个可能发生的错误是, 由前金属化网格的不同遮蔽因素 (MJ 太阳能电池作为传感器使用, 使用均匀的辐照度进行校准, 但在测量过程中, 透镜在其上投射高斯形状的轮廓)。为了确保金属化不会影响实验结果, 有必要进行几项测量, 以取代透镜, 并作为一个结果, 在接收面上的光点。如果在轻微移动光斑时, 测量到的光电流变化很大, 这意味着金属化网格会影响测量。
还有其他方法可以测量主透镜的光学效率,例如,使用热辐照传感器, 如热电10。这种方法的主要缺点是, 对于任何闪光光源, 热敏传感器的响应速度太慢。因此, 它只能用于室外测量 (对辐照度和其他天气条件的光谱分布非常敏感)。利用所提出的方法, 避免了这种局限性。
此外, 利用太阳能电池为基础的程序, 也可以获得的光斑大小的镜头投。要做到这一点, photocurrents 产生的几个 MJ 太阳能电池相同的类型和不同的, 但相似的大小需要测量。对于大小小于透镜所投射的光斑的细胞, 当细胞表面因光溢出细胞而减少时, 所测量的光电流就会减小。反之, 光电流保持不变的 MJ 太阳能电池的大小大于光斑, 因为无论是细胞表面, 所有的光传输的镜头到达太阳能电池。因此, 光斑的大小等于达到最大效率的最小单元格的大小。对于这种方法, 太阳电池使用的数量越多, 分辨率就越高。
由于一套适合进行所述测量的太阳能电池不总是可用的, 因此提出了 CCD 摄像程序来测量光斑尺寸。由于 CCD 传感器的广泛动态范围, 使用相机拍摄的光点照片, 可以准确地比较峰值和山谷值。为了计算辐照度的绝对值, 需要对整个装置进行校准, 包括过滤器和 CCD 摄像机。然而, 从照片中, 可以将光照区域与图像上的暗区隔开, 从而估计出光斑大小。该技术的主要缺点是 CCD 传感器与 MJ 太阳能电池之间的频谱不匹配, 以及由太阳模拟器生成的准直光束所产生的光源噪声。关于第一个问题, 通过向 CCD 摄像机添加热镜或冷镜像, 可以获得与顶部和中间 sub-cells 非常相似的光谱响应 (请参见图 6)。此外, 为了限制背景噪声, 必须完全变暗的 CPV 模拟器的会议厅。由于几乎不可能完全避免外部光源, 图像处理是非常重要的, 必须得到良好的编程。最关键的步骤是消除背景噪声。噪声过滤可以部分自动化, 但是, 由于与外部因素的强的依赖性是几乎不可预知的, 每个被处理的图象经历一个视觉检查。
CCD 程序可以用来获得光点大小的演变, 作为一个透镜温度的功能, 加入到系统的一个热室, 其中的透镜被放置。在这种情况下, 除了先前描述的误差源外, 透镜温度测量也会产生不确定性。控制热电偶 (直接连接到计算机的那个) 不代表真实的透镜温度, 因为传感器被安置在热室的点关闭, 但没有直接地连接到被测量的透镜。因此, 用这种热电偶测量的温度是透镜周围环境的平均温度, 它不一定与实际的透镜温度相符。这就是为什么把每个镜头连接到一个独立的热电偶是建议。然而, 有可能是一个温度梯度之间的不同点的镜头。为了量化这种不确定性, 一旦热室达到预期的温度, 并在执行任何测量, 最好等待15-20 分钟, 让系统温度变得尽可能均匀。

聚光光伏 (CPV) 是降低阳历电成本的一种很有前途的技术, 因为这种技术可以利用先进的多结点 (MJ) 太阳能电池的效率迅速提高。这些设备由几个 sub-cells (通常三名为顶部, 中间, 和底部), 其中每一个是由一个不同的半导体化合物组成。每个细胞都有不同的带隙, 从而产生不同的光谱响应, 使得每一个都能将一个不同的太阳谱部分转换成电能。通过这种方式, MJ 太阳能电池能够利用广泛的太阳光谱 (通常是 300-1800 nm), 在聚光光1下达到高于46% 的效率值。为了弥补这种光伏器件的高成本, 光学系统被用来将辐照度集中在它们上, 从而降低了最终的系统成本。目前, 大多数商用高浓度光伏 (HCPV) 系统都是基于 silicone-on-glass 的混合菲涅尔透镜2。在所有的折射光学系统中, 色差是最严重降低透镜性能的因素, 其最大可达到的浓度为3 (即最小光点面积)。利用无色透镜, 即具有高度降低色差的透镜, 可以显著增加可达到的最大浓度, 而无需任何额外的光学元件 (称为二次光学元件4,5)。
无色透镜的设计 (通常被称为消色差双峰, 因为他们是捏造的耦合两种材料不同的色散特性), 是众所周知的第十八21世纪以来。传统的消色差双是由两个不同的玻璃组成: 第一个被称为冠, 有低色散, 而第二个被称为燧石和高分散。然而, 这类眼镜的总成本及其加工使它们无法承受 HCPV 系统的负担。Languy 和合著人提出了一种由两种塑料组成的 CPV 的消色差双峰: 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA) 和聚碳酸酯 (PC)6。在本文中, 对不同配置及其优点进行了比较分析, 但不解决高生产时的可制造性和可伸缩的问题。
ADG 菲涅尔透镜在这里被设计了, 在这样方式那光在某一短的波长 ("蓝色" 光) 和某一长的波长 ("红色" 光) 有确切地同样焦距距离。有关标准消色差双峰的设计方法的详细信息, 可在其他7中找到。为了证明用 ADG 菲涅耳透镜代替传统的菲涅尔透镜得到的改进, 进行了若干射线追踪模拟。在4中提供了有关所得结果的详细报告。最重要的结果是, 当取代传统的 ADG 菲涅尔透镜的菲涅尔透镜, 可达到的浓度增加约三倍, 同时保持相同的光学效率。此外, 由于为获得 ADG 而设想的制造过程8非常类似于用于制造棱镜透镜的工艺, 因此在不显著增加成本的情况下, 将获得浓度的增加。
在这里, 我们提出了一个协议来执行一个综合表征的聚光器, 包括一个折射主透镜, 我们将此协议应用于传统的菲涅尔透镜 (用作基准) 和几个 ADG 菲涅尔透镜原型。为此, 我们使用了一个用于 CPV 的太阳模拟器。对模拟器及其所有组件及其操作原理的详细描述已在其他地方9中介绍。

<table><tbody><tr><td>HELIOS 3030 SOLAR SIMULATOR</td><td>SAV</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HELIOS 3030 SOFTWARE</td><td>SAV</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HELIOS 3198 CPV SOLAR SIMULATOR</td><td>SAV</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HELIOS 3198 SOFTWARE</td><td>SAV</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-AXES AUTOMATED POSITIONING PLATFORM</td><td>Zaber tech.</td><td>T-LSR75A</td><td>Catalog number corresponds to the device controlling lens movements with high precision in one axis of the xyz control.</td></tr><tr><td>3-AXES AUTOMATED POSITIONING PLATFORM</td><td>Zaber tech.</td><td>T-LSM200A</td><td>Catalog number corresponds to the device controlling lens movements with high precision in one axis of the xyz control.</td></tr><tr><td>3-AXES AUTOMATED POSITIONING PLATFORM</td><td>Zaber tech.</td><td>T-LSM200A</td><td>Catalog number corresponds to the device controlling lens movements with high precision in one axis of the xyz control.</td></tr><tr><td>Zaber Console 1.4.7.</td><td>Zaber tech.</td><td></td><td>Software provided by Zaber tech. able to control the automatic postionig platfomr from the computer</td></tr><tr><td>Dichroic filters</td><td>Edmund optics</td><td></td><td>hot and cold mirrors</td></tr><tr><td>Neutral filters</td><td>Edmund optics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicone on Glass Fresnel lens</td><td></td><td></td><td>Manufactured by Fraunhofer ISE.</td></tr><tr><td>Achromatic Doublet on Glass Fresnel lens</td><td></td><td></td><td>Manufactured at the Solar Energy Institute</td></tr><tr><td>Multi Junction solar cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Charged Coupled Device camera</td><td>Qimaging</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Qcapture, CCD camera controlling software</td><td>Qimaging</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermal Chamber</td><td></td><td></td><td>Designed and manufactured at the IES</td></tr><tr><td>TC-720, thermal chamber controlling software</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

indoor experimental assessment of the efficiency and irradiance spot of the achromatic doublet on glass (adg) fresnel lens for concentrating photovoltaics

我们提出一种方法来表征消色差菲涅尔透镜的光伏应用。玻璃上的无色双峰 (ADG) 菲涅尔透镜由两种材料组成, 一种是塑料, 一种是弹性体, 其色散特性 (折射率随波长变化) 不同。本文首先设计了透镜的几何形状, 然后利用蒙特卡罗方法进行了射线追踪模拟, 从光学效率和最大可达到浓度两个角度分析了其性能。之后, ADG 菲涅耳透镜原型是用一种简单可靠的方法制造的。它包括一个预先注塑的塑料部件和一个连续的层压, 连同弹性体和玻璃基板制造的 ADG 菲涅耳透镜的实木复合地板。使用光学显微镜对制造的透镜轮廓的精确度进行了检验, 同时利用聚光光伏系统的太阳模拟器对其光学性能进行了评估。该模拟器由一个氙气闪光灯组成, 其发射光由抛物面镜反射。准直光有一个光谱分布和一个角孔径类似于真正的太阳。我们能够评估 ADG 菲涅耳透镜的光学性能, 用电荷耦合器件 (CCD) 相机拍摄透镜的辐照光斑, 并测量多种类型的多连接 (MJ) 太阳能产生的光电流。细胞, 以前的特点是在太阳能模拟器的聚光太阳能电池。这些测量显示了 ADG 菲涅尔透镜的消色差行为, 因此, 模型和制造方法的适用性。

从先前描述的实验测试得到的最重要的结果如下: -使用 CCD 摄像机测量 (图 7) 演示了 ADG 菲涅尔透镜的消色差行为。 -ADG 菲涅尔透镜的光学效率 (与作为光传感器使用的 MJ 电池所测量的电流成正比) 在单元从最佳焦距和沿焦距轴移动 (图 8) 时显示出较大的公差。 -ADG 镜头所投射的光斑大小显示出对不同温度的大公差 (图 9)。
作为 lens-to-receiver 距离的函数的光斑直径的演变, 在图 7中显示为两个镜头, 一个传统的菲涅尔透镜和 ADG 菲涅尔透镜。分别用两个分色滤光片、一个波长高于 700 nm 的热镜过滤灯和一个波长短于 700 nm 的冷镜滤光片对顶部和中间 sub-cells 进行了分析。在图 7a中, 可以看到两条曲线的极小值被偏移。这是由于色差: 由于短波长的折射率较高, 蓝光的聚焦点更接近透镜。然后, 蓝光的最小点被偏移到左侧 (朝向镜头), 红灯的最小点被偏移到右边 (朝向无穷远)。相反, 在图 7b中, 可以观察到, 对于 ADG 菲涅耳透镜, 蓝光的最小光斑位置与红光的最小点正好对应, 证明了透镜具有无色的行为。
在图 8中显示了由聚光透镜照亮的 MJ 太阳能电池所产生的归一化光电流的演化。ADG 菲涅耳透镜的曲线的更宽的方面意味着, 由于消色差设计, 它比传统的菲涅尔透镜在光轴的最佳位置上对透镜的位移有更高的耐受性。因此, ADG 透镜更能容忍装配错误或任何改变焦距的现象,例如, 温度变化。
最后, 在图 9中显示了由透镜作为透镜温度的函数所投射的光斑的变化。对顶部和中间 sub-cells 进行了分析, 分别采用了分色滤光片 (冷热镜)。镜片已放在一个带有透明盖玻璃的热室中, 以控制其温度12。图 9中的图显示了温度变化对 ADG 菲涅尔透镜的影响比参考的菲涅尔透镜低。事实上, 对于后者, 对于温度增量为20° c, 光斑尺寸的扩展是显著的: 直径是大约30% 大为顶细胞和60% 更大为中间细胞。相反, 对于 ADG 透镜, 即使在最坏的情况下, 增幅也低于20%。这意味着, 即使在户外运行条件强热漂移, 使用 ADG 透镜将使系统性能更稳定。
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig7.jpg"> 
图 7。测量光斑直径作为 lens-to-receiver 距离的函数。光斑直径定义为包括95% 的能量。红色虚线表示较长波长的光斑直径 (通常由 MJ 太阳能电池中的中间细胞转换而成, i. e., 650-900 nm) 和蓝色连续线代表较短波长的光斑直径 (通常由顶部亚覆盖,即, 350-650 nm)。(a) 菲涅尔透镜 (b) ADG 菲涅尔透镜。此图已从8中修改。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig8v2.jpg"> 
图 8。由 MJ 太阳能电池产生的归一化光电流, 其直径为3毫米, 作为相对 cell-to-lens 距离的函数。每条曲线都除以其最大值。三透镜的 x 轴上的零代表了最佳焦距距离 (即光斑最小化)。背景曲线表示由顶部 (圆形标记) 和中间 (三角形标记) sub-cells 生成的规范化 photocurrents。ADG_v2 是一种改进的 ADG 菲涅尔透镜设计。由 MJ 太阳能电池 (顶部和中间 photocurrents 之间的最小值) 产生的归一化电流是为了清晰起见而说的。此图已从13中修改。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig9.jpg"> 
图 9。相对光斑尺寸作为透镜温度的函数。(a) 与顶部细胞 (使用分色热镜滤镜进行测量) 相关的结果。(B) 与中间细胞 (使用分色冷镜滤镜进行测量) 相关的结果。通过测量每个透镜的最小值, 得到光斑尺寸的相对光斑大小。此图已从13中修改。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56269/56269fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics at Jo

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

玻璃上的无色双峰 (ADG) 菲涅尔透镜利用两种不同色散的材料来减少色差, 增加可达到的浓度。本文给出了 ADG 菲涅耳透镜的完整特性的一个协议。

玻璃 (ADG) 菲涅耳透镜对聚光光伏的效率和辐照点的室内实验评价

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is ...

indoor-experimental-assessment-efficiency-irradiance-spot-achromatic

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

8.8K 次观看.  Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 玻璃上的无色双峰 (ADG) 菲涅尔透镜利用两种不同色散的材料来减少色差, 增加可达到的浓度。本文给出了 ADG 菲涅耳透镜的完整特性的一个协议。

视频: Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents and hence higher efficiencies. Photon up-conversion by way of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive technique for using these otherwise wasted low energy photons to produce photocurrent, while not interfering with the photoanodic performance in a deleterious manner. Further to this, TTA-UC has a number of features, distinct from other reported photon up-conversion technologies, which renders it particularly suitable for coupling with DSC technology. In this work, a proven high performance TTA-UC system, comprising a palladium porphyrin sensitizer and rubrene emitter, is combined with a high performance DSC (utilizing the organic dye D149) in an integrated device. The device shows an enhanced response to sub-bandgap light over the absorption range of the TTA-UC sub-unit resulting in the highest figure of merit for up-conversion assisted DSC performance to date.

An integrated device, incorporating a dye-sensitized solar cell and triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion unit was produced, affording enhanced light harvesting, from a wider section of the solar spectrum. Under modest irradiation levels a significantly enhanced response to low energy photons was demonstrated, yielding a record figure of merit for dye-sensitized solar cells.

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

科研

工程学

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

通过热蒸发和原子层沉积使记录效率的SnS太阳能电池

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve the solar conversion efficiency of a concentrated photovoltaic system. The proposed system will also lower the solar cell cost in the concentrated photovoltaic system by replacing the expensive tandem solar cells with the cost-effective single junction solar cells. The structures and the parameters of high contrast gratings for the dispersive elements were numerically optimized. The large-area fabrication of high contrast gratings was experimentally demonstrated using nanoimprint lithography and dry etching. The quality of grating material and the performance of the fabricated device were both experimentally characterized. By analyzing the measurement results, the possible side effects from the fabrication processes are discussed and several methods that have the potential to improve the fabrication processes are proposed, which can help to increase the optical efficiency of the fabricated devices.

The fabrication of high contrast gratings as the parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element in a concentrated photovoltaic system is demonstrated. Fabrication processes including nanoimprint lithography, TiO2 sputtering and reactive ion etching are described. Reflectance measurement results are used to characterize the optical performance.

制造高对比度光栅的频谱分割色散元件的聚光光伏系统

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

全面解决方案处理的无机纳米晶体光伏器件的制造

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se2太阳能电池的实例研究

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea is to use concentration technology to raise the incident solar light intensity. Concentrating a large-area light onto a small area cannot only increase light intensity, but also reduce the catalyst amount, as well as the reactor volume, and increase the surface temperature. The concentration of light can be realized by different devices. In this manuscript, it is realized by a Fresnel lens. The light penetrates the lens and is concentrated on a disc-shaped catalyst. The results show that both the reaction rate and the total yield are efficiently increased. The method can be applied to most CO2 photoreduction catalysts, as well as to similar reactions with a low reaction rate at natural light.

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We present a protocol for improving the performance of CO2 photoreduction to CH4 by heightening the incident light intensity via concentrating solar energy technology.

CO2光还原到 CH4在集中太阳光下的性能

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea ...

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) measurements allow mapping of&#160;the nanoscale performance of electronic devices such as solar cells. Ideally, XBIC is employed simultaneously with other techniques within a multi-modal X-ray microscopy approach. An example is given herein combining XBIC with X-ray fluorescence to enable point-by-point correlations of the electrical performance with chemical composition. For the highest signal-to-noise ratio in XBIC measurements, lock-in amplification plays a crucial role. By this approach, the X-ray beam is modulated by an optical chopper upstream of the sample. The modulated X-ray beam induced electrical signal is amplified and demodulated to the chopper frequency using a lock-in amplifier. By optimizing low-pass filter settings, modulation frequency, and amplification amplitudes, noise can efficiently be suppressed for the extraction of a clear XBIC signal. A similar setup can be used to measure the X-ray beam induced voltage (XBIV). Beyond standard XBIC/XBIV measurements, XBIC can be measured with bias light or bias voltage applied such that outdoor working conditions of solar cells can be reproduced during in-situ and operando measurements. Ultimately, the multi-modal and multi-dimensional evaluation of electronic devices at the nanoscale enables new insights into the complex dependencies between composition, structure, and performance, which is an important step towards solving the materials&#39; paradigm.

A setup for X-ray beam induced current measurements at synchrotron beamlines is described. It unveils the nanoscale performance of solar cells and extends the suite of techniques for multi-modal X-ray microscopy. From wiring to signal-to-noise optimization, it is shown how to perform state-of-the-art XBIC measurements at a hard X-ray microprobe.

太阳能电池多模态X射线显微镜的X射线光束诱导电流测量

X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) measurements allow mapping of&#160;the nanoscale performance of electronic devices such as solar cells. Ideally, XBIC is ...

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and overt ocular disease (e.g., diseases of the cornea and lens). Nearly all current methods of measuring the behavioral consequences of light scatter, however, suffer from various limitations mostly reflecting a lack of construct and content validity: to wit, the measures do not adequately reflect real world conditions (e.g., artificial light vs. sunlight) or everyday tasks (e.g., recognition under visually demanding conditions).
This protocol describes two novel, ecologically valid methods of measuring the behavioral effects of intraocular scatter by quantifying scatter geometry and visual recognition under glare conditions. The former was measured by assessing the diameter of halos and spokes that resulted from a bright point source. Light spread (essentially, the point spread function determined using Rayleigh criteria) was quantified by determining the minimum perceivable distance between two small points of broad-band light. The latter was done based on the identification of letters formed using apertures through which bright light was shone.

In this protocol, we outline the conceptual design elements and structural development of a glare acuity apparatus. Additionally, the design of a device for measuring positive dysphotopsia (halos, spokes) and two-point light thresholds is described.

测量眼内散射的行为影响

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and ...

行为学

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

We present an in-house, in situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) experiment, developed to probe the drying kinetics of roll-to-roll slot-die coating of the active layer in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), during deposition. For this demonstration, the focus is on the combination of P3HT:O-IDTBR and P3HT:EH-IDTBR, which have different drying kinetics and device performance, despite their chemical structure only varying slightly by the sidechain of the small molecule acceptor. This article provides a step-by-step guide to perform an in situ GISAXS experiment and demonstrates how to analyze and interpret the results. Usually, performing this type of in situ X-ray experiments to investigate the drying kinetics of the active layer in OPVs relies on access to synchrotrons. However, by using and further developing the method described in this paper, it is possible to perform experiments with a coarse temporal and spatial resolution, on a day-to-day basis to gain fundamental insight in the morphology of drying inks.

This paper is a demonstration and a guideline to perform and analyze in-house (with a laboratory X-ray instrument) in situ GISAXS experiments of drying inks on roll-to-roll slot-die coated, non-fullerene organic photovoltaics.

通过实验室X射线仪器对有机太阳能电池的滚滚涂层进行现场放牧小角度X射线散射

We present an in-house, in situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) experiment, developed to probe the drying kinetics of roll-to-roll ...

玻璃 (ADG) 菲涅耳透镜对聚光光伏的效率和辐照点的室内实验评价

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