A.N. acknowledges contributions from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). This research project is funded by the Australian Solar Institute (6-F020 and A-023), with contributions from The New South Wales Government and the University of Sydney. Aspects of this research were supported under Australian Research Council&#8217;s Discovery Projects funding scheme (DP110103300). Equipment was purchased with support from the Australian Research Council (LE0668257).

1，DSC制造 1.1。工作电极的制备<ol><li>的F干净的整片：SnO 2的涂覆的玻璃（110毫米×110毫米×2.3毫米，&lt;8Ω/□），通过顺序地超声处理在肥皂水中，然后用丙酮，最后乙醇（每次10分钟）。 </li><li>沉积一层致密的二氧化钛遵循以下步骤： <ol><li>干玻璃用压缩空气和耐热玻璃〜450℃的热板（导电面朝上）。 </li><li>稀二异丙醇钛双（乙酰丙酮）（异丙醇75重量％）与1乙醇：9比例。 </li><li>从约100毫米的距离喷洒稀溶液到加热玻璃，具有横跨玻璃板5喷雾剂。 </li><li>喷雾，每10秒一回合12回合。 </li><li>玻璃保持在450℃，再5分钟，关断热板前。发表于加热板上的玻璃并使其缓慢冷却至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在玻璃上该网板印刷机表（再次导电面朝上）。将屏幕对准图案的玻璃。添加的TiO 2浆料到屏幕并打印一个或两个层。如果沉积两层，从打印机中取出玻璃板打印之间，覆盖并允许返回到打印机打印后续层之前沉降〜5分钟，然后加热至125℃保持10分钟。 </li><li>一旦最终打印由运行一个完整的烧结程序。加热所述电极到150℃，在12.5°/分钟，保持10分钟，然后至325℃，在11.7°/分钟，保持5分钟，然后以375℃在10℃/分钟，保持5分钟，然后加入到450 ℃，在10.7°/分钟，保持30分钟，最后以500℃在10℃/分钟，保持15分钟。缓慢冷却至室温后，本。 </li><li>切断主盘为单独的电极，确保有足够的空间，在印刷膜周围的垫片被后使用。删除使用压缩空气任何玻璃碎片。 </li><li>电极浸泡在20mm 四氯化钛</子&gt;解决方案（AQ），涵盖松散和地点容器中，烤箱预热（70℃，30分钟）。 Subsquently，一次更彻底和烧结洗电极在500℃下进行30分钟。 </li><li>一旦冷却到100℃以下，将其浸入电极在0.5mM的染料溶液。在这种情况下使用，D149于乙腈：叔丁醇（1:1）。 </li><li> Ø染色后/ N去除电极和冲洗大力在乙腈〜30秒，然后让坐在另外30秒。从漂洗槽液退出电极和干燥压缩空气。 </li></ol> 1.2。对电极的制备<ol><li>切为2.3mm˚F另一个工作表：SnO 2的玻璃成18.3毫米×27.5毫米件。 </li><li>沉浸在对电极在水中钻一小孔，在角（φ= 1毫米，从每个角落2.5毫米）作为填充端口来使用，用钻石头的牙科毛刺装在一个小台钻。 </li><li>清洁电极按第1.1节0.1 </li><li>与导电面朝上平铺干电极和地点。申请一滴铂酸溶液（H 2 PTCL 6，10毫乙醇中）和散布用移液管的端部。地方瓦到预热（400℃）加热板上15分钟。在此之后，除去玻璃和瓷砖，让冷却的长凳上。 </li></ol> 1.3。反射器<ol><li>切下一块不导电2毫米玻璃来18.3毫米×27.5毫米，钻两个孔，相邻的角沿长边，使用相同的技术作为反电极（第1.2.2节）。 </li><li>清洁玻璃，使用一次相同的协议如上述（1.1.1） </li><li>大盘在清洁，干燥的玻璃在板凳上三面，使用低渣带。应用一滴的Al 2 O 3贴（2.0克0.3微米的Al 2 O 3颗粒，胶体的Al 2 O 3 +1毫升乙醇2ml）和画下来用玻璃棒。 </li><li>让电影干，取出磁带和SINTER玻璃​​在500℃下进行30分钟。 </li></ol> 1.4。设备组装<ol><li>切两个批次的热熔粘合剂衬垫。 注意：第一，对于DSC，是25微米厚，并具有为17mm×8毫米的尺寸和21毫米×12平方毫米的外部尺寸。美国证券交易委员会，为变频室，采用翻了一倍给予120微米的厚度为60微米的衬垫材料。折叠时，该垫片具有为17mm×21毫米的尺寸和21毫米×25 mm外部尺寸。 </li><li>放置第一个密封垫在所述对电极的角落，从而确保在填充端口可访问。将工作电极置于此，使得该印刷区域是完全密封垫的内部，并获得良好的密封。 </li><li>移动此组件的加热板上（120℃）和压力施加到衬垫软化和熔化，从而可以在视觉上被观察为垫圈润湿玻璃表面。删除组件，并允许冷却。 </li><li>地点在反射第二垫片，再次确保灌装口不包括在内。置于DSC上顶端，使得印刷区域是直接在印刷氧化铝反射器的前方。再次加热装置，同时施加压力，直到垫圈软化，附着，如第1.4.3。这个组件被示于图1。 </li></ol> 1.5。灌装腔<ol><li>制备0.1M的的LiI，0.6M的1,2 - 二甲基-3-丙基咪唑碘化物和0.05M的碘甲氧基丙腈的电解液。 </li><li>将装置附真空管的小塑料容器中，用对置电极朝上。 </li><li>放点在孔电解液和顶部的一块玻璃。应用真空几秒钟提取空气从DSC空腔，在释放之前，这将绘制电解质到空腔中。 </li><li>通过层叠热熔密封材料在铝箔上制备的密封件。在一个烤盘，卡斯将这些等物质的一面朝上。彻底清洁反电极的背面，然后通过加压装置对衬垫材料为〜5秒的密封。 </li><li>制备TTA-UC溶液中溶解0.6毫钯染料的(tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-6&#39;-amino-7&#39;-nitro-tetrakisquinoxalino[2,3-b&#39;7,8-b&#39;&#39;12,13-b&#39;&#39;&#39;17,18-b&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;-porphyrinato)钯（II））和红荧烯的22 mM的苯。脱气充分使用三个液氮冷冻 - 泵 - 解冻循环该溶液中。 </li><li>内部的手套箱，介绍TTA-UC解决方案进入后腔，使毛细作用力通过绘制它。一旦满了，再一次彻底清洁表面，并用密封另一块铝制的支持衬垫材料。 </li></ol> 2，测量 2.1。电接点<ol><li>对其进行焊接暴露女：利用声波烙铁和焊锡适当的工作和反电极的SnO 2。 </lI&gt; <li>附加使用正常焊料导线连接到阳极和阴极。 </li><li>应用UV固化环氧开边。 注意：这是为了作为对氧气进入和溶剂蒸发装置的二次封装，以及增加设备，尤其是金属线安装的鲁棒性。 </li><li>通过接线端子连接的阳极和阴极线，以一个不限成员名额BNC电缆。 </li></ol> 2.2。 IPCE测量设置<ol><li>使用图2示意性地示出的设置中，装入集成设备到一个细胞保持部。 </li><li>通过对可调节的安装一面镜子照亮集成器件（〜2毫米×1毫米），670 nm的连续波激光束（以下简称“泵浦光束”）的一部分。 </li><li>照亮了综合TTA-UC DSC带语无伦次准单色光（以下简称“探测光束&#39;）生成使用氙灯，通过405纳米长波通滤波器后的第一，然后choppeř轮动作，在29赫兹，单色，有角度的载玻片（此处用作〜4％的分束器）和抛物面反射镜。产生背景三峰人口中的TTA-UC层通过激励UC层与泵浦光束，入射在这样一个角度，它不照亮被探测的DSC有源层，但仅在UC层。 </li><li>使用可调节的反射镜支架对齐TTA-UC层上的泵和探测光束。测量通过它扫过在可见光谱中为5nm的增量使用动态信号采集装置，电流放大器和内部控制软件的探针产生的短路电流。 </li><li>同时记录的探测光束从与功率计和具有模拟输出馈送到信号采集装置的光电二极管的载玻片反射的功率变化。通过在软件的探针变异校正从设备歼SC。 </li><li>置换泵束稍微用可调后视镜<html>安装，使得它击中相邻的探测光束的器件的有源层。重复测量与所述泵和探测光束未对准。 </li><li>记录六套与对准和不对准测量时获得更好的信噪比相同的位置上。 </li><li>减少泵浦光束强度通过把泵浦光束在不同的中性密度过滤器与已知的发射在670nm处，并重复进行了一系列强度的步骤2.2.4至2.2.7。 </li><li>测量无泵束源主动集成元件J SC。 </li><li>通过将光电二极管在样本位置测量探头功率入射​​在DSC中的电流由光电二极管产生的条件。 </li><li>测量的研究设备与UC室使用UV可见分光光度计，得到的透射谱，T DSC除去的传输。 注：此步骤可以1.4和1.5之间交替进行的。 </li></ol>“&gt; 2.3。泵浦源特性<ol><li>测量泵浦光束功率在每个使用的滤波条件的DSC位置，使用光电二极管和功率表（如在第2.2.10中描述）。 </li><li>就拿泵浦光束投射到一张纸格的位置相当于那里的TTA层是在实验过程中的照片。严重削弱梁如有必要，以防止相机探测器的饱和度。使用此映像和图像分析软件来确定泵的光斑大小。 </li></ol> 3，数据处理 3.1。插值计算所有数据为1 nm的增幅。 3.2。 IPCE测定<ol><li>计算光通量（φ）到达距离测量电流的光电二极管（ 一）所产生的探测能力和电荷（Q）的集成器件： </li><li>计算德维的细胞事件的光子转换电子的效率（IPCE 0）从歼SC测量CE无泵照明和探测光束。 </li><li>取测量值之间的比率与泵和探头对准和不对准，从激活的上变换器得到的相对增强。 </li><li>太阳能集中系数确定</li><li>敏化剂的消光系数转换成吸收截面，σ。 </li><li>通过利用光子通量密度的产品，从太阳光谱，透射率在DSC和敏化剂（σ）在每个波长，然后相加得到的标准AM1.5G太阳光谱，（Kφ）下敏化剂的激发速率产品横跨敏Q带吸收，通常为600nm至750nm。 </li><li>计算，从泵浦源，具有不同的中性密度过滤器泵的光子通量密度的功率和光斑尺寸。然后采取磁通密度的产品，在DSC的透射率和敏化剂在670纳米，以获得泵激发速率。 </li><li>计算从泵激发速率AM1.5G条件下，激发速率之比太阳能聚集因子（ʘ）。 </li></ol> 3.3。模型拟合和优异的确定图<ol><li>适合相对增强= 1 +常数×（T DSC / IPCE 0）×[（σ泵 ×σ 探头 ）/（σ 泵 +σ 探头 ），到实验结果的增强，其中σ 泵和σ探头的典范是截面相对于所述泵和探针的波长; σ 泵是固定的每台泵的强度和σ 探头随波长而变化。 </li><li>估计从IPCE UC和IPCE 0和太阳通量DENSIT之间的差的上转换效应（ΔJSC）中获得以J SC的增强年。 </li><li>计算FOM由太阳能集中系数的平方标准化ΔJ 资深大律师 ，因为TTA-UC具有在低激发强度对输入功率的二次依赖。 </li></ol>

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Molecular+Pairs+for+Low+Power+Non-Coherent+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation+Based+Upconversion:+Dependence+on+the+Triplet+Energies+of+Sensitizer+and+Emitter.">New Molecular Pairs for Low Power Non-Coherent Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Based Upconversion: Dependence on the Triplet Energies of Sensitizer and Emitter.</a> J. Lumin. 135, 265-270 (2013).</li><li>Liu, Q., Yang, T., Feng, F., Li, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue-Emissive+Upconversion+Nanoparticles+for+Low-Power-Excited+Bioimaging+in+Vivo.">Blue-Emissive Upconversion Nanoparticles for Low-Power-Excited Bioimaging in Vivo.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 5390-5397 (2012).</li><li>Simon, Y. C., Weder, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-Power+Photon+Upconversion+through+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation+in+Polymers.">Low-Power Photon Upconversion through Triplet-Triplet Annihilation in Polymers.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 22, 20817-20830 (2012).</li><li>Jankus, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+Conversion+via+Triplet+Fusion+in+Super+Yellow+PPV+Films+Doped+with+Palladium+Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin:+a+Comprehensive+Investigation+of+Exciton+Dynamics.">Energy Conversion via Triplet Fusion in Super Yellow PPV Films Doped with Palladium Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin: a Comprehensive Investigation of Exciton Dynamics.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 384-393 (2013).</li><li>Cheng, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entropically+Driven+Photochemical+Upconversion.">Entropically Driven Photochemical Upconversion.</a> J. Phys. Chem. A. 115, 1047-1053 (2011).</li><li>Cheng, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+Analysis+of+Photochemical+Upconversion+by+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation:+Beyond+Any+Spin+Statistical+Limit.">Kinetic Analysis of Photochemical Upconversion by Triplet-Triplet Annihilation: Beyond Any Spin Statistical Limit.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (12), 1795-1799 (2010).</li><li>Baluschev, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upconversion+with+ultrabroad+excitation+band:+Simultaneous+use+of+two+sensitizers.">Upconversion with ultrabroad excitation band: Simultaneous use of two sensitizers.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 181103 (2007).</li><li>Borjesson, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photon+upconversion+facilitated+molecular+solar+energy+storage.">Photon upconversion facilitated molecular solar energy storage.</a> J. Mater. Chem. A. 1, 8521-8524 (2013).</li><li>Cheng, Y. 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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photochemical+Upconversion+Enhanced+Solar+Cells:+Effect+of+a+Back+Reflector.">Photochemical Upconversion Enhanced Solar Cells: Effect of a Back Reflector.</a> Aust. J. Chem. 65 (5), 480-485 (2012).</li><li>Schulze, T. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+Enhancement+of+Organic+and+Thin-Film+Silicon+Solar+Cells+with+Photochemical+Upconversion.">Efficiency Enhancement of Organic and Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells with Photochemical Upconversion.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 116 (43), 22794-22801 (2012).</li><li>Haefele, A., Blumhoff, B., Khnayzer, R. 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There is nothing to disclose.

该协议提供了实现光子上转换增强DSC和细节上如何正确衡量这种装置的方法。 FOM的允许可以预料，在不同光照强度的预期ΔJSC改进了简单的计算，包括1太阳。这里示出的值是不变的光强度（ 图4的插图），为每期望当系统处于低于其饱和度阈值33。与FOM，我们可以标准化TTA-UC或其它非直线UC过程的增强效果，以允许容易地比较。 虽然在本研究中得?...

染料敏化太阳能电池（DSC）的已被宣布为一个有前途的概念，经济实惠的太阳能收集1-3。虽然如此热情，广泛的商业化还没有出现。有许多原因已提出了这一点，与一个迫切的问题是吸收发病的相对高的能量，限制了这些器件4的可实现的光捕获效率。虽然这是可以克服的，从而降低了吸收发病通常伴随着在开路电压的降低，过多地削弱了在电流密度为5，6的任何增益。 DSC中的一般操作涉及从光激发染料的半导体（一般为二氧化钛），其次是氧化染料通过氧化还原介体的再生的电子转移。这两个过程似乎需要大量的驱动力（电势），以进行高效率7 </suP&gt;。有了这样显著固有的损耗，它变得很明显，最佳的吸收发生在这些设备是相当高的能量。为有机光伏（OPV），由于所需的有效电荷分离的大的化学驱动力存在再次类似的问题。因此，上部太阳能到电的转换效率限制到基于这两种技术的单结器件的预测涉及吸收剂具有宽的（有效）的带隙4。 为了克服以上提出的光收获问题，一些方法已被采取。这包括“第三代”8的方法串联结构9，第10和光子上转换11-14。 最近11我们报道的DSC的工作和反电极组成的一体化设备，具有三重态-三重态湮灭基础上转换（TTA-UC）的注册系统到的结构。这TTA-UC元件是能收获穿过活性层发射的红光和化学转换（如在下面详细描述），以更高的能量的光子可能通过DSC的活性层所吸收，并产生光电流。还有要注意有关该系统的两个重要点。首先，TTA-UC比其他的光子上转换系统11许多潜在的优势;其次，它展示了一个可行的架构（证明型原则）为TTA-UC，还有所欠缺的TTA-UC文学到该点的结合。 TTA-UC 15-24的方法涉及“敏化剂”分子的激发，在此情况下钯卟啉，通过光与下面的设备发病能量的能量。单线激敏进行快速系统间跨越到能量最低的三重态。从那里，他们可以传递能量到基态三重接受“射＆＃8217;种类，例如红荧烯，只要传递被允许通过自由能25。红荧烯的第一三线态（T 1）大于它的第一激发单重态（S 1），但在T 2的不到一半的能量一半的能量，也就是说，两个三态激励rubrenes一遇到复杂的可以消灭到举一个单重激发发射剂分子（以及其他在基态）以相当高的概率。其他国家，统计预测，最有可能大力人迹罕至的红荧烯26。然后将单重激发红荧烯分子能够发射光子（按照荧光）与能量足以激发染料在DSC的工作电极。这个过程示于动画1。 TTA-UC提供了许多优点相比其他的UC系统，如广泛吸收范围和不连贯性27，28，使它成为一个有吸引力的选择腠用DSC耦（以及OPV）。 TTA-UC已被证实在相对低的光强度和在漫射照明条件下操作。无论是DSC和OPV是最有效的在低光强的制度。太阳能浓度是昂贵的且仅正当的高效率，成本高的设备。 TTA-UC系统，可在低强度光照条件下的相对高的性能，是由于涉及到与强，宽吸收带敏化剂的发色团在音乐会和长寿命的三线态，其能够扩散的顺序，以与相互反应的物质接触的过程。此外，TTA-UC已被发现具有高的固有效率从动力学研究26。 虽然TTA-UC工作在低的光强度，但仍然（至少在低光强度）与入射光强度和射出光之间的二次关系。这是由于该方法的双分子性质。考虑到对于这一点，报告的不同群体的不同实验条件（尤其是光的强度），择优录取（FOM）系统的数字应采用米乘上转换所提供的性能增强。这FOM被定义为ΔJSC /ʘ，其中ΔJSC是增加的短路电流（通常由积分入射光子的确定载流子的效率，IPCE，有和没有上转换效应）和ʘ是有效的太阳能浓度（基于在相关区域中的光子通量，即敏化剂的Q带吸收）2 29。 在这里，一个协议，用于生产和正确表征集成的DSC-TTA-UC设备被报道，特别关注在设备检测潜在的隐患。希望这将成为在这一领域的进一步工作的基础。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1100">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:495px;">(tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-6&#8217;-amino-7&#8217;-nitro-tetrakisquinoxalino[2,3-b&#39;7,8-b&#39;&#39;12,13-b&#39;&#39;&#39;17,18-b&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;-porphyrinato) palladium(II))</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">in house</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">in house</td>
			<td>Chem. Commun., 4851&#8211;4853 (2007)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">33150</td>
			<td>Material warning: Irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">405 nm longpass filter</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Semrock</td>
			<td>BLP01-405R-25</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">670 nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LDS5 + CPS198</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Chemsupply</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AA008-20L-P</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">271004</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Alumina</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">12733</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Alumina</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Leeco</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">810-782</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Back filling chamber</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sistema</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1303</td>
			<td>Kilip it round, modified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Benzene</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Scharlau</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BE0033</td>
			<td>Material warning: Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">BNC cable</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Jaycar</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RG- 59U</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Cerasolzer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">MBR</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CS186</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Chopper wheel</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MC1000A</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Control software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">in house</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">in house</td>
			<td>Written in LabVIEW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Current Amplifier</td>
			<td>Standford Research&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">SR 570</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">D149 dye</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">1m</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">OSO149</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Dental burr</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Priority dental supplies</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">835.104.008</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Detergent</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Palmolive</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Original</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Diamond wheel</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Frameco</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">14220</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Drill</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dremmel</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">220</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Dynamic dignal acquisition device</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">USB-4431</td>
			<td>Analog to Digital</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Univar</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">214</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:495px;">F:SnO2 glass</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Hartford</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TEC8</td>
			<td>2.3mm, &#60; 8 &#937;/&#9633;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Glovebox</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">IT systems</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:495px;">H2PtCl6</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">334472</td>
			<td>Material warning: corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hot melt adhesive gasket</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Meltronic 1170-25</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Surlyn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hot melt adhesive gasket</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Solaronix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Meltronix 1170-60</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Surlyn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Harry Gestigkeit</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PR 5 3T / PZ28-3T</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RCT basic</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Image analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">National Institutes for Health</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Image-J</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Iodine</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">326143</td>
			<td>Material warning: corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Laser engraver</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Universal Laser Systems</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PLS6WM</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Air Liquide</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Lithium Iodide</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">518018</td>
			<td>Material warning: toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Methoxypropionitrile</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">65290</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Mirror</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PF10-03-P01</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Mirror mount</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">KM100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Monochromator</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Spectral Products&#160;</td>
			<td>CM110</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Neutral density filters</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Edmund Industrial Optics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">64-352</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Parabolic mirror</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">50329AL, 50338AL</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Photodiode</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>918D-UV-OD3</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Power meter</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1936-C</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Rubrene</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">551112</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Semi-automatic screen printer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Keywell</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">KY-500FH</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Spray pyrolyser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Glaskeller</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Tape</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Magic Tape</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Terminal block</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Jaycar</td>
			<td>HM3194</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">tert-Butanol</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">360538</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">TiCl4</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">89545</td>
			<td>Material warning: corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Tile</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Johnson tiles</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:495px;">Tile cutter</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">DTA</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">DTA-310</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">TiO2 paste</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dyesol</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NR18-T</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (75% in isopropanol)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">325252</td>
			<td>Material warning: Flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Ultrasonic soldering iron</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">MBR</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">USS-9200</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">UV cure epoxy</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dymax</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">425</td>
			<td>Material warning: Irritant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">UV cure system</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Dymax</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BlueWave 50</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV Visible Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Varian Cary</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1E</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Vacuum cuvette</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Custom made</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Custom made</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:495px;">Vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Rotary backed diffusion pump</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Kimtech</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">34120KC</td>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:495px;">Xe lamp</td>
			<td>Energetiq&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LDLSTM EQ-1500</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">White light source</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integrating a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion system to enhance dye-sensitized solar cell response to sub-bandgap light

染料敏化太阳能电池（DSC）的红色和红外光的反应冷淡是显著妨碍实现更高的光电流，从而提高效率。光子上转换用的三重态 - 三重态湮灭的方式（TTA-UC）是一个有吸引力的技术，对于使用这些否则浪费掉的低能量光子产生的光电流，而不是与以有害的方式将photoanodic性能的干扰。进一步向此，TTA-UC具有许多功能，从其它报道光子上转换技术截然不同，这使得它特别适合于用DSC技术耦合。在这项工作中，经过验证的高性能TTA-UC系统，包括钯卟啉敏化剂和红荧烯发射器，结合了高性能的DSC（利用有机染料D149）于一体的综合设备。该装置示出了一个增强的响应子带隙光随所得的最高网络连接的吸收范围的TTA-UC子单元的gure优异的上转换辅助DSC性能过时。

不同的测量条件下测量的三维显示增强的响应，以影响在下文中更详细地讨论- 图3A。从原始电流密度的增强，应当清楚，这些结果在图4A和4B是归属于上转换，与峰值电流的提高和IPCE增强与吸收光谱的敏化剂，通过在有源层衰减传输匹配良好DSC。 为了避免由激光施力泵浦光束引入测量工件已被调整到在UC层以较大的角度，以?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light at JoVE.com

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

一个集成的设备，掺入的染料敏化太阳能电池与三重态 - 三重态湮灭升压转换单元制作，得到增强的光收获，从太阳光谱的较宽部分。在温和的辐射水平显著增强应对低能光子证实，得到好处的创纪录的数字为染料敏化太阳能电池。

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

integrating-triplet-triplet-annihilation-up-conversion-system-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.5K 次观看.  The University of Wollongong. 一个集成的设备，掺入的染料敏化太阳能电池与三重态 - 三重态湮灭升压转换单元制作，得到增强的光收获，从太阳光谱的较宽部分。在温和的辐射水平显著增强应对低能光子证实，得到好处的创纪录的数字为染料敏化太阳能电池。 

视频: Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

多晶硅薄膜太阳能电池电浆增强光捕获

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

科研

工程学

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

利用同步辐射微断层调查的多尺度三维微电子封装

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

A System to Create Stable Nanoparticle Aerosols from Nanopowders

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring minimal amounts of test materials (min. 200 mg), for studying powder aerosolization behavior and aerosol properties. The aerosolization procedure follows the concept of the fluidized-bed process, but occurs in the modified volume of a V-shaped aerosol generator. The airborne particle number concentration is adjustable by controlling the air flow rate. The system supplied stable aerosol generation rates and particle size distributions over long periods (0.5-2 hr and possibly longer), which are important, for example, to study aerosol behavior, but also for toxicological studies. Strict adherence to the operating procedures during the aerosolization experiments ensures the generation of reproducible test results. The critical steps in the standard protocol are the preparation of the material and setup, and the aerosolization operations themselves. The system can be used for experiments requiring stable aerosol concentrations and may also be an alternative method for testing dustiness. The controlled aerosolization made possible with this setup occurs using energy inputs (may be characterized by aerosolization air velocity) that are within the ranges commonly found in occupational environments where nanomaterial powders are handled. This setup and its operating protocol are thus helpful for human exposure and risk assessment.

We designed and developed an effective nanopowder aerosolization setup and operating protocol. The system generated nanoparticle aerosols with stable number concentrations and size distributions for long durations, requiring only small quantities of test material (min. 200 mg).

系统创建从纳米粉体纳米稳定气溶胶

Nanoparticle aerosols released from nanopowders in workplaces are associated with human exposure and health risks. We developed a novel system, requiring ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

染料敏化太阳能电池的光催化电极的电纺丝

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is composed of two materials, a plastic and an elastomer, whose dispersion characteristics (refractive index variation with wavelength) are different. We first designed the lens geometry and then used ray-tracing simulation, based on the Monte Carlo method, to analyze its performance from the point of view of both optical efficiency and the maximum attainable concentration. Afterwards, ADG Fresnel lens prototypes were manufactured using a simple and reliable method. It consists of a prior injection of plastic parts and a consecutive lamination, together with the elastomer and a glass substrate to fabricate the parquet of ADG Fresnel lenses. The accuracy of the manufactured lens profile is examined using an optical microscope while its optical performance is evaluated using a solar simulator for concentrator photovoltaic systems. The simulator is composed of a xenon flash lamp whose emitted light is reflected by a parabolic mirror. The collimated light has a spectral distribution and an angular aperture similar to the real Sun. We were able to assess the optical performance of the ADG Fresnel lenses by taking photographs of the irradiance spot cast by the lens using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and measuring the photocurrent generated by several types of multi junction (MJ) solar cells, which have been previously characterized at a solar simulator for concentrator solar cells. These measurements have demonstrated the achromatic behavior of ADG Fresnel lenses and, as a consequence, the suitability of the modelling and manufacturing methods.

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens makes use of two materials with differing dispersion to reduce chromatic aberration and increase attainable concentration. In this paper, a protocol for the complete characterization of the ADG Fresnel lens is presented.