这项工作得到了生物合作研究中心的资金支持, 它是用于细胞治疗制造、澳大利亚研究理事会的添加剂的弧形中心和慕尼黑技术大学的高级研究研究所。这项研究是由澳大利亚研究理事会工业改造培训中心在添加剂生物 http://www.additivebiomanufacturing.org (IC160100026) 进行的。请访问该网站的文章, 书籍, 电视或广播节目, 电子媒体, 或任何其他与该项目相关的文学作品。此外, 作者感激地承认玛丽亚 Flandes Iparraguirre 为支持在摄制, 菲利普哈伯德为声音和 Luise Grossmann 为摄制和编辑。

1. 材料制备
<ol>
	<li>在3毫升塑料注射器与漏斗, 填补2克 PCL 和插入活塞到开放的一端。</li>
	<li>将注射器放在预热的烤箱中, 在65° c 为8小时. 点向上, 使气泡聚集接近开口。</li>
	<li>用一个薄的物体推动活塞, 以释放被困的空气内的熔融材料。</li>
	<li>让它降温到室温, 这是达到时, 聚合物是不透明的, 在10分钟后。</li>
	<li>将 PCL 预装的注射器存放在干燥和黑暗的环境中, 直到使用。</li>
</ol>
2. 硬件和软件设置
<ol>
	<li>在注射器和另一端的枪管接头上附上一个23G 平的尖针 (喷), 将注射器连接到气压系统。</li>
	<li>放置在打印头的注射器, 并按下它, 直到喷尖端脱颖而出1毫米从黄铜部分的底部一侧的头部。</li>
	<li>在舞台上安装一个收集器和清洁的表面以及打印头与 70% (卷/卷) 乙醇清除灰尘或残余聚合物。</li>
	<li>设置工作距离, 在喷和收集器之间定位一个 12 mm 高的对象, 并降低打印头, 直到喷笔尖刚好触及它。</li>
	<li>将电箱上的温度调节器调整到82° c 和65° c, 分别用于喷区域和注射器, 并将其通电以熔化 PCL。</li>
	<li>等待至少10分钟, 直到聚合物熔化, 并启动气压通过设置调节器到1.8 巴。</li>
	<li>准备 G 代码定义的大小和形状, inter-filament 距离和层数的脚手架和收集速度的过程。 注: 在讨论一章 (表 2) 中提供了用于制作扁平和管状脚手架的详细模板。</li>
	<li>手动检查所有接地电缆是否已牢固地连接到机箱和墙上的插头。</li>
	<li>启动计算机上的软件 (例如, 马赫 3) 并上传准备好的 g 代码。</li>
</ol>
3. 脚手架制作
<ol>
	<li>关闭机箱的前门, 连接安全联锁, 并触发高压电源到喷。 注: 一旦门打开, 例如当打印完成或在紧急情况下, 高电压下降和脚手架可以安全地删除。</li>
	<li>在 0.2 kV 步骤中逐渐增加高电压, 直到形成一个泰勒锥, 并向收集器弹出光纤 (参见图 1D中的模范泰勒锥)。</li>
	<li>允许聚合物熔体在静止的收集器板上挤压, 以稳定喷嘴, 不移动5分钟。在开始新的打印之前, 请先除去这堆材料。</li>
	<li>使用键盘上的光标将打印头移到 G 代码将启动的点上方。</li>
	<li>在计算机上的软件中启动 G 代码。</li>
</ol>
4. 纤维直径调整
<ol>
	<li>将工作距离 (12 mm) 和温度调节器 (82 ° c 和65° c 分别用于喷区域和注射器) 保持恒定的水平, 如步骤2.4 和2.5 所述。 注: 在表 3中给出了调整不同直径的摘要。</li>
	<li>打印直径小的纤维 (3-10 µm)。将气压级别降低到 0.8 bar, 将应用电压调整到8伏, 并将收集器速度设置为 1700 mm/分钟。</li>
	<li>打印中等大小直径的纤维 (10-20 µm). 调整气压等级为1.5 巴, 设置电压为 11 kV, 并降低收集速度为1200毫米/分。</li>
	<li>打印大直径的纤维 (20-30 µm)。将气压水平提高到 2.6 bar, 将应用电压改变为12伏, 并将采集速度降低到700毫米/分。</li>
</ol>
5. 射流优化
<ol>
	<li>照亮了从外壳外部的强 LED 灯的喷气机, 以提高能见度。</li>
	<li>观察纤维的行为1分钟, 并调整系统参数以在小步骤中优化过程,即0.1 kV 的应用电压, 100 毫米/分钟的收集速度和0.1 酒吧的气压。 注意: 在表 4中给出了一个摘要。</li>
	<li>通过减少气压, 增加速度和最小化电压来稳定周期性偏转行为, 直到纤维的飞行路径类似于稳定的接触网曲线超过3分钟。</li>
	<li>通过增加电压、减少空气压力和降低收集器的速度来修正滞后于射流的飞行路径。应用这些措施, 直到纤维的飞行路径回到一个接触网曲线形状。</li>
	<li>避免纤维垂直向收集器移动, 减少施加的电压, 增加收集器的速度, 增加空气压力, 直到飞机的飞行路径再次保持了接触网曲线的形状。</li>
</ol>
6. 脚手架收藏
<ol>
	<li>当打印完成时打开门, 使用光标将收集器板移到门上以获得更好的可访问性。</li>
	<li>用乙醇 70% (卷/卷) 喷洒支架, 等待10秒, 直到它与收集器明显分离。</li>
	<li>收集完成的脚手架, 抓住一个边缘与镊子和解除它的外壳。</li>
</ol>
7. 故障排除
<ol>
	<li>如果在喷可见或有裂纹的声响之间有火花, 请立即降低应用电压或打开门。</li>
	<li>将所有危险物质和液体, 如乙醇 70% (卷/卷) 从外壳内移走, 以防起火, 可能引发火灾。</li>
	<li>程序的 G 代码相应的喷移动距离的地方, 脚手架是在所有层完成后打印。这避免了物质堆积在喷最后停止的点之上。</li>
	<li>检查放大镜下的喷并验证喷没有损坏, 因为这将显著影响泰勒锥的均匀性。</li>
</ol>

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F., Luxenhofer, R., Groll, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+definition+fibrous+poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)+scaffolds+through+melt+electrospinning+writing.">High definition fibrous poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) scaffolds through melt electrospinning writing.</a> Polymer. 55 (20), 5017-5023 (2014).</li><li>Chen, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additive+Manufacturing+of+a+Photo-Cross-Linkable+Polymer+via+Direct+Melt+Electrospinning+Writing+for+Producing+High+Strength+Structures.">Additive Manufacturing of a Photo-Cross-Linkable Polymer via Direct Melt Electrospinning Writing for Producing High Strength Structures.</a> Biomacromolecules. 17 (1), 208-214 (2016).</li><li>Hochleitner, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additive+manufacturing+of+scaffolds+with+sub-micron+filaments+via+melt+electrospinning+writing.">Additive manufacturing of scaffolds with sub-micron filaments via melt electrospinning writing.</a> Biofabrication. 7 (3), 035002 (2015).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

整合 AM 为医疗领域的挑战找到创新的解决方案为 21st世纪提供了一个新的范例。"生物制造" 的 so-called 领域正在兴起, 制造技术的创新使得为 TE 应用生产高度复杂的体系结构。聚合物在直接写入模式下的静电纺丝被认为是最有希望的制造候选者之一, 以满足 TE 社区的需要, 在微米到纳米级的生物相容性材料的有序结构必需的27。
本教程旨在通过解释物...

三维 (3D) 细胞生物相容结构的制造是在组织工程 (TE) 中添加生物的关键贡献之一, 其目的是通过应用定制材料、细胞、生化因子来恢复组织,或他们的组合。因此, 用于 TE 应用的支架的主要要求包括: 生物相容性材料的可制造性、靶细胞侵袭的可控形态特性和增强细胞相互作用的优化表面特性1。
水电部是一种无溶剂的制造技术, 它将添加剂制造 (通常称为3D 印刷) 和静电纺丝的原理结合起来, 用于生产具有高度有序超薄纤维形态的聚合物网格2。它是一种直接的写作方法, 根据预先编写的代码3准确地存放纤维, 称为 G 代码。熔体纺结构目前准备使用一个平面4,5或一个芯轴6,7收集器, 分别制造多孔扁平和管状脚手架。
这项技术为 TE 和再生医学 (RM) 社区提供了显著的好处, 因为有可能直接打印医用级聚合物, 如聚 (ε-内) (PCL), 其中提出了良好的生物相容性8。其他的优势是有可能定制的大小和分布的孔隙率, 通过沉积纤维的高度有组织的方式来制造高表面积率的脚手架。在可以执行水电部之前, 聚合物首先需要应用热9。一旦处于流体状态, 施加的气压迫使它通过连接到高压源的金属喷流出。在表面张力和静电带电液滴对接地收集器的吸引力之间的力平衡导致泰勒锥的形成, 接着是喷射器的10。
图像和 in-house 构建用于此协议的设备的示意图图如图 1所示。此外, 还说明了使用绝缘胶带避免发热元件与喷周围带电黄铜部件之间的电放电的原理。绝缘不足会导致所实施硬件的内部损坏。
根据三系统参数 (温度、采集速度和气压) 的调整, 水电部可以在讨论部分中解释不同直径的纤维的制造。然而, 在大多数情况下, fine-tuning 和优化的喷气机将需要之前, 稳定的喷气机将被弹出。带电射流的可视化是验证过程一致性和均匀性的有效方法。在理想情况下, 飞行路径类似于由于由系统参数11控制的力平衡而获得的链路曲线。此外, 支架的微观和宏观结构取决于聚合物射流的飞行路径12。讨论部分给出了不同挠度行为和优化措施的详细表。
在本研究中, 我们提出了一个协议, 描述的制造步骤, 生产高控制纤维脚手架利用新技术。在这项工作中, 医疗级 pcl (分子量95-140 公斤/摩尔) 的使用, 因为这个医疗级 pcl 提高纯度超过技术等级, 其机械和加工性能是优良的水电部。PCL 的广泛熔体加工范围来源于其低熔点 (60 ° c) 和高热稳定性。此外, PCL 是一种慢速生物降解聚合物, 它使它成为许多组织工程应用的优秀材料13。
对于这项研究, 温度和收集器距离将保持恒定 (65 ° c 和82° c 为注射器和喷温度 (分别) 和12毫米为收藏家距离);应用电压, 收集器速度和气压, 但是, 将不同的制造有目标直径的纤维。在结果部分中提供了一份详细的研究报告, 并展示了 TE 和 RM 领域的不同应用 (表 1)。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Plastic syringe</td><td>Nordson Australia Pty Ltd</td><td>7012072</td><td>EFD BARREL O 3mL Clear 50</td></tr><tr><td>Medical grade Poly (&amp;epsilon;-caprolactone) (mPCL)</td><td>Corbion Purac, The Netherlands</td><td>PURASORB PC12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>23 GA needle</td><td>Nordson Australia Pty Ltd</td><td>7018302</td><td>#23GP .013 X .25 ORANGE 50 PC</td></tr><tr><td>Plunger</td><td>Nordson Australia Pty Ltd</td><td>7012166</td><td>PISTON O 3mL WH WIPER 50</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure adapter</td><td>Nordson Australia Pty Ltd</td><td>7012059</td><td>ADAPTER ASM O 3mL BL 1.8M</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminium collector</td><td>Action Aluminium, Australia</td><td>SHP2</td><td>Sheet 5005 H34</td></tr><tr><td>Acrylic glass</td><td>Mulford Plastics Pty Ltd</td><td>ACC6-13094</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mach 3 software</td><td>Art Soft</td><td></td><td>Purchased online</td></tr><tr><td>Safety switch interlock</td><td>RS components Pty Ltd</td><td>12621330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High voltage generator</td><td>EMCO High Voltage Co.</td><td>DX250R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller</td><td>WATLOW</td><td>PM9R1FJ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X and Y positioning slide</td><td>VELMEX Inc.</td><td>XN-10-0020-M011</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

melt electrospinning writing of three-dimensional poly(&#949;-caprolactone) scaffolds with controllable morphologies for tissue engineering applications

本教程反映了静电纺丝的基本原理和指南的聚合物熔体, 这是一种具有极大的生物医学应用潜力的添加剂制造技术。该技术促进了生物相容性聚合物纤维的直接沉积, 在亚微米范围内制备有序的支架。建立一个稳定的, 粘弹性, 聚合物射流之间的喷和收藏家是实现使用的应用电压, 可以直接写入。典型的多孔支架的一个显著优点是高表面积比, 它为细胞附着和生长提供了更有效的粘合部位。通过 fine-tuning 系统参数控制印刷工艺, 可使印刷脚手架的质量具有很高的重现性。它还为用户提供了一个灵活的制造平台, 使脚手架的形态结构符合他们的具体要求。为此, 我们提出了一个协议, 以获得不同的纤维直径使用熔融静电纺丝写入 (水电部) 的参数, 包括流量, 电压和收集速度的指导修正。此外, 我们还演示了如何优化 jet, 讨论经常遇到的技术难题, 解释故障排除技术, 并展示各种可打印的脚手架体系结构。

在水电部中常用两种不同的收集方法, 即扁平收集和芯轴收集。生成的体系结构取决于软件执行的 G 代码 (表 2) 的编程。
平面系列 应用平面捕收器是指最常用的方法, 便于直接沉积的材料引用预编程的 G 代码。0/90 和0/60 不同大小的结构在文献中被广泛报道。此外, 直接沉积在收集器上的熔融纤维的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional PolyÎµ-caprolactone Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications at JoVE.c

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

本议定书是一个全面的指导方针, 以直接的写作方式通过静电纺丝和聚合物熔体制造脚手架。我们系统地概述了该过程, 并定义了适当的参数设置, 以实现有针对性的脚手架结构。

用于组织工程应用的三维聚 (ε-内) 支架的熔体静电纺丝

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

melt-electrospinning-writing-three-dimensional-poly-caprolactone

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

15.1K 次观看.  Queensland University of Technology (QUT). 本议定书是一个全面的指导方针, 以直接的写作方式通过静电纺丝和聚合物熔体制造脚手架。我们系统地概述了该过程, 并定义了适当的参数设置, 以实现有针对性的脚手架结构。

视频: Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

Tri-layered Electrospinning to Mimic Native Arterial Architecture using Polycaprolactone, Elastin, and Collagen: A Preliminary Study

Throughout native artery, collagen and elastin play an important role, providing a mechanical backbone, preventing vessel rupture, and promoting recovery under pulsatile deformations. The goal of this study was to mimic the structure of native artery by fabricating a multi-layered electrospun conduit composed of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) with the addition of elastin and collagen with blends of 45-45-10, 55-35-10, and 65-25-10 PCL-ELAS-COL to demonstrate mechanical properties indicative of native arterial tissue, while remaining conducive to tissue regeneration. Whole grafts and individual layers were analyzed using uniaxial tensile testing, dynamic compliance, suture retention, and burst strength. Compliance results revealed that changes to the middle/medial layer changed overall graft behavior with whole graft compliance values ranging from 0.8 - 2.8 % / 100 mmHg, while uniaxial results demonstrated an average modulus range of 2.0 - 11.8 MPa. Both modulus and compliance data displayed values within the range of native artery. Mathematical modeling was implemented to show how changes in layer stiffness affect the overall circumferential wall stress, and as a design aid to achieve the best mechanical combination of materials. Overall, the results indicated that a graft can be designed to mimic a tri-layered structure by altering layer properties.

The aim of this study was to mimic the native three layered architecture of the arterial wall. To accomplish this, electrospinning was employed with the use of a 3-1 (input-output) nozzle and blends of polycaprolactone, elastin, and collagen.

三层次的静电，以模仿母语动脉结构采用聚己内酯，弹性和胶原的初步研究

Throughout native artery, collagen and elastin play an important role, providing a mechanical backbone, preventing vessel rupture, and promoting recovery ...

科研

生物工程

Postproduction Processing of Electrospun Fibres for Tissue Engineering

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo undergo biaxial distension to varying extents such as skin, bladder, pelvic floor and even the hard palate as children grow. In producing scaffolds for these purposes there is a need to develop scaffolds of appropriate biomechanical properties (whether achieved without or with cells) and which are sterile for clinical use. The focus of this paper is not how to establish basic electrospinning parameters (as there is extensive literature on electrospinning) but on how to modify spun scaffolds post production to make them fit for tissue engineering purposes - here thickness, mechanical properties and sterilisation (required for clinical use) are considered and we also describe how cells can be cultured on scaffolds and subjected to biaxial strain to condition them for specific applications.
Electrospinning tends to produce thin sheets; as the electrospinning collector becomes coated with insulating fibres it becomes a poor conductor such that fibres no longer deposit on it. Hence we describe approaches to produce thicker structures by heat or vapour annealing increasing the strength of scaffolds but not necessarily the elasticity. Sequential spinning of scaffolds of different polymers to achieve complex scaffolds is also described. Sterilisation methodologies can adversely affect strength and elasticity of scaffolds. We compare three methods for their effects on the biomechanical properties on electrospun scaffolds of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).
Imaging of cells on scaffolds and assessment of production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cells on scaffolds is described. Culturing cells on scaffolds in vitro can improve scaffold strength and elasticity but the tissue engineering literature shows that cells often fail to produce appropriate ECM when cultured under static conditions. There are few commercial systems available that allow one to culture cells on scaffolds under dynamic conditioning regimes - one example is the Bose Electroforce 3100 which can be used to exert a conditioning programme on cells in scaffolds held using mechanical grips within a media filled chamber.4 An approach to a budget cell culture bioreactor for controlled distortion in 2 dimensions is described. We show that cells can be induced to produce elastin under these conditions. Finally assessment of the biomechanical properties of processed scaffolds cultured with or without cells is described.

Electrospun scaffolds can be processed post production for tissue engineering applications. Here we describe methods for spinning complex scaffolds (by consecutive spinning), for making thicker scaffolds (by multi-layering using heat or vapour annealing), for achieving sterility (aseptic production or sterilisation post production) and for achieving appropriate biomechanical properties.

静电纤维组织工程的后期处理

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce  scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo ...

Expansion of Two-dimension Electrospun Nanofiber Mats into Three-dimension Scaffolds

Electrospinning has been the preferred technology in producing a synthetic, functional scaffold due to the biomimicry to extracellular matrix and the ease control of composition, structure, and diameter of fibers. However, despite these advantages, traditional electrospun nanofiber scaffolds come with limitations including disorganized nanofiber orientation, low porosity, small pore size, and mainly two-dimensional mats. As such, there is a great need for developing a new process for fabricating electrospun nanofiber scaffolds that can overcome the above limitations. Herein, a novel and simple method is outlined. A traditional 2D nanofiber mat is transformed into a 3D scaffold with desired thickness, gap distance, porosity, and nanotopographic cues to allow for cell seeding and proliferation through the depressurization of subcritical CO2 fluid. In addition to providing a scaffold for tissue regeneration to occur, this method also provides the opportunity to encapsulate bioactive molecules such as antimicrobial peptides for local drug delivery. The CO2 expanded nanofiber scaffolds hold great potential in tissue regeneration, wound healing, 3D tissue modeling, and topical drug delivery.

This article demonstrates the technique of expanding a traditional, two-dimension (2D) electrospun nanofiber mat into a three-dimension (3D) scaffold through the depressurization of subcritical CO2 fluid. These augmented scaffolds are 3D, closely mimic cellular nanotopographic cues, and preserve the functions of biologic molecules encapsulated within the nanofibers.

将二维电纺纳米纤维垫扩展到三维支架中

Electrospinning has been the preferred technology in producing a synthetic, functional scaffold due to the biomimicry to extracellular matrix and the ease ...

遗传学

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among the various fabrication methods, electrospinning is the most attractive one due to its simplicity and versatility. Additionally, electrospun nanofibers mimic the size of natural extracellular matrix ensuring additional support for cell survival and growth. This study showed the viability of the fabrication of long fibers spanning a larger deposit area for a novel biodegradable and biocompatible polymer named&#160;poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) (PGD)1 by using a newly designed collector for electrospinning. PGD exhibits unique elastic properties with similar mechanical properties to nerve tissues, thus it is suitable for neural tissue engineering applications. The synthesis and fabrication set-up for making fibrous scaffolding materials was simple, highly reproducible, and inexpensive. In biocompatibility testing, cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells could adhere to and grow on the electrospun PGD fibers. In summary, this protocol provided a versatile fabrication method for making PGD electrospun fibers to support the growth of mouse embryonic stem cell derived neural lineage cells.

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Polyglycerol-dodecanedioate for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Synthesis and fabrication of electrospun long fibers spanning a larger deposit area via a newly designed collector from a novel biodegradable polymer named poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) (PGD) was reported. The fibers were able to support the growth of cells derived from mouse pluripotent stem cells.

保利的静电纤维支架（甘油 - 十二双）工程神经组织从小鼠胚胎干细胞

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among ...

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible applications in controlling cell morphology/orientation. Nanofiber organization is controlled with a new fabrication apparatus that enables the gradual decrease of fiber organization in a scaffold. Changing the alignment of fibers is achieved through decreasing deposition time of random electrospun fibers on a uniaxially aligned fiber mat. By covering the collector with a moving barrier/mask, along the same axis as fiber deposition, the organizational structure is easily controlled. For tissue engineering purposes, adipose-derived stem cells can be seeded to these scaffolds. Stem cells undergo morphological changes as a result of their position on the varied organizational structure, and can potentially differentiate into different cell types depending on their locations. Additionally, the graded organization of fibers enhances the biomimicry of nanofiber scaffolds so they more closely resemble the natural orientations of collagen nanofibers at tendon-to-bone insertion site compared to traditional scaffolds. Through nanoencapsulation, the gradated fibers also afford the possibility to construct chemical gradients in fiber scaffolds, and thereby further strengthen their potential applications in fast screening of cell-materials interaction and interfacial tissue regeneration. This technique enables the production of continuous gradient scaffolds, but it also can potentially produce fibers in discrete steps by controlling the movement of the moving barrier/mask in a discrete fashion.

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with gradated organization of fibers and explore their applications in regulating cell morphology/orientation. Gradients with regard to physical and chemical properties of the nanofiber scaffolds offer a wide variety of applications in the biomedical field.

静电纳米纤维支架与渐变的纤维组织

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible ...

Composite Scaffolds of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Fibers for Temporally Controlled Release of Biomolecules

Various scaffolds used in tissue engineering require a controlled biochemical environment to mimic the physiological cell niche. Interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC) fibers can be used for controlled delivery of various biological agents such as small molecule drugs, cells, proteins and growth factors. The simplicity of the methodology in making IPC fibers gives flexibility in its application for controlled biomolecule delivery. Here, we describe a method of incorporating IPC fibers into two different polymeric scaffolds, hydrophilic polysaccharide and hydrophobic polycaprolactone, to create a multi-component composite scaffold. We showed that IPC fibers can be easily embedded into these polymeric structures, enhancing the capability for sustained release and improved preservation of biomolecules. We also created a composite polymeric scaffold with topographical cues and sustained biochemical release that can have synergistic effects on cell behavior. Composite polymeric scaffolds with IPC fibers represent a novel and simple method of recreating the cellular niche.

Scaffolds for tissue engineering need to recapitulate the complex biochemical and biophysical microenvironment of the cellular niche. Here, we show the use of interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation fibers as a platform to create composite, multi-component polymeric scaffolds with sustained biochemical release.

界面聚电解质纤维的生物分子在时间控释复合支架

Various scaffolds used in tissue engineering require a controlled biochemical environment to mimic the physiological cell niche. Interfacial ...

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

制造超疏水高分子材料生物医学应用

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial ...

Electrospinning Fibrous Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Cell Culture

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address the requirements (e.g., mechanics and vascularity) of more intricate organs and tissues. Electrospinning is a popular technique to create fibrous scaffolds that mimic the architecture and size scale of the native extracellular matrix. These fibrous scaffolds are also useful as cell culture substrates since the fibers can be used to direct cellular behavior, including stem cell differentiation (see extensive reviews by Mauck et al. and Sill et al. for more information). In this article, we describe the general process of electrospinning polymers and as an example, electrospin a reactive hyaluronic acid capable of crosslinking with light exposure (see Ifkovits et al. for a review on photocrosslinkable materials). We also introduce further processing capabilities such as photopatterning and multi-polymer scaffold formation. Photopatterning can be used to create scaffolds with channels and multi-scale porosity to increase cellular infiltration and tissue distribution. Multi-polymer scaffolds are useful to better tune the properties (mechanics and degradation) of a scaffold, including tailored porosity for cellular infiltration. Furthermore, these techniques can be extended to include a wide array of polymers and reactive macromers to create complex scaffolds that provide the cues necessary for the development of successful tissue engineered constructs.

The process of electrospinning polymers for tissue engineering and cell culture is addressed in this article. Specifically, the electrospinning of photoreactive macromers with additional processing capabilities of photopatterning and multi-polymer electrospinning is described.

静电纤维聚合物支架用于组织工程和细胞培养

As the field of tissue engineering evolves, there is a tremendous demand to produce more suitable materials and processing techniques in order to address ...

生物学

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate Poly(Lactic Acid) Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of this new field of biomaterials research is due to the necessity to develop implants capable of mimicking the complex functionality of the various tissues, including a continuous change from one structure or composition to another. In this latter context, one topic of main interest concerns the design of appropriate scaffolds for bone-cartilage interface tissue. In this study, three-layered scaffolds with graded pore size were achieved by melt mixing poly(lactic acid) (PLA), sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Pore size distributions were controlled by NaCl granulometry and PEG solvation. Scaffolds were characterized from a morphological and mechanical point of view. A correlation between the preparation method, the pore architecture and compressive mechanical behavior was found. The interface adhesion strength was quantitatively evaluated by using a custom-designed interfacial strength test. Furthermore, in order to imitate the human physiology, mechanical tests were also performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 &#176;C. The method herein presented provides a high control of porosity, pore size distribution and mechanical performance, thus offering the possibility to fabricate three-layered scaffolds with tailored properties by following a simple and eco-friendly route.

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate PolyLactic Acid Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

In this work, poly(lactic acid)/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) scaffolds were prepared by using a combination of melt mixing and selective leaching. The method herein discussed permitted to develop three-layer scaffolds by highly controlling both porosity and pore size. The mechanical properties were also evaluated in a physiological environment.

的简便和环保路线制造聚乳酸支架与分级孔径

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of ...

Controlling Electrospun Polymer Morphology for Tissue Engineering Demonstrated Using hepG2 Cell Line

Electrospinning affords researchers the opportunity to fabricate reproducible micro to nanoscale polymer fibers. The 3D fibrous architecture of electrospun polymers is regarded as a structural imitation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hence, electrospun fibers fabricated from biocompatible polymers have been widely investigated by tissue engineering researchers for their potential role as an artificial ECM for guiding tissue growth both in vitro and in vivo. All cells are acutely sensitive to their mechanical environment. This has been demonstrated by the discovery of multiple mechanotransduction pathways intrinsically linked to the cytoskeletal actin filaments. The cytoskeleton acts as a mechanical sensor that can direct the functionality and differentiation of the host cell depending on the stiffness and morphology of its substrate. Electrospun fibers can be tuned both in terms of fiber size and morphology to easily modulate the mechanical environment within a fibrous polymer scaffold. Here, methods for electrospinning polycaprolactone (PCL) for three distinct morphologies at two different fiber diameters are described. The morphological fiber categories consist of randomly oriented fibers, aligned fibers, and porous cryogenically spun fibers, with 1 &#181;m and 5 &#181;m diameters. The methods detailed within this study are proposed as a platform for investigating the effect of electrospun fiber architecture on tissue generation. Understanding these effects will allow researchers to optimize the mechanical properties of electrospun fibers and demonstrate the potential of this technology more thoroughly.

This method provides the means to test different polycaprolactone fiber morphologies and topographies for the purpose of tissue engineering. Small and large fibers are fabricated with random orientations, aligned orientations, and also porous cryogenically electrospun structures and used as platforms for cell culture.