这项工作得到了 Envisible 公司的支持。这项研究还得到了大韩民国卫生部 & 福利部韩国卫生技术 & 发展项目 (HI15C1027) 的资助。这项研究也得到韩国国家研究基金会 (NRF-2016R1A1A1A05005348) 的支持。

注意: 所有的程序, 包括使用人的主题是通过非侵入性的方式, 简单地戴着一副眼镜。所有的数据都是通过测量在玻璃中插入的力信号, 而不是与皮肤直接接触而获得的。数据被无线传输到数据记录模块, 在这种情况下, 这是一个指定的智能手机的研究。所有协议都与体内/体外人类研究无关。没有用药物和血液样本进行实验。所有实验对象都获得了知情同意。
1. 传感器集成电路模块的制造
<ol><li>
采购电子元器件制造电路模块。
	<ol>
<li>采购两个球型负载单元, 每一个在 0 n 和 15 n 的范围内运行, 并产生一个低差电压输出, 最大 120 mV 跨度在3.3 伏励磁。 注意: 这些负载单元用于测量眼镜左右两侧的力信号。</li>
		<li>购买两个仪表放大器和两个 15 kΩ增益设定电阻。 注: 仪器放大器和增益设定电阻用于放大负载单元的力信号八倍, 高达 960 mV。</li>
		<li>购买具有无线功能的微控制器单元 (MCU) (例如、wi-fi 连接) 和10位模数转换器 (ADC)。 注: 单片机用于读取力信号, 并以无线方式将其传输到数据采集模块。由于一个模拟输入销用于两个模拟力输入, 因此在下一步1.1.4 中引入了复用器。</li>
		<li>购买双通道模拟复用器, 处理两个输入信号与单片机上的一个 ADC pin。</li>
		<li>购买锂离子聚合物 (脂) 电池, 具有3.7 伏标称电压, 300 麻将标称容量, 1 C 放电速率。 注: 电池容量被选择提供足够的电流每小时超过200麻将, 并运行系统可靠的约1.5 小时的实验。</li>
		<li>购买3.3 伏稳压器, 用于线性向下调节 3.7 v 电池电压, 使系统的 3.3 v 工作电压。</li>
		<li>购买五 12 kΩ表面安装器件 (SMD) 型电阻器作为单片机的拉起电阻。电阻的足迹是2.0 毫米 x 1.2 毫米 (大小 2012)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
制造印制电路板 (pcb)。此步骤是关于绘制电路板, 并使图稿 (即、电路板布局、. 伯德文件) 以及 PCB 制作的示意图 (即)。开发需要对创建图稿和示意图文件的过程有一个基本的理解。
	<ol>
<li>使用电子设计应用程序绘制包含电池的左电路示意图, 如图 1A所示。将结果另存为图稿 (. 伯德) 和示意图 (.) 文件。</li>
		<li>使用电子设计应用程序绘制包含 MCU 的正确电路示意图, 如图 1B所示。将结果另存为图稿 (. 伯德) 和示意图 (.) 文件。</li>
		<li>通过向 PCB 制造公司订货, 制造电路板。</li>
		<li>按图 2和图 3中所示, 将步骤1.1 中准备的每个电子组件焊锡到 pcb。 注意: 仪表放大器对焊接温度非常敏感。在焊接过程中, 要确保十年代的铅温度不超过摄氏300摄氏度, 否则会对元件造成永久性损坏。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 3D 打印眼镜架
<ol><li>使用3D 建模工具绘制眼镜头片的3D 模型, 如图 4A所示。将结果导出到. stl 文件格式。</li>
	<li>使用3D 建模工具, 如图 4B和图 4C中所示, 绘制眼镜的左、右太阳穴的3D 模型。将结果导出到. stl 文件格式。</li>
	<li>使用3D 打印机和碳纤维灯丝打印头件和寺庙零件, 喷嘴温度为240摄氏度, 床温80摄氏度。 注: 可允许使用任何商用3D 打印机和任何类型的丝, 如丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯 (ABS) 和聚乳酸 (PLA)。喷嘴和床温可根据灯丝和印刷条件进行调整。</li>
	<li>使用180°c 设置的热风鼓风机加热寺庙的尖端, 并将其弯曲到内约15度, 以接触颞肌肉的表皮, 如常规眼镜。 注: 玻璃寺庙的弯曲程度不需要严格, 因为曲率的目的是通过帮助眼镜适合主题的头部时, 以增加一个形状因素。但是, 要小心, 因为过度弯曲会防止寺庙接触颞肌肉, 这使得无法收集重要的模式。</li>
	<li>重复步骤2.1–2.4 中的步骤, 以打印两个不同大小的眼镜框架, 以适应多个头部大小, 如图 4所示。</li>
</ol>3. 玻璃的所有部分的装配
<ol><li>使用 M2 螺栓在眼镜寺庙两侧插入多氯联苯, 如图 5所示。</li>
	<li>将 M2 螺栓插入铰链接头, 将头件和寺庙装配起来。</li>
	<li>使用3针连接线连接左、右 pcb, 如图 5所示。</li>
	<li>将电池连接到左侧的电路上, 并将其与胶带粘附在左太阳穴上。电池的安装端不重要, 因为它可能因 PCB 设计而异。</li>
	<li>将眼镜盖在尖端和鼻垫上的橡皮胶带上, 以增加与人体皮肤的摩擦, 如图 5所示。</li>
</ol>4. 开发数据采集系统
注: 数据采集系统由数据传送模块和数据接收模块组成。数据传送模块读取双方的时间和力信号, 然后将它们发送到数据接收模块, 收集接收到的数据并将其写入. tsv 文件。
<ol><li>
按照步骤4.1 中的过程, 将数据传输应用程序上载到 PCB 模块的 MCU. 1–4.1. 3。
	<ol>
<li>使用计算机运行附加到辅助文件的 "GlasSense_Server" 项目。 注意: 此项目是用 Arduino 集成开发环境 (IDE) 构建的。它提供了读取时间和强迫信号与200样本/秒, 并将其传输到数据接收模块的能力。</li>
		<li>通过通用串行总线 (USB) 连接器将 PCB 模块连接到计算机。</li>
		<li>按 Arduino IDE 上的 "上载" 按钮, 将编程代码从步骤4.1.1 刷新到 MCU 中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
按照步骤4.2 中的过程, 将数据接收应用程序上载到智能手机 (用于以无线方式接收数据). 1–4.2. 3。
	<ol>
<li>使用计算机运行附加到辅助文件的 "GlasSense_Client" 项目。 注意: 这个项目是用 c# 编程语言构建的。它提供了接收数据和保存. tsv 文件的能力, 其中包含主题的信息, 如姓名、性别、年龄和体重指数 (BMI)。</li>
		<li>通过 USB 连接器将智能手机连接到计算机, 以生成数据接收应用程序。</li>
		<li>按 c# 项目上的 "文件 > 生成 & 运行" 按钮, 以生成用于智能手机的数据接收应用程序。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. 从用户研究中收集数据
注: 本研究收集了六项精选活动集: 久坐休息 (SR), 久坐咀嚼 (SC), 步行 (W), 散步时咀嚼 (CW), 久坐的谈话 (ST), 和久坐眨眼 (SW)。
<ol><li>选择对要测试的用户具有适当大小的眼镜。在铰链 (图 5) 上微调与支承螺栓的紧固。 注意: 力值不得超过 15 N, 因为本研究中使用的力传感器可能会失去操作范围以外的细微线性特性。通过松开或拧紧支承螺栓, 可以微调力值。</li>
	<li>
通过按步骤4.2.3 中构建的应用程序上的 "记录" 按钮记录所有主题的活动。
	<ol>
<li>在120秒块中记录一个活动, 并生成它的记录文件。<ol>
<li>在 SR 的情况下, 坐在椅子上的主题, 让他们使用智能手机或阅读一本书。允许头部运动, 但要避免全身运动。</li>
			<li>在 SC 和 CW 的情况下, 让受试者吃两种类型的食物质地 (烤面包和咀嚼果冻), 以反映不同的食物性质。在20毫米 x 20 毫米的切片上提供烤面包, 这是一个很好的吃的大小。</li>
			<li>在 W 的情况下, 让受试者在跑步机上以每小时4.5 公里/小时的速度行走。</li>
			<li>在 ST 的情况下, 坐下来的主题, 让他们读一本书大声以正常的语调和速度。</li>
			<li>在 SW 的情况下, 通知对象眨眼的时间钟的声音0.5 秒长每3秒。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>从步骤5.2.1 中收集的数据生成. tsv 格式的记录文件。 注意: 此文件包含接收数据的时间序列、左力信号、右力信号和代表当前面部活动的标签。图 6中描述了用户块中所有活动的时间信号的可视化。六个精选活动集 (SR、SC、W、CW、ST 和 SW) 分别被标记为1、2、3、4、5和6。这些标签用于比较协议8节中预测的类。</li>
		<li>在录音块后休息60秒。在休息时摘下眼镜, 在录音块重新启动时再次佩戴。</li>
		<li>对每个活动重复5.2.1 和5.2.2 四次的分块和中断步骤集。</li>
		<li>在 SW 的情况下, 在一个街区内, 让主体在左眼中反复眨眨眼, 然后在下一个街区内用右眼反复眨眼。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>重复步骤 5.1–5.2, 收集来自10个主题的数据。在本研究中, 我们使用了五男性和五位女性, 平均年龄是 27.9 @ 4.3 (标准偏差; s.d.) 年, 在19–33年不等, 并且平均 BMI 是 21.6 @ 3.2 (s.d.) 公斤/米2, 在17.9–27.4 公斤/m2不等。 注意: 在这项研究中, 没有任何医疗条件咀嚼食物, 眨眼和步行的对象被招募, 这一条件被用于纳入标准。</li>
</ol>6. 信号预处理与分割
注意: 左和右信号在以下过程中分别计算。
<ol><li>
准备一系列 2 s 长的时间框架。
	<ol>
<li>将120s 记录的信号分割成一组 2 s 帧, 方法是使用 MATLAB 以1秒的间隔跳过它们, 如图 6所示。 注: 2 s 长的分段框架用于提取7节中的特征。1 s 跳跃大小被确定划分信号由 3 s 眨眼间隔已经提到在步5.2.1。</li>
		<li>应用低通滤波器 (LPF), 使用 5th订单北海过滤器, 每个帧的截止频率为10赫兹。</li>
		<li>将步骤6.1.2 的结果保存为步骤7.1 中的下一个步骤的时间框架。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
准备一系列的光谱框架。
	<ol>
<li>将每个帧的原始信号中的中点减去戴眼镜时的预紧。 注意: 以下频率分析不需要预加载值, 因为它不包括任何有关咀嚼、行走、眨眼、等的信息.但是, 它可以包含重要信息, 这可能不同于主题, 从眼镜的每一个设置, 甚至从一个人戴眼镜的那一刻起。</li>
		<li>将汉宁窗口应用于每个帧, 以减少频率分析中的频谱泄漏。</li>
		<li>通过对每个帧应用快速傅立叶变换 (FFT), 生成并保存单侧频谱。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>定义一个与框架块 (或简单框架) 同时的时间和光谱框架的组合。</li>
</ol>7. 特征向量的生成
注: 在协议6节中生成的每帧都产生一个特征向量。左和右帧分别计算, 并在以下过程中组合为特征向量。所有的程序都是在 MATLAB 中实现的。
<ol><li>从协议步骤6.1 的时间框架中提取统计特征。表 1中给出了54个功能的总数量的列表。</li>
	<li>从协议步骤6.2 的光谱帧中提取统计特征。表 2中给出了30个功能的总数量的列表。</li>
	<li>结合上面的时间和光谱特征生成一个84维特征向量。</li>
	<li>从协议步骤5.2 的录制中标记生成的特征向量。</li>
	<li>从步骤7.1–7.4 中重复执行所有框架块的步骤, 并生成一系列特征向量。</li>
</ol>8. 将活动分类为班级
注意: 这一步是选择支持向量机 (SVM)23的分类器模型, 方法是确定显示给定问题 (即特征向量) 的最佳精度的参数。SVM 是一种众所周知的受监督机器学习技术, 它在类和核函数之间的最大边距表现出良好的泛化和鲁棒性。利用网格搜索和交叉验证方法, 定义了径向基函数 (RBF) 核的惩罚参数 C 和核参数γ。对机器学习技术和支持向量机的基本理解需要执行以下步骤。推荐一些参考材料23、24、25 , 以便更好地了解机器学习技术和 SVM 算法。本节中的所有过程都是使用 LibSVM25软件包实现的。
<ol><li>为网格搜索定义一对 (C、γ) 的网格。使用 C 的指数增长序列 (2-10, 2-5,.., 230) 和γ (2-30, 2-25,.., 210)。 注意: 这些序列是启发式确定的。</li>
	<li>定义一对 (C、γ) (例如, (2-10, 2-30))。</li>
	<li>
对于步骤8.2 中定义的网格, 执行10倍交叉验证方案。 注意: 该方案将整个特征向量划分为10部分子集, 然后从其他子集训练的分类器模型中测试一个子集, 然后一个一个地重复它。因此, 每个特征向量都可以按顺序进行测试。<ol>
<li>将整个特征向量划分为10部分子集。</li>
		<li>从子集定义测试集, 以及从其余9子集中设置训练集。</li>
		<li>定义缩放向量, 将特征向量的所有元素缩放到训练集的 [0、1] 范围。 注意: 缩放向量与特征向量具有相同的维数。它由一组乘数组成, 它将所有特征向量的同一行 (或列) 缩放到 [0、1] 的范围。例如, 特征向量的第一个特征被线性地缩放为训练特征向量的所有第一个特征的 [0、1] 的范围。请注意, 缩放向量是从训练集定义的, 因为应该假定测试集是未知的。这一步通过使特征相等范围和避免数值误差在计算过程中提高了分类的准确性。</li>
		<li>使用步骤8.2.3 中获得的缩放向量, 将训练集的每个特征缩放到 [0、1] 的范围。</li>
		<li>使用步骤8.2.3 中获得的缩放向量, 将测试集的每个特性缩放到 [0、1] 的范围。</li>
		<li>在步骤8.2 中, 通过支持向量机 (C、γ) 对训练集进行培训, 然后构建一个分类器模型。</li>
		<li>通过在步骤8.2 中定义对 (C、γ) 的 SVM 测试测试集, 以及从训练过程中获得的分类器模型。</li>
		<li>计算测试集的分类精度。从正确分类的特征向量的百分比计算出其精度。</li>
		<li>对所有子集重复步骤 8.2. 2–8.2 8, 并计算所有子集的平均精度。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>对 (C、γ) 的所有栅格点重复步骤 8.2–8.3 9。</li>
	<li>查找网格最高精度的本地最大值。8节的所有过程都在图 7中进行了说明。</li>
	<li>选)如果网格的步骤被认为是粗糙的, 请在步骤8.5 中找到的本地最大值附近的较细网格中重复步骤 8.1–8.5, 并查找细网格的新本地最大值。</li>
	<li>从以下等式计算每类活动的精度、回调和 F1评分: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56633/56633eq1.jpg">                                   等式1 <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56633/56633eq2.jpg">                                             等式2 <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56633/56633eq3.jpg">          等式3 其中 TP、FP 和 FN 分别表示每个活动的真实阳性、误报和假阴性。所有活动的混淆矩阵都在表 3中给出。</li>
</ol>

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D., Sazonov, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+sensors+to+measure+activity+in+people+with+stroke.">Using sensors to measure activity in people with stroke.</a> Top Stroke Rehabil. 18 (6), 746-757 (2011).</li><li>Makeyev, O., Lopez-Meyer, P., Schuckers, S., Besio, W., Sazonov, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+food+intake+detection+based+on+swallowing+sounds.">Automatic food intake detection based on swallowing sounds.</a> Biomed Signal Process Control. 7 (6), 649-656 (2012).</li><li>P&#228;&#223;ler, S., Fischer, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+intake+activity+detection+using+an+artificial+neural+network.">Food intake activity detection using an artificial neural network.</a> Biomed Tech (Berl). , (2012).</li><li>Passler, S., Fischer, W. -. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+intake+monitoring:+Automated+chew+event+detection+in+chewing+sounds.">Food intake monitoring: Automated chew event detection in chewing sounds.</a> IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 18 (1), 278-289 (2014).</li><li>Kadomura, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CHI'13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. , 1551-1556 (2013).</li><li>Fontana, J. M., Farooq, M., Sazonov, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+ingestion+monitor:+A+novel+wearable+device+for+monitoring+of+ingestive+behavior.">Automatic ingestion monitor: A novel wearable device for monitoring of ingestive behavior.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 61 (6), 1772-1779 (2014).</li><li>Shen, Y., Salley, J., Muth, E., Hoover, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+Accuracy+of+a+Wrist+Motion+Tracking+Method+for+Counting+Bites+across+Demographic+and+Food+Variables.">Assessing the Accuracy of a Wrist Motion Tracking Method for Counting Bites across Demographic and Food Variables.</a> IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. , (2016).</li><li>Farooq, M., Sazonov, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. , 464-472 (2017).</li><li>Grigoriadis, A., Johansson, R. S., Trulsson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+profile+and+amplitude+of+human+masseter+muscle+activity+is+adapted+to+food+properties+during+individual+chewing+cycles.">Temporal profile and amplitude of human masseter muscle activity is adapted to food properties during individual chewing cycles.</a> J Oral Rehab. 41 (5), 367-373 (2014).</li><li>Strini, P. J. S. A., Strini, P. J. S. A., de Souza Barbosa, T., Gavi&#227;o, M. B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+thickness+and+function+of+masticatory+and+cervical+muscles+in+adults+with+and+without+temporomandibular+disorders.">Assessment of thickness and function of masticatory and cervical muscles in adults with and without temporomandibular disorders.</a> Arch Oral Biol. 58 (9), 1100-1108 (2013).</li><li>Standring, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. , (2015).</li><li>Farooq, M., Sazonov, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+wearable+device+for+food+intake+and+physical+activity+recognition.">A novel wearable device for food intake and physical activity recognition.</a> Sensors. 16 (7), 1067 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, R., Amft, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. , 50-52 (2016).</li><li>Farooq, M., Sazonov, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segmentation+and+Characterization+of+Chewing+Bouts+by+Monitoring+Temporalis+Muscle+Using+Smart+Glasses+with+Piezoelectric+Sensor.">Segmentation and Characterization of Chewing Bouts by Monitoring Temporalis Muscle Using Smart Glasses with Piezoelectric Sensor.</a> IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. , (2016).</li><li>Huang, Q., Wang, W., Zhang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Your+Glasses+Know+Your+Diet:+Dietary+Monitoring+using+Electromyography+Sensors.">Your Glasses Know Your Diet: Dietary Monitoring using Electromyography Sensors.</a> IEEE Internet of Things Journal. , (2017).</li><li>Chung, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+glasses-type+wearable+device+for+monitoring+the+patterns+of+food+intake+and+facial+activity.">A glasses-type wearable device for monitoring the patterns of food intake and facial activity.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 41690 (2017).</li><li>Cristianini, N., Shawe-Taylor, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An introduction to support Vector Machines: and other kernel-based learning methods. , (2000).</li><li>Giannakopoulos, T., Pikrakis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introduction to Audio Analysis: A MATLAB Approach. , (2014).</li><li>Chang, C. -. C., Lin, C. -. 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作者没有什么可透露的。

在这项研究中, 我们首先提出了眼镜的设计和制造过程, 它能感觉到食物的摄取和运动的规律。由于本研究主要集中在数据分析上, 将食物摄取量与其他物理活动 (如步行和眨眼) 区分开来, 传感器和数据采集系统需要执行移动记录。因此, 该系统包括传感器、具有无线通信能力的 MCU 和电池。该议定书提供了一种新颖和实用的方法来衡量颞肌肉活动的模式, 由于食物摄取和眨眼的非接触方式: 工具和?...

持续和客观地监测食物摄入量对于维持人体的能量平衡至关重要, 因为过量的能量积聚可能导致 overweightness 和肥胖症1, 这可能导致各种医疗并发症2。能源失衡的主要因素是食物摄入过量和体力活动不足3。通过可穿戴设备4、5、6, 对日常能源支出监测进行了各种研究, 包括在最终消费者级别和医疗阶段7。然而, 对食品摄入量监测的研究仍处于实验室设置之中, 因为很难直接和客观地检测食物摄取活动。在这里, 我们的目的是提供一个设备设计和评估, 以监测食品摄入量和体育活动模式在实际水平的日常生活中。
通过咀嚼和吞咽声音来监测食物摄取的各种间接方法8,9,10, 手腕11,12,13, 图像分析14和肌电图 (肌电信号)15。然而, 这些方法很难适用于日常生活应用, 因为它们固有的局限性: 使用声音的方法容易受到环境声音的影响;使用手腕运动的方法在不消耗食物的情况下很难与其他体力活动区分开来;使用图像和肌电信号的方法受到运动和环境边界的限制。这些研究表明, 使用传感器自动检测食物摄取量的能力, 但仍然有限制的实际适用性的日常生活以外的实验室设置。
在本研究中, 我们利用颞肌肉活动的模式作为对食物摄取量的自动和客观的监测。一般来说, 颞肌肉重复收缩和松弛作为咀嚼肌肉的一部分, 在食物摄取量16,17;因此, 可以通过检测颞肌肉活动的周期性模式来监测食物摄取活动。最近, 有几项研究利用了颞肌肉活动18,19,20,21, 使用了肌电信号或压电应变传感器, 并直接附加到人类皮肤.然而, 这些方法对肌电信号电极或应变传感器的皮肤位置很敏感, 并且由于身体运动或出汗而容易脱离皮肤。因此, 我们提出了一个新的和有效的方法, 使用一对眼镜, 通过两个负载细胞, 通过插入在我们以前的研究中的铰链中的颞肌肉活动22。该方法在不接触皮肤的情况下, 具有很高的准确度检测食物摄取活动的潜力。因为我们使用的是一种普通的眼镜式设备, 所以它也不太显眼, 也不侵入。
在本研究中, 我们提出了如何实现眼镜型设备的一系列详细协议, 以及如何使用颞肌肉活动模式来监测食物摄取量和体力活动。这些协议包括硬件设计和制造过程, 由3维打印的眼镜框架、一个电路模块和一个数据采集模块组成, 包括用于数据处理和分析的软件算法。此外, 我们还检查了几个特色活动 (例如, 咀嚼, 散步和眨眼) 的分类, 以证明作为一个实际系统的潜力, 可以区分食物摄入量和其他体力活动之间的细微差别。模式.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>FSS1500NSB</td>
			<td>Honeywell, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Load cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INA125U</td>
			<td>Texas Instruments, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESP-07</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Anxinke Technology, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MCU with Wi-Fi module</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>74LVC1G3157</td>
			<td>Nexperia, The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiplexer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MP701435P</td>
			<td>Maxpower, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LiPo battery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U1V10F3</td>
			<td>Pololu, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Voltage regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultimaker 2</td>
			<td>Ultimaker, The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ColorFabb XT-CF20</td>
			<td>ColorFabb, The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Carbon fiber filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iPhone 6s Plus</td>
			<td>Apple, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Data acquisition device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jelly Belly</td>
			<td>Jelly Belly Candy Company, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Food texture for user study</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and evaluation of smart glasses for food intake and physical activity classification

本研究提出了设计和制造一种眼镜式可穿戴装置的一系列协议, 用于检测在进食和其他体力活动期间颞肌肉活动的模式。我们制作了一个 3 d 印刷框架的眼镜和一个负载单元集成印制电路板 (PCB) 模块插入两个铰链的框架。该模块用于获取力信号, 并进行无线传输。这些程序为系统提供了更高的机动性, 可以评估在实际穿戴条件如步行和晃。分类的表现也通过区别食物摄取的方式从那些体育活动被评估。一系列的算法被用来对信号进行预处理, 产生特征向量, 并识别几种功能性活动 (咀嚼和眨眼) 的模式, 以及其他体育活动 (静坐休息、说话和走路)。结果表明, 各特征活动的分类平均为1评分为91.4%。我们认为, 这种方法可能有助于自动和客观地监测摄食行为, 以更高的准确度作为治疗摄食问题的实用手段。

通过该协议中概述的过程, 我们通过区分头片长度、lH (133 和138毫米) 和寺庙、LT (110 和125毫米) 来编写3D 打印帧的两个版本, 如图 4所示。因此, 我们可以覆盖几个磨损条件, 这可以从不同的主题的头部大小, 形状,等.受试者选择了其中一个框架, 以适合他们的头部供用户学习。在铰链接头和支承螺栓孔之间的垂直距离 (Lh) ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Evaluation of Smart Glasses for Food Intake and Physical Activity Classification at JoVE.com

Design and Evaluation of Smart Glasses for Food Intake and Physical Activity Classification

食品摄取及运动分级智能眼镜的设计与评价

本研究提出了一种设计和制造一种眼镜式可穿戴装置的协议, 它通过在眼镜的两个铰链中插入负载细胞来检测食物摄取的模式和其他特征的物理活动。

This study presents a series of protocols of designing and manufacturing a glasses-type wearable device that detects the patterns of temporalis muscle ...

design-evaluation-smart-glasses-for-food-intake-physical-activity

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.1K 次观看.  Seoul National University. 本研究提出了一种设计和制造一种眼镜式可穿戴装置的协议, 它通过在眼镜的两个铰链中插入负载细胞来检测食物摄取的模式和其他特征的物理活动。

视频: Design and Evaluation of Smart Glasses for Food Intake and Physical Activity Classification

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

科研

工程学

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Here, we demonstrate the advantages of the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) over conventional techniques (the network analyzer), as well as the techniques to create an application-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) filter and how to use it efficiently (i.e., tuning the tuning-capability and avoiding both failure and stiction). LDV enables crucial measurements that are impossible with the network analyzer, such as higher mode detection (highly sensitive biosensor application) and resonance measurement for very small devices (fast prototyping). Accordingly, LDV was used to characterize the frequency tuning range and resonance frequency at different modes of the MEMS filters built for this study. This wide range frequency tuning mechanism is based simply on Joule heating from the embedded heaters and relatively high thermal stress with respect to the temperature of a fixed-fixed beam. However, we demonstrate that another limitation of this method is the resulting high thermal stress, which can burn the devices. Further improvement was achieved and shown for the first time in this study, such that the tuning capability was increased by 32% through an increase in the applied DC bias voltage (25 V to 35 V) between the two adjacent beams. This important finding eliminates the need for the extra Joule heating at the wider frequency tuning range. Another possible failure is through stiction and requirement of structure optimization: We propose a simple and easy technique of low frequency square wave signal application that can successfully separate the beams and eliminates the need for the more sophisticated and complicated methods given in the literature. The above findings necessitate a design methodology, and so we also provide an application-based design.

A protocol for a fixed-fixed beam design using a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), including the measurement of frequency tuning, modification of tuning capability, and avoidance of device failure and stiction, is presented. The superiority of the LDV method over the network analyzer is demonstrated due to its higher mode capability.

高效宽量程可调谐 MEMS 滤波器的设计与表征方法

Here, we demonstrate the advantages of the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) over conventional techniques (the network analyzer), as well as the techniques ...

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic glasses (MGs). Despite their amorphous nature, the identification of hyperfine interactions unveils faint structural modifications. For this purpose, we have employed two techniques that utilize nuclear resonance among nuclear levels of a stable 57Fe isotope, namely M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation. The effects of heat treatment upon (Fe2.85Co1)77Mo8Cu1B14 MG are discussed using the results of ex situ and in situ experiments, respectively. As both methods are sensitive to hyperfine interactions, information on structural arrangement as well as on magnetic microstructure is readily available. M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry performed ex situ describes how the structural arrangement and magnetic microstructure appears at room temperature after the annealing under certain conditions (temperature, time), and thus this technique inspects steady states. On the other hand, NFS data are recorded in situ during dynamically changing temperature and NFS examines transient states. The use of both techniques provides complementary information. In general, they can be applied to any suitable system in which it is important to know its steady state but also transient states.

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Here, we present a protocol to describe ex situ and in situ investigations of structural transformations in metallic glasses. We employed nuclear-based analytical methods which inspect hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation during temperature-driven experiments.

结构转换的原位和原位研究方法: 金属玻璃结晶的实例

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, three substrates (acrylate, ceramics, and copper) are prepared. To determine the resulting material properties of these substrates, profilometer, contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) measurements are done. The achievable printing resolution and suitable drop volume for each substrate are, then, found through the drop size tests. Then, layers of insulating and conductive ink are inkjet printed alternately to fabricate the target sensor structures. After each printing step, the respective layers are individually treated by photonic curing. The parameters used for the curing of each layer are adapted depending on the printed ink, as well as on the surface properties of the respective substrate. To confirm the resulting conductivity and to determine the quality of the printed surface, four-point probe and profilometer measurements are done. Finally, a measurement set-up and results achieved by such an all-printed sensor system are shown to demonstrate the achievable quality.

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of inkjet-printed multilayer sensor structures on additively manufactured substrates and foil.

用于智能传感器制造的混合打印

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...

Design and Implementation of a Bespoke Robotic Manipulator for Extra-corporeal Ultrasound

With the potential for high precision, dexterity, and repeatability, a self-tracked robotic system can be employed to assist the acquisition of real-time ultrasound. However, limited numbers of robots designed for extra-corporeal ultrasound have been successfully translated into clinical use. In this study, we aim to build a bespoke robotic manipulator for extra-corporeal ultrasound examination, which is lightweight and has a small footprint. The robot is formed by five specially shaped links and custom-made joint mechanisms for probe manipulation, to cover the necessary range of motion with redundant degrees of freedom to ensure the patient&#39;s safety. The mechanical safety is emphasized with a clutch mechanism, to limit the force applied to patients. As a result of the design, the total weight of the manipulator is less than 2 kg and the length of the manipulator is about 25 cm. The design has been implemented, and simulation, phantom, and volunteer studies have been performed, to validate the range of motion, the ability to make fine adjustments, mechanical reliability, and the safe operation of the clutch. This paper details the design and implementation of the bespoke robotic ultrasound manipulator, with the design and assembly methods illustrated. Testing results to demonstrate the design features and clinical experience of using the system are presented. It is concluded that the current proposed robotic manipulator meets the requirements as a bespoke system for extra-corporeal ultrasound examination and has great potential to be translated into clinical use.

This paper introduces the design and implementation of a bespoke robotic manipulator for extra-corporeal ultrasound examination. The system has five degrees of freedom with lightweight joints made by 3D printing and a mechanical clutch for safety management.

一种用于体外超声的自定义机器人机械手的设计与实现

With the potential for high precision, dexterity, and repeatability, a self-tracked robotic system can be employed to assist the acquisition of real-time ...

Crack Monitoring in Resonance Fatigue Testing of Welded Specimens Using Digital Image Correlation

A procedure using digital image correlation (DIC) to detect cracks on welded specimens during fatigue tests on resonance testing machines is presented. It is intended as a practical and reproducible procedure to identify macroscopic cracks at an early stage and monitor crack propagation during fatigue tests. It consists of strain field measurements at the weld using DIC. Images are taken at fixed load cycle intervals. Cracks become visible in the computed strain field as elevated strains. This way, the whole width of a small-scale specimen can be monitored to detect where and when a crack initiates. Subsequently, it is possible to monitor the development of the crack length. Because the resulting images are saved, the results are verifiable and comparable. The procedure is limited to cracks initiating at the surface and is intended for fatigue tests under laboratory conditions. By visualizing the crack, the presented procedure allows direct observation of macrocracks from their formation until rupture of the specimen.

Digital image correlation is used in fatigue tests on a resonance testing machine to detect macroscopic cracks and monitor crack propagation in welded specimens. Cracks on the specimen surface become visible as increased strains.

使用数字图像相关性对焊接试样共振疲劳测试中的裂纹监测

A procedure using digital image correlation (DIC) to detect cracks on welded specimens during fatigue tests on resonance testing machines is presented. It ...

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Traditional U-turn designs can improve operational features obviously, while U-turn diversions and merge segments still cause traffic congestion, conflicts, and delays. An exclusive spur dike U-turn lane design (ESUL) is proposed here to solve the disadvantages of traditional U-turn designs. To evaluate the operation performance of ESUL, a traffic simulation protocol is needed. The whole simulation process includes five steps: data collection, data analysis, simulation model build, simulation calibration, and sensitive analysis. Data collection and simulation model build are two critical steps and are described later in greater detail. Three indexes (travel time, delay, and number of stops) are commonly used in the evaluation, and other parameters can be measured from the simulation according to experimental needs. The results show that the ESUL significantly diminishes the disadvantages of traditional U-turn designs. The simulation can be applied to solve microscopic traffic problems, such as in single or several adjacent intersections or short segments. This method is not suitable for larger scale road networks or evaluations without data collection.

This protocol describes the process of solving a microscopic traffic problem with simulation. The whole process contains a detailed description of data collection, data analysis, simulation model build, simulation calibration, and sensitive analysis. Modifications and troubleshooting of the method are also discussed.

利用雷达采集的数据和仿真评估独家刺堤 U 型转弯设计

Traditional U-turn designs can improve operational features obviously, while U-turn diversions and merge segments still cause traffic congestion, ...

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface sensor is used to measure the pressure value exerted on the lower limbs. In the indirect method, the necessary parameters mentioned by the cone and cylinder model are tested to calculate the pressure value. The necessary parameters involve course density, wales density, circumference, length, thickness, tension, and deformation of the compressed hosiery. Compared with the results of the direct method, the cone model in the indirect method is more suitable for calculating the pressure value because the cone model considers the change in radius of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle. Based on this measurement, the relationship among fabrication, structure, and pressure is further investigated in this study. We find that graduation is the main influence that can change the wales density. On the other hand, elastic motors directly affect the course density and the circumference of the stockings. Our reported work provides the fabrication-structure-pressure relationship and a design guide for gradually compressed hosiery.

This article reports fabrication, structure and pressure measurement of compressed hosiery by employing direct and indirect methods.

压缩袜子的制造及其下肢压力特性测量

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface ...

Manufacturing, Control, and Performance Evaluation of a Gecko-Inspired Soft Robot

This protocol presents a method for manufacturing, control, and evaluation of the performance of a soft robot that can climb inclined flat surfaces with slopes of up to 84&#176;. The manufacturing method is valid for the fast pneunet bending actuators in general and might, therefore, be interesting for newcomers to the field of actuator manufacturing. The control of the robot is achieved by means of a pneumatic control box that can provide arbitrary pressures and can be built by only using purchased components, a laser cutter, and a soldering iron. For the walking performance of the robot, the pressure-angle calibration plays a crucial role. Therefore, a semi-automated method for the pressure-angle calibration is presented. At high inclines (&#62; 70&#176;), the robot can no longer reliably fix itself to the walking plane. Therefore, the gait pattern is modified to ensure that the feet can be fixed on the walking plane.

This protocol provides a detailed list of steps to be performed for the manufacturing, control and evaluation of the climbing performance of a gecko-inspired soft robot.

壁虎灵感软机器人的制造、控制和性能评估

This protocol presents a method for manufacturing, control, and evaluation of the performance of a soft robot that can climb inclined flat surfaces with ...