作者承认埃文拜斯海姆，妮可·卡佩拉，安德鲁·赫伯特 - 科普利技术和数据收集方面的援助。项目资金由加拿大自然科学和（NSERC）工程研究理事会和黑莓公司，包括在研究中使用的智能手机接收。

该协议被批准为渥太华健康科学网络研究伦理委员会。 1.准备<ol><li>为参加者提供了研究的轮廓，回答任何问题，并取得知情同意。记录参与者的特征 （如年龄，性别，身高，体重，腰围，从髂前上棘至内踝脚高度），识别码和日期上的数据表。确保用于捕捉视频第二智能手机设置成每秒捕获率至少30帧。 </li><li>牢固地安装一个手机皮套参与者的右前皮带或裤子的腰。启动，将用于收集传感器数据 （即，数据记录或WMMS应用）上的移动性测量智能手机和确保应用程序被适当地运行应用程序的智能手机。将智能手机在机座，与设备的背面（背面钙照相机）朝外。 </li><li>启动数字视频记录在第二的智能手机。匿名，记录对比视频没有显示这个人的脸，但确保记录所有活动的过渡。这款手机可手持。 </li></ol> 2.活动电路<ol><li>按照参与者和视频他们的行动，在第二的智能手机，而他们执行以下操作，由研究者所说: <ol><li>从站立姿势，摇动智能手机，表明审判的开始。 </li><li>继续静置至少10秒。这个站在阶段可用于电话取向校准14。 </li><li>步行到附近的椅子上坐下。 </li><li>站起来，走60米时电梯。 </li><li>站并等待电梯，然后走进电梯。 </li><li>乘电梯到二楼。 </li><li>转身走进了家居环境。 </li><li>走进浴室和SImulate刷牙。 </li><li>模拟梳理头发。 </li><li>模拟洗手。 </li><li>干手用毛巾擦干。 </li><li>步行到厨房。 </li><li>取菜从机架上，并将其放置在柜台上。 </li><li>装满水的水壶从厨房水槽。 </li><li>将炉子元件上的水壶。 </li><li>将面包烤面包机。 </li><li>走到饭厅。 </li><li>坐在一张餐桌。 </li><li>模拟吃过一顿饭在餐桌上。 </li><li>站立和行走，回到厨房水槽。 </li><li>用清水冲洗干净的菜，并将其放置在机架中。 </li><li>步行从厨房回到电梯。 </li><li>站并等待电梯，然后走进电梯。 </li><li>乘电梯到了一楼。 </li><li>走50米到楼梯间。 </li><li>打开门，进入楼梯间。 </li><li>步行上楼梯（13个步骤，围绕着陆，13步）。 </li><li>打开楼梯间的门到走廊。 </li><li>右转，走在大厅为15米。 </li><li>掉头就走15米回到楼梯间。 </li><li>打开门，进入楼梯间。 </li><li>走楼梯（13个步骤，围绕着陆，13步）。 </li><li>退出楼梯，走进一个房间。 </li><li>躺在床上。 </li><li>起床步行10米的斜坡。 </li><li>走了坡道，转身，然后顺着斜坡（20米）。 </li><li>继续走进大厅，打开大门之外。 </li><li>走在铺好的路有100米。 </li><li>转身走回了房间。 </li><li>走进房间，站在起点。 </li><li>继续站立，然后摇动智能手机，表明试验结束。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.试验完成<ol><li>停止录像的智能手机，并要求参与者以删除并返回智能手机和皮套。停止对SMA数据记录或WMMS应用rtphone。从两款手机获得的运动数据文件和视频文件复制到电脑进行后期处理。 </li></ol> 4.后处理<ol><li>通过确定时间摇动作开始时同步视频和原始传感器数据之间的定时。此摇动移动对应于不同的加速度计信号和视频帧。检查是否同步误差通过从开始抖动时间减去端抖动时间，对于传感器和视频数据源。时间差应为两个数据集之间的相似。 </li><li>通过记录从开始震荡时间的时间差，以视频帧活动之间的过渡确定状态变化的实际，从黄金标准的视频倍。使用视频编辑软件，以获得时间内0.033秒（ 即每秒的视频速率30帧）。使用WMMS软件生成类似的变化州的来自传感器的数据。 </li><li>生成两个数据集，一是与真正的活动和所述第二与预测的活动，通过标记为每个视频帧中的活动（基于的状态时序的变化），然后计算预测活动在距WMMS输出每个视频帧的时间。对于WMMS绩效评估，计算出真阳性，假阴性，真阴性，假阳性的金标准活动之间WMMS预测活动。使用这些参数来计算敏感性，特异性和F-评分结果的措施。 注意:3个数据窗上被分析的窗口的任一侧的公差设定可以用于确定状态变化的结果，和2个数据窗进行分类的结果。例如，自1998年1第二数据窗户被在本研究中使用的WMMS，3秒前和当前窗口后测定以便将该容差范围内连续变化被忽略。代价是，这种情况发生在不到3秒的状态的变化可以忽略不计的总呼玛因为这些国家ň运行分析会被认为是暂时的。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lara, O. D., Labrador, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Survey+on+Human+Activity+Recognition+using+Wearable+Sensors.">A Survey on Human Activity Recognition using Wearable Sensors.</a> IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials. 15 (3), 1192-1209 (2013).</li><li>Foerster, F., Smeja, M., Fahrenberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+posture+and+motion+by+accelerometry:+a+validation+study+in+ambulatory+monitoring.">Detection of posture and motion by accelerometry: a validation study in ambulatory monitoring.</a> Computers in Human Behavior. 15 (5), 571-583 (1999).</li><li>Elsmore, T. F., Naitoh, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Monitoring Activity With a Wrist-Worn Actigraph: Effects of Amplifier Passband and threshold Variations. , (1993).</li><li>Kripke, D. F., Webster, J. B., Mullaney, D. J., Messin, S., Mason, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Measuring sleep by wrist actigraph. , (1981).</li><li>Lockhart, J. W., Pulickal, T., Weiss, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+mobile+activity+recognition.">Applications of mobile activity recognition.</a> Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. , 1054-1058 (2012).</li><li>Incel, O. D., Kose, M., Ersoy, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+and+Taxonomy+of+Activity+Recognition+on+Mobile+Phones.">A Review and Taxonomy of Activity Recognition on Mobile Phones.</a> BioNanoScience. 3 (2), 145-171 (2013).</li><li>Yang, C. C., Hsu, Y. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+of+Accelerometry-Based+Wearable+Motion+Detectors+for+Physical+Activity+Monitoring.">A Review of Accelerometry-Based Wearable Motion Detectors for Physical Activity Monitoring.</a> Sensors. 10 (8), 7772-7788 (2010).</li><li>He, Y., Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+Activity+Recognition+Utilizing+the+Built-In+Kinematic+Sensors+of+a+Smartphone.">Physical Activity Recognition Utilizing the Built-In Kinematic Sensors of a Smartphone.</a> International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2013, (2013).</li><li>Vo, Q. V., Hoang, M. T., Choi, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Personalization+in+Mobile+Activity+Recognition+System+using+K-medoids+Clustering+Algorithm.">Personalization in Mobile Activity Recognition System using K-medoids Clustering Algorithm.</a> International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2013, (2013).</li><li>Dernbach, S., Das, B., Krishnan, N. C., Thomas, B. L., Cook, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+Complex+Activity+Recognition+through+Smart+Phones.">Simple and Complex Activity Recognition through Smart Phones.</a> , 214-221 (2012).</li><li>Hache, G., Lemaire, E. D., Baddour, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobility+change-of-state+detection+using+a+smartphone-based+approach.">Mobility change-of-state detection using a smartphone-based approach.</a> IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurements and Applications Proceedings (MeMeA). , 43-46 (2010).</li><li>Wu, H. H., Lemaire, E. D., Baddour, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Change-of-state+determination+to+recognize+mobility+activities+using+a+BlackBerry+smartphone.">Change-of-state determination to recognize mobility activities using a BlackBerry smartphone.</a> , 5252-5255 (2011).</li><li>Wu, H., Lemaire, E. D., Baddour, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+Change-of-state+Identification+Using+a+Blackberry+Smartphone.">Activity Change-of-state Identification Using a Blackberry Smartphone.</a> Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering. 32 (4), 265-271 (2012).</li><li>Tundo, M. D., Lemaire, E., Baddour, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correcting+Smartphone+orientation+for+accelerometer-based+analysis.">Correcting Smartphone orientation for accelerometer-based analysis.</a> IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications Proceedings (MeMeA). , 58-62 (2013).</li><li>Tundo, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development of a human activity recognition system using inertial measurement unit sensors on a smartphone. , (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

用可穿戴式移动监控系统，人类活动的认可已收到更多的关注，近年来，由于在可穿戴计算和智能手机和定量结果的措施，帮助临床决策和卫生干预措施评价系统需求的技术进步。本文介绍的方法是有效的评估WMMS发展至今，被发现活动分类错误不会一直存在，如果没有被列入评估范围广泛的日常活动和散步的情​​景。 该WMMS评价协议包括两个主要部分:数据采集与伴随的黄?...

无处不在的感知已经成为一个引人入胜的研究领域，由于日益强大，体积小，成本低的计算和传感设备1。使用可穿戴式传感器移动度监视已经产生了极大的兴趣，因为消费级微电子能够检测高精度地1的运动特性。使用可穿戴式传感器人体行为识别（HAR）是最近的一个研究领域，在20世纪80年代进行的，90年代2的初步研究- 4。 现代智能手机包含必要的传感器和实时计算能力的移动性活动识别。在设备上的实时分析允许活动分类和数据上传，而无需用户或研究者干预。与流动性分析软件的智能手机可以提供健身追踪，健康监测，跌倒检测，家庭或工作的自动化，自我管理练习的研究E中5。智能手机也算是惯性测量平台，用于检测人类的移动活动和移动模式，采用板载传感器输出6计算数学产生的信号特征。共同特点生成方法包括启发式，时域，频域和小波分析为基础的方法7。 检测指定的活动1,5,6,7当现代智能手机HAR系统显示较高的预测精度。这些研究中评价方法以及精度发生变化，因为大多数的研究有自己的训练组，环境设置，和数据收集协议。灵敏度，特异性，准确性，召回，精度，和F-分数通常用于描述预测质量。然而，几乎没有任何信息可以在对检测实时的活动变化的能力"并发活动"的认可和评价方法1，对于试图进行分类的几项活动HAR系统。评估方法HAR系统的精度研究之间有很大差异。不管是分类算法和应用的特点，中金标准评估方法的描述是模糊的大多数HAR研究。 在每天的生活环境活动识别还没有被广泛研究。大多数智能电话为基础的活动识别系统以受控方式进行评估，导致评估协议可能是有利的算法，而不是现实的真实世界环境。在他们的评估方案，参加者往往只执行用于预测的行动，而不是将大范围的现实活动的参与者进行连续，模仿现实生活中的事件。 一些智能手机HAR研究8,9组类似的活动结合起来，如楼梯，步行，但是从数据集中排除其他活动。预测精度，然后由得怎么样算法确定的目标的活动来决定。德恩巴赫等 9名学员写他们即将搬家之前执行，中断状态变化的连续转换活动。 HAR系统的评估应该评估的算法，而参与者执行在日常生活环境的自然行为。这将使现实生活中的评价，认为复制日常使用的应用程序。一个现实的电路包括许多变化，对国家以及对系统不能预见的动作组合。那么一个研究者可以评估算法应对这些额外的动作，从而评估该算法的鲁棒性异常动作。 本文提出一种使用受控的课程，反映现实生活的日常生活环境中可穿戴式移动监控系统（WMMS）评估协议。 WMMS评价就可以在控制，但现实条件进行。在这个协议中，我们使用了在渥太华大学和渥太华医院研究所11-15开发出了第三代WMMS。该WMMS是专为智能手机与一个三轴加速度计和陀螺仪。在流动性算法占用户的变化，提供了误报的数量变化，状态识别的减少，并在活动分类提高灵敏度。最大限度地减少误报很重要，因为WMMS触发时被检测到的状态的活性变化短片拍摄，上下文敏感的活性评价进一步提高WMMS分类。不必要的录像创建存储和电池的使用效率低下。该WMMS算法是使用不同的预测的水平，其中增加的预测水平意味着增加量构造为低计算学习模式并评价可识别动作。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1314">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:516px;">Smartphone or wearable measurement device</td>
			<td style="width:627px;">Blackberry</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Z10</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Smartphone for video recording</td>
			<td>Blackberry</td>
			<td>Z10 or 9800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phone holster</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Data logger application for the smartphone</td>
			<td>BlackBerry World - TOHRC Data Logger for BlackBerry 10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/32013891/?countrycode=CA">http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/32013891/?countrycode=CA</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Wearable mobility measurement</td>
			<td>Custom Blackberry 10 and Matlab software for mobility monitoring</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.irrd.ca/cag/smartphone/">http://www.irrd.ca/cag/smartphone/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Video editing or analysis software</td>
			<td>Motion Analysis Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.irrd.ca/cag/mat/">http://www.irrd.ca/cag/mat/</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of a smartphone-based human activity recognition system in a daily living environment

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that attempt to recognize user activities. Participants performed a pre-determined set of daily living actions within a continuous test circuit that included mobility activities (walking, standing, sitting, lying, ascending/descending stairs), daily living tasks (combing hair, brushing teeth, preparing food, eating, washing dishes), and subtle environment changes (opening doors, using an elevator, walking on inclines, traversing staircase landings, walking outdoors). 
To evaluate WMMS performance on this circuit, fifteen able-bodied participants completed the tasks while wearing a smartphone at their right front pelvis. The WMMS application used smartphone accelerometer and gyroscope signals to classify activity states. A gold standard comparison data set was created by video-recording each trial and manually logging activity onset times. Gold standard and WMMS data were analyzed offline. Three classification sets were calculated for each circuit: (i) mobility or immobility, ii) sit, stand, lie, or walking, and (iii) sit, stand, lie, walking, climbing stairs, or small standing movement. Sensitivities, specificities, and F-Scores for activity categorization and changes-of-state were calculated.
The mobile versus immobile classification set had a sensitivity of 86.30% &#177; 7.2% and specificity of 98.96% &#177; 0.6%, while the second prediction set had a sensitivity of 88.35% &#177; 7.80% and specificity of 98.51% &#177; 0.62%. For the third classification set, sensitivity was 84.92% &#177; 6.38% and specificity was 98.17 &#177; 0.62. F1 scores for the first, second and third classification sets were 86.17 &#177; 6.3, 80.19 &#177; 6.36, and 78.42 &#177; 5.96, respectively. This demonstrates that WMMS performance depends on the evaluation protocol in addition to the algorithms. The demonstrated protocol can be used and tailored for evaluating human activity recognition systems in rehabilitation medicine where mobility monitoring may be beneficial in clinical decision-making.

研究方案与十五个身强力壮的参与者便利抽样的平均体重为68.9（±11.1）公斤进行，高度为173.9（±11.4）厘米，年龄为26（±9）岁，来自渥太华医院招募和渥太华的工作人员和学生的大学。智能电话以可变40-50 Hz的速率捕获传感器数据。采样率的变化是典型的智能手机传感器的采样。第二个智能手机使用了在1280×720（720P）分辨率录制数字视频。 枪套被固定在参与者的右前带或不...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment at JoVE.com

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

在日常生活环境评价一个智能手机为基础的人类活动识别系统

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

evaluation-smartphone-based-human-activity-recognition-system-daily

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  University of Ottawa. A standardized evaluation method was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that includes continuous activities in a realistic daily living environment. Testing with a series of daily living activities can decrease activity recognition sensitivity; therefore, realistic testing circuits are encouraged for valid evaluation of WMMS performance.

视频: Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

Construction of Microdrive Arrays for Chronic Neural Recordings in Awake Behaving Mice

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field potentials (LFPs) from populations of neurons and action potentials from individual cells, as the animal engages in experimentally relevant tasks. Chronically implanted microdrives allow for brain recordings to last over periods of several weeks. Miniaturized drives and lightweight components allow for these long-term recordings to occur in small mammals, such as mice. By using tetrodes, which consist of tightly braided bundles of four electrodes in which each wire has a diameter of 12.5 &mu;m, it is possible to isolate physiologically active neurons in superficial brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and subiculum, as well as deeper regions such as the striatum and the amygdala. Moreover, this technique insures stable, high-fidelity neural recordings as the animal is challenged with a variety of behavioral tasks. This manuscript describes several techniques that have been optimized to record from the mouse brain. First, we show how to fabricate tetrodes, load them into driveable tubes, and gold-plate their tips in order to reduce their impedance from M&Omega; to K&Omega; range. Second, we show how to construct a custom microdrive assembly for carrying and moving the tetrodes vertically, with the use of inexpensive materials. Third, we show the steps for assembling a commercially available microdrive (Neuralynx VersaDrive) that is designed to carry independently movable tetrodes. Finally, we present representative results of local field potentials and single-unit signals obtained in the dorsal subiculum of mice. These techniques can be easily modified to accommodate different types of electrode arrays and recording schemes in the mouse brain.

The design and assembly of microdrives for in vivo electrophysiological recordings of brain signals from the mouse is described. By attaching microelectrode bundles to sturdy driveable carriers, these techniques allow for long-term and stable neural recordings. The lightweight design allows for unrestricted behavioral performance by the animal following drive implantation.

清醒的行为小鼠慢性神经录音的微型硬盘阵列建设

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field ...

科研

行为学

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically identified cells during behavior1-6. Here we describe methods to perform two-photon imaging in mouse cortex while the animal navigates a virtual reality environment. We focus on the aspects of the experimental procedures that are key to imaging in a behaving animal in a brightly lit virtual environment. The key problems that arise in this experimental setup that we here address are: minimizing brain motion related artifacts, minimizing light leak from the virtual reality projection system, and minimizing laser induced tissue damage. We also provide sample software to control the virtual reality environment and to do pupil tracking. With these procedures and resources it should be possible to convert a conventional two-photon microscope for use in behaving mice.

Here we describe the experimental procedures involved in two-photon imaging of mouse cortex during behavior in a virtual reality environment.

在小鼠导航虚拟现实环境的双光子钙成像

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically ...

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; Treatment studies aimed at cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia not only require demonstration of improvements on cognitive tests, but also evidence that any cognitive changes lead to clinically meaningful improvements.&#160; Measures of &#8220;functional capacity&#8221; index the extent to which individuals have the potential to perform skills required for real world functioning. &#160;Current data do not support the recommendation of any single instrument for measurement of functional capacity.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is a novel, interactive gaming based measure of functional capacity that uses a realistic simulated environment to recreate routine activities of daily living. Studies are currently underway to evaluate and establish the VRFCAT&#8217;s sensitivity, reliability, validity, and practicality.&#160;This new measure of functional capacity is practical, relevant, easy to use, and has several features that improve validity and sensitivity of measurement of function in clinical trials of patients with CNS disorders.

A challenge for proving treatment efficacy for cognitive impairments in schizophrenia is finding the optimizing measurement of skills related to everyday functioning.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is an interactive gaming based computerized measure aimed at skills associated with everyday functioning, including baseline impairments and treatment related changes.

每天生活技能的虚拟现实评估的发展

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

在丰富环境的协议房屋小鼠

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

一种研究左右反试镜的适应方法

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

虚拟现实中运动捕捉系统的日常生活运动运动学测量

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various physiological or pathological changes. The object location task (OLT) and the novel object recognition task (NORT) are two effective behavioral tasks commonly used to reveal the function and relative health of specific brain regions involved in memory. While both of these tests exploit the inherent preference of mice for the novelty to reveal memory for previously encountered objects, the OLT primarily evaluates spatial learning, which relies heavily on hippocampal activity. The NORT, in contrast, evaluates non-spatial learning of object identity, which relies on multiple brain regions. Both tasks require an open-field-testing arena, objects with equivalent intrinsic value to mice, appropriate environmental cues, and video recording equipment and the software. Commercially available systems, while convenient, can be costly. This manuscript details a simple, cost-effective method for building the arenas and setting up the equipment necessary to perform the OLT and NORT. Furthermore, the manuscript describes an efficient testing protocol that incorporates both OLT and NORT and provides typical methods for data acquisition and analysis, as well as representative results. Successful completion of these tests can provide valuable insight into the memory function of various mouse model systems and appraise the underlying neural regions that support these functions.

Here we provide a protocol which includes comprehensive instructions for the economical establishment of murine object location and novel object recognition behavioral testing, including the design, cost, and construction of required equipment as well as execution of behavioral testing, data collection, and analysis.

一种新的小鼠目标识别与目标定位行为测试

Ethologically relevant behavioral testing is a critical component of any study that uses mouse models to study the cognitive effects of various ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

高强度间歇锻炼和中强度连续运动对心脏肌钙蛋白T级在训练早期阶段的影响

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of single neurons and region-specific transmitter release, up to whole neuronal circuitries in the central nervous system, and allows the direct measurement of behavioral outcomes. Neurons express optogenetic tools via an injection of viral vectors carrying the DNA of choice, such as Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2). Light is brought into specific brain regions via chronic optical implants that terminate directly above the target region. After two weeks of recovery and proper tool-expression, mice can be repeatedly used for behavioral tests with optogenetic stimulation of the neurons of interest.
Optogenetic modulation has a high temporal and spatial resolution that can be accomplished with high cell specificity, compared to the commonly used methods such as chemical or electrical stimulation. The light does not harm neuronal tissue and can therefore be used for long-term experiments as well as for multiple behavioral experiments in one mouse. The possibilities of optogenetic tools are nearly unlimited and enable the activation or silencing of whole neurons, or even the manipulation of a specific receptor type by light.
The results of such behavioral experiments with integrated optogenetic stimulation directly visualizes changes in behavior caused by the manipulation. The behavior of the same animal without light stimulation as a baseline is a good control for induced changes. This allows a detailed overview of neuronal types or neurotransmitter systems involved in specific behaviors, such as anxiety. The plasticity of neuronal networks can also be investigated in great detail through long-term stimulation or behavioral observations after optical stimulation. Optogenetics will help to enlighten neuronal signaling in several kinds of neurological diseases.

With optogenetic manipulation of specific neuronal populations or brain regions, behavior can be modified with high temporal and spatial resolution in freely moving animals. By using different optogenetic tools in combination with chronically implanted optical fibers, a variety of neuronal modulations and behavioral testing can be performed.

神经活性的光遗传学操作，调节自由移动小鼠的行为

Optogenetic modulation of neuronal circuits in freely moving mice affects acute and long-term behavior. This method is able to perform manipulations of ...