Name: control of eating behavior using a novel feedback system
Uploaded: 2018-05-08T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 48 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System at JoVE.com

Maryam Esfandiari 显示了设备的工作原理和 Vasileios Papapanagiotou 描述了如何筛选生成的数据并将其安装到 CFI 曲线中。每 Södersten 描述临床干预所依赖的研究和塞西莉亚讨论其在临床中的应用。这项工作得到了曼多妮集团的支持, 欧洲共同体的信息和通信技术方案辉煌 (610746) 和欧洲共同体的健康、人口变化和福祉方案 (727688)。

所有关于实验对象和病人的工作已得到瑞典斯德哥尔摩中央伦理审查委员会的批准。
1. 通过视觉反馈控制进食率和食物摄取量
<ol><li>下载设备应用程序。</li>
	<li>按刻度底部的红色按钮 (图 1) 打开缩放比例。</li>
	<li>打开应用程序并选择一顿饭, 通过按控件进食而不带视觉反馈, 或者按培训使用可视反馈来进食 (图 2)。</li>
	<li>通过选择找到的刻度之一并按连接(图 3) 将刻度连接到智能手机。</li>
	<li>把盘子放在秤上。按完成继续 (图 4)。</li>
	<li>把食物放在盘子上 (0%)。<ol>
<li>把更多的食物放在盘子上 (72%)。</li>
		<li>准备进食时按开始(100%)(图 5)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将进食率调整为虚线蓝色参照曲线 (图 6)。</li>
	<li>当分级刻度出现在屏幕上时, 会产生丰满感。将丰满度评定为 s 形虚线紫色参照曲线。按完成继续进食 (图 7)。</li>
	<li>如果吃得太快, 请放慢速度 (图 8)。</li>
	<li>如果盘中没有食物, 请在吃完后按否(图 9)。</li>
	<li>当膳食完成时显示膳食持续时间, 请按完成退出 (图 10)。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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我们的研究是在卡罗林斯卡研究所进行的, Södersten 是教授。这项研究是由 Södersten 和宏达公司创办的曼多妮集团 (AB 组) 在临床上翻译的, 他们每人有47.5% 的股票。加州大学欧文分校的迈克尔. 里昂教授5%。曼多妮集团每第五年与斯德哥尔摩郡议会签订合同, 治疗饮食失调症患者。曼多妮集团于1997年与斯德哥尔摩郡议会签署了第一份合同, 自那时以来, 它的治疗是对斯德哥尔摩公民提供的一种护理标准。这一安排与斯德哥尔摩郡议会与自己的诊所签订合同, 以治疗患有各种疾病的病人, 包括饮食失调。也就是说, 斯德哥尔摩郡议会通过自己的诊所和曼多妮 AB 集团, 为斯德哥尔摩的公民提供饮食失调服务。在斯德哥尔摩, 还有第三个提供治疗饮食失调症的病人, 这是一个私人诊所。瑞典的所有医疗保健都是通过税收制度提供资金的, 私人工资非常少见。然而, 病人可以私下支付治疗曼多妮集团和澳大利亚的病人已经这样做, 因为澳大利亚的保险公司拒绝偿还。应该补充的是, 首先, 曼多妮 AB 集团符合国际医学期刊编辑委员会关于 "作者责任-利益冲突" 的建议 http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/角色和责任/作者-责任-利益冲突. html。其次, 还应补充的是, 曼多妮集团的所有利润都已被重新投资于研究和开发, 而且没有股息给股票所有者。此策略不会更改。所有的上述都是在所有手稿中声明, 到目前为止, 期刊认为有必要公布的一些细节。然而, 看来, 当科学家们将研究结果转化为一家公司的诊所时, 可能存在的伦理问题与当任何科学家在学术背景下正在发展一种理论并需要进一步的经济资助而产生的不一样。她/他的工作, 并可能得到承认和经济利益的工作。这种激励在某种程度上是经济的, 在这种情况下, 道德上的 "问题" 也同样存在。然而, 更重要的诱因是改善饮食失调症患者的治疗。包括卡罗林斯卡研究所在内的医疗机构鼓励将研究成果转化为旨在产生用于研究和开发的财务利润的公司的诊所 (见: http://ki.se.proxy.kib.ki.se/sites/default/文件/summary_strategy2018 pdf)。

虽然此处描述的方法是对我们治疗体重问题的主要干预措施, 但治疗有其他干预措施, 以前已经说明过, 包括入院和缓解标准34和结果在三月间隔在每1428年患者26。该装置, 而不是这些额外的干预措施, 是本报告的重点。
该设备的控制模式用于记录健康对象和超重患者的饮食行为。随后,培训模式用于为实验性或临床目的改变饮食行为。使用视觉反馈治疗厌食症患者, 100% 如计算机屏幕上所示, 是患者应根据控制模式的三项初步测试单独确定的食物量。100% 是一小部分的食物在一个厌食症患者, 但更多的食物比他/他吃了三初步测试。一个厌食症患者上通用进食更多食物, 他/他被要求添加食物, 直到100% 在屏幕上显示。虚线蓝色参照曲线的形状在治疗过程中保持不变, 其依据的发现是正常体重健康的人以 progessively 递减率 (即)以减速方式在1中进食。丰满感的虚线紫色参照曲线的基础是累积饱足曲线最适合乙状结肠曲线1。坐标轴上没有数字。治疗继续, 直到病人能够吃约300-350 克的食物约10-15 分钟没有参考曲线。这些数据是从正常体重, 健康的对象。无论是超重患者还是在临床实践中, 都有三道普通瑞典菜的选择, 他们被提供喝的水。对饮食行为的实验操作以同样的方式在健康主题中进行1,6,7,32,33。因为用参考曲线提供的视觉反馈重新建立正常的丰满感是以同样的方式进行的, 这里没有讨论。然而, 临床上, 这是一个重要的干预, 因为厌食症患者的感觉丰满程度远远高于健康的对象。
当患者在进食治疗时遵循视觉反馈时, 他们可以在吃饭时, 不带反馈地在餐盘中添加食物。食品添加和其他事件, 包括在盘子中的压力 exterted 使用叉和刀切片时, 会影响设备的录制, 这些组件创建以前手动处理的工件和错误, 如35所述。使用该设备所产生的数据是在一个定制的数据库中收集的, 临床医生可以检索结果, 为患者提供正面的治疗进展和研究者可以用来分析实验结果。
厌食症患者只吃少量食物以慢速34。有趣的是, 即使在非常低的 BMI18中, 它们也能消耗正常大小的膳食。例如, 病人报告说, 在治疗前很早就能吃300克, 而且在 BMI 正常化之前很久, 仅仅三天后, 以无序的方式进食,也就是说,只消耗少量的食物以加速速度。以极低的速度进食的厌食症患者可能会在最初的膳食过程中增加进食率, 正如三的病人在这里报道的那样。然而, 当患者接近缓解时, 减速速率与进食初始速率的反比关系就出现了1。数以百计的饮食失调患者已被治疗为缓解, 该协议已证明用户友好, 没有不良副作用26。严重肥胖患者同样被治疗减肥, 尽管不是正常体重28,33。目前还没有一种方法能使严重超重患者的体重正常化。
该方法的一个局限性是, 即使在没有视觉反馈的情况下, 受试者也可能受到该设备的影响。这一假说可以通过比较与设备获得的数据与从视频记录的膳食获得的数据进行测试。自相矛盾的是, 同样的限制可能是治疗的优势, 其目的是使食物摄入正常化。
虽然目前的方法已经被用来记录饮食行为, 但在我们的研究和临床之外, 还没有将视觉反馈的增加用于实验性和临床医学目的。对于旨在恢复患者饮食行为的临床医生和对使用饮食行为作为实验变量感兴趣的科学家, 该装置提供了一种方法。现在可以通过计算 CFI 曲线的算法对结果进行自动分析, 从而减少了耗时的手工处理的需要。这使得监测和分析的饮食行为在大群体的主题可能。
algortihm 的成效将会进一步改善。当前它根据偏差的估计从叮咬的真正价值作为离解从工件。
该装置将用于儿童, 以防止体重问题的成年。本报告中讨论的大多数硬件和软件都准备好进行大规模使用。可能的改进, 包括优化设备屏幕上反馈的视觉设计, 并扩大 CFG 与其他种类的膳食行动和分析部分完成的膳食, 必须等待预期的大规模使用的结果.

本发明的设备用于通过在膳食中通过计算机屏幕上的视觉反馈控制进食率和食物摄取量来恢复体重和超重病人的健康。它由定制的电子秤和计算机组成,例如,智能手机。一个应用程序允许一个主题通过蓝牙连接智能手机的规模。一旦智能手机与天平相连, 主题就会把盘子放在盘子上, 然后开始进食。每隔一段时间, 屏幕上都会出现一个分级刻度, 并要求这个主题对她/他的丰满感进行评分。评分表可以断开, 这取决于实验的目的或临床干预。为了实验和临床目的, 在智能手机屏幕上显示了进食速率的参考曲线和丰满感的参考曲线。这个主题可以适应参考曲线, 因为她/他的饮食率和丰满度的评分出现在屏幕上的膳食。
设备记录了板材的重量的减退, 当食物被消耗, 并且丰满的等级在膳食期间和存放录音。失重数据用于产生累积食物摄入 (CFI) 曲线的二次模型: y = kx2+ lx, 在那里 y = 食物消耗量的数量, k = 饮食的速度的变动在膳食期间和 l = 吃的初期率1。CFI 曲线是基于模型的以下三行动在膳食: 叮咬, 食物加法和工件 (重量变动与食物消耗量无关)。这些操作映射在上下文无关语法 (CFG)2的非终端符号上。录音, 在预处理之后, 被分成与重量变化对应的时间间隔 (基于前向导数和增量系数), 然后映射到 CFG 末端符号。CFG 然后允许估计对膳食的最可能的解释假设独立为每个事件。
该装置用于研究及临床应用。它首先用于治疗神经性厌食症患者和其他饮食紊乱, 随后治疗严重超重患者。
通过视觉反馈辅助进食具有以下科学依据。动物, 包括人类, 已经进化到吃许多不同的食物, 但他们选择吃什么在 "自助餐" 条件下3,4。然而, 他们有装备, 解剖和行为上, 吃任何食物是可利用的, 如果条件得到破坏 3, 4 和饮食行为, 特别是咀嚼, 因此是进化的主要推动力人的头部, 包括大脑和咀嚼器具3。因此, 饮食模式对于控制体重比吃的食物更重要。在支持, 饮食干预有轻微的, 如果有的话, 对规范化体重的影响5和这里描述的设备可以例如,帮助学校的孩子吃正常数量的食物时, 在学校午餐6快速进食并逆转短暂的禁食对年轻妇女和男子的食物摄取的影响7。
神经科学假设认为体重问题的原因是在大脑中的8。然而, 世界上成百上千的人, 现在体重太多9, 这是不太可能的, 因为在体重增加之前出现了神经异常, 这就产生了这个问题。它更有可能是神经异常10, 以及医疗异常11, 开发作为一个效果, 吃太多的12, 保存, 也许在一些罕见的基因型13。
神经科学无法解释体重问题的一个可能的原因是因为它的基本假设不正确,也就是说,通过对进食行为施加的兴奋/抑制神经控制, 体重保持几乎恒定8.不管大脑可能施加什么抑制, 显然没有阻止上亿人严重超重最近9。对大脑在进食中的作用的更好的理解从发现下丘脑肽曾经认为刺激吃行动代替允许查寻食物, 即使以食物摄取的费用14,15。这些结果最近被确认为1617, 支持这样一种观点, 即只有当食物的实际价格较高时, 体重才保持在健康的水平, 这一条件称为 "人类稳态 phenoptype"18。考虑到大脑和遗传网络的多样性从事饮食行为和其他行为也19, 这将是困难的, 如果可能的话, 减少或增加体重通过操纵神经递质系统或两个。考虑到这些因素, 对严重超重的20以及体重不足的21, 药理干预对体重的影响极小, 或者对身体重量没有任何作用, 这一点不足为奇。
具有讽刺意味的是, 最近的一些发现仅仅证实了梅尔在1953年所做的体重调节中饮食、基因、大脑和身体活动的作用, 这些预测已经22。作为一种替代方法, 饮食行为可能在控制体重和神经科学方面产生因果关系, 而遗传学可能会产生错误的病因机制。在支持下, 一年中的每日饮食努力最大限度地提高人类的食物摄取量, 推动体重上升以抵消食物短缺的任何影响23。在人类的自我平衡表型中, 这种生理暴饮暴食的影响抵消了获得食物所需的体力努力18。因为这项努力接近于零今天人类需要外部支持来维持健康的低体重。此支持由当前设备提供。
饮食失调的标准疗法不是针对饮食行为, 而是针对 patients´的心理症状。平均30% 的患者退出这些治疗, 不到50% 进入缓解, 虽然他们仍然症状, 并至少30% 复发在出院后一年24。然而, 很久以前发现治疗饮食行为比治疗心理症状有更好的效果25。最近使用本报告中介绍的设备复制了此发现。通过这种方法, 估计75% 的饮食失调患者进入缓解和10% 复发五年随访26, 改善护理标准24。
虽然严重超重患者的进食率有所增加, 但饮食率与体重之间的因果关系还未得到澄清, 进食率已由问卷27确定。这里所描述的设备可以客观地测量进食率和食物摄取量, 当用于减少这两种措施时, 它已被证明比标准饮食和运动更有效地降低体重和改善健康。干预严重超重青少年28。
在本设备中使用记录进食行为的原则在很久以前就被描述为29,30,31, 此后在实验中使用它记录和更改进食1的速率, 6,7,32,33。然而, 在临床试验和临床实践中, 它还没有被用来治疗超重和肥胖的病人。临床程序的一部分包括在家中和日常生活中使用该设备。它已被证明是在实验室研究和临床实践中的用户友好。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Scale</td><td>T&amp;Uuml;M ELEKTRONIK</td><td>no catalogue number</td><td>csutm made not comercially available</td></tr></tbody></table>

control of eating behavior using a novel feedback system

受试者吃的食物从一个与计算机相连的刻度盘上, 记录了膳食中盘子的重量损失, 并构成了一个由二次方程模拟的食物摄取量、膳食持续时间和进食率曲线。该方法的目的是改变饮食行为, 在电脑屏幕上提供视觉反馈, 主题可以适应, 因为她/他自己的饮食率出现在屏幕上的膳食。利用自定义算法对该方法生成的数据进行自动分析和拟合。该方法具有客观记录饮食行为的优点, 为实验和临床实践中改变饮食行为提供了可能。一个限制可能是实验对象受该方法的影响。同样的局限性可能是临床实践的优势, 因为饮食行为更容易稳定的方法。使用这种方法的治疗具有规范化的体重, 并恢复了百人神经性厌食症和其他饮食紊乱患者的健康, 减轻了体重, 改善了严重超重患者的健康。

五名妇女, 谁是 17.5 (15-24) (中位, 最小最大) 岁, 治疗缓解厌食症。图 11, 图 12, 图 13显示了设备生成的数据、CFI 曲线的外观和在治疗早期的两个记录中的二次模型, 以及在缓解时的记录。注意在第一次测试中进食的加速率, 没有视觉反馈, 在三天后摄入一大顿饭, 参考曲线提供视觉反馈和加倍的饮食在缓解时间与两个比较录音在治疗的早期部分患者。
图 14A显示, 五例患者的缓解时间是非常可变的。该数字还显示, 在缓解 (图 14B) 时, 由于正常的身体质量指数 (BMI), 患者消耗的食物比入院时多 (图 14C), 而且膳食的持续时间虽然不减少, 但却不太可变 (图 14D)。请注意, 厌食可以使用低 BMI (图 14C) 在入场时消耗相对较大的膳食。另外值得注意的是, 当三名患者在入院时以加速速度进食时, 除了一人在缓解时以减速的速度进食 (图 14E)。相关性, intitial 的进食率在缓解时增加 (图 14F)。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 比例.按按钮打开刻度。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 开始用餐.打开应用程序开始用餐。按控件可在没有视觉反馈的情况下进食。按培训以直观的反馈进行进食。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 连接刻度和智能手机.使用应用程序选择 "缩放". 按连接继续。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 将板材放在刻度上.将板放在刻度上, 然后按完成继续。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig5.jpg"> 图 5: 将食物放在盘子上.将食物放在盘子上直到100% 被标明, 并在准备进食时按开始。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig6.jpg"> 图 6: 使用视觉反馈进食.适应进食率为虚线蓝色参照曲线。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig7.jpg"> 图 7: 丰满度的分级.显示分级刻度时的丰满感。调整分级为虚线紫色参照曲线, 然后按完成继续进食。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig8.jpg"> 图 8: 调整进食率.如果偏离虚线蓝色参照曲线, 则修改进食率。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig9.jpg"> 图 9: 已完成的膳食.如果盘上没有食物, 请按否。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 10" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig10.jpg"> 图 10: 已完成膳食.符合参照曲线和膳食持续时间显示。按完成退出。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 11" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig11.jpg"> 图 11: 神经性厌食症的早期累计进食量 (CFI) 曲线.记录 (蓝线), 工件去除 (红线) 和 CFI 曲线建模的二次方程。从一个厌食症患者的数据, 第二天的治疗吃没有视觉反馈。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig11large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 12" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig12.jpg"> 图 12: 神经厌食症治疗的早期反应.患者在治疗的第五天适应参考曲线。来自同一病人的数据。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig12large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 13" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig13.jpg"> 图 13: 神经厌食症的缓解.在治疗175天后, 在缓解时进食率增加。来自同一病人的数据没有视觉反馈。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig13large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 14" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig14.jpg"> 图 14: 神经性厌食症患者进食行为的治疗效果.时间缓解高度可变 (A) 作为身体质量指数 (BMI) 正常化 (B) 五例治疗缓解厌食症患者。注意食物摄入量的变异性 (C)、膳食持续时间 (D)、进食率减慢 (E) 和入院 (Adm) 的初始进食率 (F) 以及这些缓解措施的规范化。患者无参考曲线进食。数据是中线的 (最小 max)。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig14large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System at JoVE.com

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

用一种新的反馈系统控制进食行为

受试者吃的食物从一个刻度盘连接到一台电脑, 记录了餐盘的重量损失。在电脑屏幕上的反馈允许主题调整她/他的饮食行为, 以参考曲线, 从而正常化体重。

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...

control-of-eating-behavior-using-a-novel-feedback-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K 次观看.  Karolinska Institutet. 受试者吃的食物从一个刻度盘连接到一台电脑, 记录了餐盘的重量损失。在电脑屏幕上的反馈允许主题调整她/他的饮食行为, 以参考曲线, 从而正常化体重。

视频: Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

科研

行为学

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

力和位置控制人类 - 增强反馈的作用

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, the traditional ways to monitor behavioral changes in dogs are complicated and not efficient. In the current clinical evaluation, a new, simple monitoring system was used to assess the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the intense and restless activity of 24 dogs of different ages and breeds. This protocol describes how to easily and rapidly evaluate improvement in a set of symptoms related to generalized anxiety by using a specific sensor, a mobile phone app, a wireless router, and a computer. The results showed that dogs treated with specific diets showed significant improvement in the times spent active and at rest after 10 days (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). These dogs also showed an overall significant improvement in clinical and behavioral symptoms. A specific sensor, along with its related hardware, was demonstrated to successfully monitor behavioral changes relating to movement in dogs.

We report a simple approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific diet in positively modulating the daily activity and clinical and behavioral symptoms of dogs with evident behavioral disturbances.

行为障碍:一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice

Foods that are rich in fat and sugar significantly contribute to over-eating and escalating rates of obesity. The consumption of palatable foods can produce a rewarding effect that strengthens action-outcome associations and reinforces future behavior directed at obtaining these foods. Increasing evidence that the rewarding effects of energy-dense foods play a profound role in overeating and the development of obesity has heightened interest in studying the genes, molecules and neural circuitry that modulate food reward1,2. The rewarding impact of different stimuli can be studied by measuring the willingness to work to obtain them, such as in operant conditioning tasks3. Operant models of food reward measure acquired and voluntary behavioral responses that are directed at obtaining food. A commonly used measure of reward strength is an operant procedure known as the progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement.4,5 In the PR task, the subject is required to make an increasing number of operant responses for each successive reward. The pioneering study of Hodos (1961) demonstrated that the number of responses made to obtain the last reward, termed the breakpoint, serves as an index of reward strength4. While operant procedures that measure changes in response rate alone cannot separate changes in reward strength from alterations in performance capacity, the breakpoint derived from the PR schedule is a well-validated measure of the rewarding effects of food. The PR task has been used extensively to assess the rewarding impact of drugs of abuse and food in rats (e.g.,6-8), but to a lesser extent in mice9. The increased use of genetically engineered mice and diet-induced obese mouse models has heightened demands for behavioral measures of food reward in mice. In the present article we detail the materials and procedures used to train mice to respond (lever-press) for a high-fat and high-sugar food pellets on a PR schedule of reinforcement. We show that breakpoint response thresholds increase following acute food deprivation and decrease with peripheral administration of the anorectic hormone leptin and thereby validate the use of this food-operant paradigm in mice.

The present report details the protocol employed to measure the rewarding effects of high-fat food in mice using a progressive ratio operant conditioning task.

累进比率响应小鼠可口的高脂肪和高糖食品

Foods that are rich in fat and sugar significantly contribute to over-eating and escalating rates of obesity. The consumption of palatable foods can ...

神经科学

Concept Development and Use of an Automated Food Intake and Eating Behavior Assessment Method

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. Recent technological innovations allow for the development of more accurate and precise dietary and eating behavior assessment tools that require less effort for both the user and the researcher. Therefore, a new sensor-based device to assess food intake and eating behavior was developed. The device is a regular dining tray equipped with a video camera and three separate built-in weighing stations. The weighing stations measure the weight of the bowl, plate, and drinking cup continuously over the course of a meal. The video camera positioned to the face records eating behavior characteristics (chews, bites), which are analyzed using artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic facial expression software. The tray weight and the video data are transported at real-time to a personal computer (PC) using a wireless receiver. The outcomes of interest, such as the amount eaten, eating rate and bite size, can be calculated by subtracting the data of these measures at the timepoints of interest. The information obtained by the current version of the tray can be used for research purposes, an upgraded version of the device would also facilitate the provision of more personalized advice on dietary intake and eating behavior. Contrary to the conventional dietary assessment methods, this dietary assessment device measures food intake directly within a meal and is not dependent on memory or the portion size estimation. Ultimately, this device is therefore suited for daily main meal food intake and eating behavior measures. In the future, this technology based dietary assessment method can be linked to health applications or smart watches to obtain a complete overview of exercise, energy intake, and eating behavior.

This protocol shows and explains a new technology-based dietary assessment method. The method consists of a dining tray with multiple built-in weighing scales and a video camera. The device is unique in the sense that it incorporates automated measures of food and drink intake and eating behavior over the course of a meal.

自动食物摄入和饮食行为评估方法的概念开发和使用

The vast majority of dietary and eating behavior assessment methods are based on self-reports. They are burdensome and also prone to measurement errors. ...

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control neuroplastic processes and correct abnormal function, or even shift functions from damaged tissue to physiologically healthy brain regions, hold the potential to dramatically improve overall health. Of the current neuroplastic interventions in development, neurofeedback training (NFT) from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has the advantages of being completely non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and spatially localized to target brain regions, as well as having no known side effects. Furthermore, NFT techniques, initially developed using fMRI, can often be translated to exercises that can be performed outside of the scanner without the aid of medical professionals or sophisticated medical equipment. In fMRI NFT, the fMRI signal is measured from specific regions of the brain, processed, and presented to the participant in real-time. Through training, self-directed mental processing techniques, that regulate this signal and its underlying neurophysiologic correlates, are developed. FMRI NFT has been used to train volitional control over a wide range of brain regions with implications for several different cognitive, behavioral, and motor systems. Additionally, fMRI NFT has shown promise in a broad range of applications such as the treatment of neurologic disorders and the augmentation of baseline human performance. In this article, we present an fMRI NFT protocol developed at our institution for modulation of both healthy and abnormal brain function, as well as examples of using the method to target both cognitive and auditory regions of the brain.

The ability to induce and/or control neural plasticity may be critical in future treatments for neurologic disorders and the recovery from brain injury. In this paper, we present a protocol on the use of neurofeedback training with functional magnetic resonance imaging to modulate human brain function.

实时 fMRI 神经训练管理协议

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...

Use of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Neurofeedback to Downregulate Insular Cortex in Nicotine-Addicted Smokers

It has been more than a decade since the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback approach was successfully implemented. Since then, various studies have demonstrated that participants can learn to voluntarily control a circumscribed brain region. Consequently, real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) provided a novel opportunity to study modifications of behavior due to manipulation of brain activity. Hence, reports of rtfMRI applications to train self-regulation of brain activity and the concomitant modifications in behavioral and clinical conditions such as neurological and psychiatric disorders [e.g., schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive Disorder (OCD), stroke] have rapidly increased.
Neuroimaging studies in addiction research have shown that the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insular cortex are activated during the presentation of drug-associated cues. Also, activity in both left and right insular cortices have been shown to be highly correlated with drug urges when participants are exposed to craving-eliciting cues. Hence, the bilateral insula is of particular importance in researching drug urges and addiction due to its role in the representation of bodily (interoceptive) states. This study explores the use of rtfMRI neurofeedback for the reduction in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity in bilateral insular cortices of nicotine-addicted participants. The study also tests if there are neurofeedback training-associated modifications in the implicit attitudes of participants towards nicotine-craving cues and explicit-craving behavior.

In real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI), brain activity is experimentally manipulated as an independent variable, and behavior is measured as a dependent variable. The protocol presented here focuses on the practical use of rtfMRI as a therapeutic tool for psychiatric disorders such as nicotine addiction.

It has been more than a decade since the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback approach was successfully implemented. ...

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System

The prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders are rising worldwide, affecting about 322 million individuals, underlining the need for behavioral studies in animal models. In this protocol, to study depression-like and anhedonic behavior in rats, the established sucrose preference and novelty-induced hypophagia tests are combined with an automated food and liquid intake monitoring system. Prior to testing, in the sucrose preference paradigm, male rats are trained for at least 2 days to consume a sucrose solution in addition to tap water. During the test, rats are again exposed to water and sucrose solution. Consumption is registered every second by the automated system. The ratio of sucrose to total water intake (sucrose preference ratio) is a surrogate parameter for anhedonia. In the novelty-induced hypophagia test, male rats undergo a training period in which they are exposed to a palatable snack. During training, rodents show a stable baseline snack intake. On test day, the animals are transferred from home cages into a fresh, empty cage representing a novel unknown environment with access to the known palatable snack. The automated system records the total intake and its underlying microstructure (e.g., latency to approaching the snack), providing insight into anhedonic and anxious behaviors. The combination of these paradigms with an automated measuring system provides more detailed information, along with higher accuracy by reducing measuring errors. However, the tests use surrogate parameters and only depict depression and anhedonia in an indirect manner.

Presented here is a protocol to study depression-like and anhedonic behavior in rats. It combines two well-established behavioral methods, the sucrose preference and novelty-induced hypophagia tests, with an automated food and liquid intake monitoring system, to indirectly investigate rodent behavior using surrogate parameters.

使用自动食物摄入量监测系统对大鼠的蔗糖偏好和新奇诱导性低吞咽测试

The prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders are rising worldwide, affecting about 322 million individuals, underlining the need for behavioral ...

用一种新的反馈系统控制进食行为

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

力和位置控制人类 - 增强反馈的作用

行为障碍:一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

累进比率响应小鼠可口的高脂肪和高糖食品

自动食物摄入和饮食行为评估方法的概念开发和使用

实时 fMRI 神经训练管理协议

Use of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Neurofeedback to Downregulate Insular Cortex in Nicotine-Addicted Smokers

使用自动食物摄入量监测系统对大鼠的蔗糖偏好和新奇诱导性低吞咽测试

用一种新的反馈系统控制进食行为

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

力和位置控制人类 - 增强反馈的作用

行为障碍:一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

累进比率响应小鼠可口的高脂肪和高糖食品

自动食物摄入和饮食行为评估方法的概念开发和使用

实时 fMRI 神经训练管理协议

Use of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Neurofeedback to Downregulate Insular Cortex in Nicotine-Addicted Smokers

使用自动食物摄入量监测系统对大鼠的蔗糖偏好和新奇诱导性低吞咽测试

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食