Maryam Esfandiari 显示了设备的工作原理和 Vasileios Papapanagiotou 描述了如何筛选生成的数据并将其安装到 CFI 曲线中。每 Södersten 描述临床干预所依赖的研究和塞西莉亚讨论其在临床中的应用。这项工作得到了曼多妮集团的支持, 欧洲共同体的信息和通信技术方案辉煌 (610746) 和欧洲共同体的健康、人口变化和福祉方案 (727688)。

所有关于实验对象和病人的工作已得到瑞典斯德哥尔摩中央伦理审查委员会的批准。
1. 通过视觉反馈控制进食率和食物摄取量
<ol><li>下载设备应用程序。</li>
	<li>按刻度底部的红色按钮 (图 1) 打开缩放比例。</li>
	<li>打开应用程序并选择一顿饭, 通过按控件进食而不带视觉反馈, 或者按培训使用可视反馈来进食 (图 2)。</li>
	<li>通过选择找到的刻度之一并按连接(图 3) 将刻度连接到智能手机。</li>
	<li>把盘子放在秤上。按完成继续 (图 4)。</li>
	<li>把食物放在盘子上 (0%)。<ol>
<li>把更多的食物放在盘子上 (72%)。</li>
		<li>准备进食时按开始(100%)(图 5)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将进食率调整为虚线蓝色参照曲线 (图 6)。</li>
	<li>当分级刻度出现在屏幕上时, 会产生丰满感。将丰满度评定为 s 形虚线紫色参照曲线。按完成继续进食 (图 7)。</li>
	<li>如果吃得太快, 请放慢速度 (图 8)。</li>
	<li>如果盘中没有食物, 请在吃完后按否(图 9)。</li>
	<li>当膳食完成时显示膳食持续时间, 请按完成退出 (图 10)。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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我们的研究是在卡罗林斯卡研究所进行的, Södersten 是教授。这项研究是由 Södersten 和宏达公司创办的曼多妮集团 (AB 组) 在临床上翻译的, 他们每人有47.5% 的股票。加州大学欧文分校的迈克尔. 里昂教授5%。曼多妮集团每第五年与斯德哥尔摩郡议会签订合同, 治疗饮食失调症患者。曼多妮集团于1997年与斯德哥尔摩郡议会签署了第一份合同, 自那时以来, 它的治疗是对斯德哥尔摩公民提供的一种护理标准。这一安排与斯德哥尔摩郡议会与自己的诊所签订合同, 以治疗患有各种疾病的病人, 包括饮食失调。也就是说, 斯德哥尔摩郡议会通过自己的诊所和曼多妮 AB 集团, 为斯德哥尔摩的公民提供饮食失调服务。在斯德哥尔摩, 还有第三个提供治疗饮食失调症的病人, 这是一个私人诊所。瑞典的所有医疗保健都是通过税收制度提供资金的, 私人工资非常少见。然而, 病人可以私下支付治疗曼多妮集团和澳大利亚的病人已经这样做, 因为澳大利亚的保险公司拒绝偿还。应该补充的是, 首先, 曼多妮 AB 集团符合国际医学期刊编辑委员会关于 "作者责任-利益冲突" 的建议 http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/角色和责任/作者-责任-利益冲突. html。其次, 还应补充的是, 曼多妮集团的所有利润都已被重新投资于研究和开发, 而且没有股息给股票所有者。此策略不会更改。所有的上述都是在所有手稿中声明, 到目前为止, 期刊认为有必要公布的一些细节。然而, 看来, 当科学家们将研究结果转化为一家公司的诊所时, 可能存在的伦理问题与当任何科学家在学术背景下正在发展一种理论并需要进一步的经济资助而产生的不一样。她/他的工作, 并可能得到承认和经济利益的工作。这种激励在某种程度上是经济的, 在这种情况下, 道德上的 "问题" 也同样存在。然而, 更重要的诱因是改善饮食失调症患者的治疗。包括卡罗林斯卡研究所在内的医疗机构鼓励将研究成果转化为旨在产生用于研究和开发的财务利润的公司的诊所 (见: http://ki.se.proxy.kib.ki.se/sites/default/文件/summary_strategy2018 pdf)。

虽然此处描述的方法是对我们治疗体重问题的主要干预措施, 但治疗有其他干预措施, 以前已经说明过, 包括入院和缓解标准34和结果在三月间隔在每1428年患者26。该装置, 而不是这些额外的干预措施, 是本报告的重点。
该设备的控制模式用于记录健康对象和超重患者的饮食行为。随后,培训模式用于为实验性或临床目的改变饮食行为。使用视觉反馈治疗厌食症患者, 100% 如计算机屏幕上所示, 是患者应根据控制模式的三项初步测试单独确定的食物量。100% 是一小部分的食物在一个厌食症患者, 但更多的食物比他/他吃了三初步测试。一个厌食症患者上通用进食更多食物, 他/他被要求添加食物, 直到100% 在屏幕上显示。虚线蓝色参照曲线的形状在治疗过程中保持不变, 其依据的发现是正常体重健康的人以 progessively 递减率 (即)以减速方式在1中进食。丰满感的虚线紫色参照曲线的基础是累积饱足曲线最适合乙状结肠曲线1。坐标轴上没有数字。治疗继续, 直到病人能够吃约300-350 克的食物约10-15 分钟没有参考曲线。这些数据是从正常体重, 健康的对象。无论是超重患者还是在临床实践中, 都有三道普通瑞典菜的选择, 他们被提供喝的水。对饮食行为的实验操作以同样的方式在健康主题中进行1,6,7,32,33。因为用参考曲线提供的视觉反馈重新建立正常的丰满感是以同样的方式进行的, 这里没有讨论。然而, 临床上, 这是一个重要的干预, 因为厌食症患者的感觉丰满程度远远高于健康的对象。
当患者在进食治疗时遵循视觉反馈时, 他们可以在吃饭时, 不带反馈地在餐盘中添加食物。食品添加和其他事件, 包括在盘子中的压力 exterted 使用叉和刀切片时, 会影响设备的录制, 这些组件创建以前手动处理的工件和错误, 如35所述。使用该设备所产生的数据是在一个定制的数据库中收集的, 临床医生可以检索结果, 为患者提供正面的治疗进展和研究者可以用来分析实验结果。
厌食症患者只吃少量食物以慢速34。有趣的是, 即使在非常低的 BMI18中, 它们也能消耗正常大小的膳食。例如, 病人报告说, 在治疗前很早就能吃300克, 而且在 BMI 正常化之前很久, 仅仅三天后, 以无序的方式进食,也就是说,只消耗少量的食物以加速速度。以极低的速度进食的厌食症患者可能会在最初的膳食过程中增加进食率, 正如三的病人在这里报道的那样。然而, 当患者接近缓解时, 减速速率与进食初始速率的反比关系就出现了1。数以百计的饮食失调患者已被治疗为缓解, 该协议已证明用户友好, 没有不良副作用26。严重肥胖患者同样被治疗减肥, 尽管不是正常体重28,33。目前还没有一种方法能使严重超重患者的体重正常化。
该方法的一个局限性是, 即使在没有视觉反馈的情况下, 受试者也可能受到该设备的影响。这一假说可以通过比较与设备获得的数据与从视频记录的膳食获得的数据进行测试。自相矛盾的是, 同样的限制可能是治疗的优势, 其目的是使食物摄入正常化。
虽然目前的方法已经被用来记录饮食行为, 但在我们的研究和临床之外, 还没有将视觉反馈的增加用于实验性和临床医学目的。对于旨在恢复患者饮食行为的临床医生和对使用饮食行为作为实验变量感兴趣的科学家, 该装置提供了一种方法。现在可以通过计算 CFI 曲线的算法对结果进行自动分析, 从而减少了耗时的手工处理的需要。这使得监测和分析的饮食行为在大群体的主题可能。
algortihm 的成效将会进一步改善。当前它根据偏差的估计从叮咬的真正价值作为离解从工件。
该装置将用于儿童, 以防止体重问题的成年。本报告中讨论的大多数硬件和软件都准备好进行大规模使用。可能的改进, 包括优化设备屏幕上反馈的视觉设计, 并扩大 CFG 与其他种类的膳食行动和分析部分完成的膳食, 必须等待预期的大规模使用的结果.

本发明的设备用于通过在膳食中通过计算机屏幕上的视觉反馈控制进食率和食物摄取量来恢复体重和超重病人的健康。它由定制的电子秤和计算机组成,例如,智能手机。一个应用程序允许一个主题通过蓝牙连接智能手机的规模。一旦智能手机与天平相连, 主题就会把盘子放在盘子上, 然后开始进食。每隔一段时间, 屏幕上都会出现一个分级刻度, 并要求这个主题对她/他的丰满感进行评分。评分表可以断开, 这取决于实验的目的或临床干预。为了实验和临床目的, 在智能手机屏幕上显示了进食速率的参考曲线和丰满感的参考曲线。这个主题可以适应参考曲线, 因为她/他的饮食率和丰满度的评分出现在屏幕上的膳食。
设备记录了板材的重量的减退, 当食物被消耗, 并且丰满的等级在膳食期间和存放录音。失重数据用于产生累积食物摄入 (CFI) 曲线的二次模型: y = kx2+ lx, 在那里 y = 食物消耗量的数量, k = 饮食的速度的变动在膳食期间和 l = 吃的初期率1。CFI 曲线是基于模型的以下三行动在膳食: 叮咬, 食物加法和工件 (重量变动与食物消耗量无关)。这些操作映射在上下文无关语法 (CFG)2的非终端符号上。录音, 在预处理之后, 被分成与重量变化对应的时间间隔 (基于前向导数和增量系数), 然后映射到 CFG 末端符号。CFG 然后允许估计对膳食的最可能的解释假设独立为每个事件。
该装置用于研究及临床应用。它首先用于治疗神经性厌食症患者和其他饮食紊乱, 随后治疗严重超重患者。
通过视觉反馈辅助进食具有以下科学依据。动物, 包括人类, 已经进化到吃许多不同的食物, 但他们选择吃什么在 "自助餐" 条件下3,4。然而, 他们有装备, 解剖和行为上, 吃任何食物是可利用的, 如果条件得到破坏 3, 4 和饮食行为, 特别是咀嚼, 因此是进化的主要推动力人的头部, 包括大脑和咀嚼器具3。因此, 饮食模式对于控制体重比吃的食物更重要。在支持, 饮食干预有轻微的, 如果有的话, 对规范化体重的影响5和这里描述的设备可以例如,帮助学校的孩子吃正常数量的食物时, 在学校午餐6快速进食并逆转短暂的禁食对年轻妇女和男子的食物摄取的影响7。
神经科学假设认为体重问题的原因是在大脑中的8。然而, 世界上成百上千的人, 现在体重太多9, 这是不太可能的, 因为在体重增加之前出现了神经异常, 这就产生了这个问题。它更有可能是神经异常10, 以及医疗异常11, 开发作为一个效果, 吃太多的12, 保存, 也许在一些罕见的基因型13。
神经科学无法解释体重问题的一个可能的原因是因为它的基本假设不正确,也就是说,通过对进食行为施加的兴奋/抑制神经控制, 体重保持几乎恒定8.不管大脑可能施加什么抑制, 显然没有阻止上亿人严重超重最近9。对大脑在进食中的作用的更好的理解从发现下丘脑肽曾经认为刺激吃行动代替允许查寻食物, 即使以食物摄取的费用14,15。这些结果最近被确认为1617, 支持这样一种观点, 即只有当食物的实际价格较高时, 体重才保持在健康的水平, 这一条件称为 "人类稳态 phenoptype"18。考虑到大脑和遗传网络的多样性从事饮食行为和其他行为也19, 这将是困难的, 如果可能的话, 减少或增加体重通过操纵神经递质系统或两个。考虑到这些因素, 对严重超重的20以及体重不足的21, 药理干预对体重的影响极小, 或者对身体重量没有任何作用, 这一点不足为奇。
具有讽刺意味的是, 最近的一些发现仅仅证实了梅尔在1953年所做的体重调节中饮食、基因、大脑和身体活动的作用, 这些预测已经22。作为一种替代方法, 饮食行为可能在控制体重和神经科学方面产生因果关系, 而遗传学可能会产生错误的病因机制。在支持下, 一年中的每日饮食努力最大限度地提高人类的食物摄取量, 推动体重上升以抵消食物短缺的任何影响23。在人类的自我平衡表型中, 这种生理暴饮暴食的影响抵消了获得食物所需的体力努力18。因为这项努力接近于零今天人类需要外部支持来维持健康的低体重。此支持由当前设备提供。
饮食失调的标准疗法不是针对饮食行为, 而是针对 patients´的心理症状。平均30% 的患者退出这些治疗, 不到50% 进入缓解, 虽然他们仍然症状, 并至少30% 复发在出院后一年24。然而, 很久以前发现治疗饮食行为比治疗心理症状有更好的效果25。最近使用本报告中介绍的设备复制了此发现。通过这种方法, 估计75% 的饮食失调患者进入缓解和10% 复发五年随访26, 改善护理标准24。
虽然严重超重患者的进食率有所增加, 但饮食率与体重之间的因果关系还未得到澄清, 进食率已由问卷27确定。这里所描述的设备可以客观地测量进食率和食物摄取量, 当用于减少这两种措施时, 它已被证明比标准饮食和运动更有效地降低体重和改善健康。干预严重超重青少年28。
在本设备中使用记录进食行为的原则在很久以前就被描述为29,30,31, 此后在实验中使用它记录和更改进食1的速率, 6,7,32,33。然而, 在临床试验和临床实践中, 它还没有被用来治疗超重和肥胖的病人。临床程序的一部分包括在家中和日常生活中使用该设备。它已被证明是在实验室研究和临床实践中的用户友好。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:30.0pt;width:162pt" width="216">Scale</td>
			<td style="width:92pt" width="122">T&#220;M ELEKTRONIK</td>
			<td style="width:258pt" width="344">no catalogue number</td>
			<td style="width:125pt" width="167">csutm made not comercially available</td>
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control of eating behavior using a novel feedback system

受试者吃的食物从一个与计算机相连的刻度盘上, 记录了膳食中盘子的重量损失, 并构成了一个由二次方程模拟的食物摄取量、膳食持续时间和进食率曲线。该方法的目的是改变饮食行为, 在电脑屏幕上提供视觉反馈, 主题可以适应, 因为她/他自己的饮食率出现在屏幕上的膳食。利用自定义算法对该方法生成的数据进行自动分析和拟合。该方法具有客观记录饮食行为的优点, 为实验和临床实践中改变饮食行为提供了可能。一个限制可能是实验对象受该方法的影响。同样的局限性可能是临床实践的优势, 因为饮食行为更容易稳定的方法。使用这种方法的治疗具有规范化的体重, 并恢复了百人神经性厌食症和其他饮食紊乱患者的健康, 减轻了体重, 改善了严重超重患者的健康。

五名妇女, 谁是 17.5 (15-24) (中位, 最小最大) 岁, 治疗缓解厌食症。图 11, 图 12, 图 13显示了设备生成的数据、CFI 曲线的外观和在治疗早期的两个记录中的二次模型, 以及在缓解时的记录。注意在第一次测试中进食的加速率, 没有视觉反馈, 在三天后摄入一大顿饭, 参考曲线提供视觉反馈和加倍的饮食在缓解时间与两个比较录音在治疗的早期部分患者。
图 14A显示, 五例患者的缓解时间是非常可变的。该数字还显示, 在缓解 (图 14B) 时, 由于正常的身体质量指数 (BMI), 患者消耗的食物比入院时多 (图 14C), 而且膳食的持续时间虽然不减少, 但却不太可变 (图 14D)。请注意, 厌食可以使用低 BMI (图 14C) 在入场时消耗相对较大的膳食。另外值得注意的是, 当三名患者在入院时以加速速度进食时, 除了一人在缓解时以减速的速度进食 (图 14E)。相关性, intitial 的进食率在缓解时增加 (图 14F)。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 比例.按按钮打开刻度。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 开始用餐.打开应用程序开始用餐。按控件可在没有视觉反馈的情况下进食。按培训以直观的反馈进行进食。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 连接刻度和智能手机.使用应用程序选择 "缩放". 按连接继续。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 将板材放在刻度上.将板放在刻度上, 然后按完成继续。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig5.jpg"> 图 5: 将食物放在盘子上.将食物放在盘子上直到100% 被标明, 并在准备进食时按开始。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig6.jpg"> 图 6: 使用视觉反馈进食.适应进食率为虚线蓝色参照曲线。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig7.jpg"> 图 7: 丰满度的分级.显示分级刻度时的丰满感。调整分级为虚线紫色参照曲线, 然后按完成继续进食。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig8.jpg"> 图 8: 调整进食率.如果偏离虚线蓝色参照曲线, 则修改进食率。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig9.jpg"> 图 9: 已完成的膳食.如果盘上没有食物, 请按否。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 10" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig10.jpg"> 图 10: 已完成膳食.符合参照曲线和膳食持续时间显示。按完成退出。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 11" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig11.jpg"> 图 11: 神经性厌食症的早期累计进食量 (CFI) 曲线.记录 (蓝线), 工件去除 (红线) 和 CFI 曲线建模的二次方程。从一个厌食症患者的数据, 第二天的治疗吃没有视觉反馈。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig11large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 12" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig12.jpg"> 图 12: 神经厌食症治疗的早期反应.患者在治疗的第五天适应参考曲线。来自同一病人的数据。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig12large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 13" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig13.jpg"> 图 13: 神经厌食症的缓解.在治疗175天后, 在缓解时进食率增加。来自同一病人的数据没有视觉反馈。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig13large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 14" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig14.jpg"> 图 14: 神经性厌食症患者进食行为的治疗效果.时间缓解高度可变 (A) 作为身体质量指数 (BMI) 正常化 (B) 五例治疗缓解厌食症患者。注意食物摄入量的变异性 (C)、膳食持续时间 (D)、进食率减慢 (E) 和入院 (Adm) 的初始进食率 (F) 以及这些缓解措施的规范化。患者无参考曲线进食。数据是中线的 (最小 max)。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57432/57432fig14large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System at JoVE.com

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

用一种新的反馈系统控制进食行为

受试者吃的食物从一个刻度盘连接到一台电脑, 记录了餐盘的重量损失。在电脑屏幕上的反馈允许主题调整她/他的饮食行为, 以参考曲线, 从而正常化体重。

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...

control-of-eating-behavior-using-a-novel-feedback-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.9K 次观看.  Karolinska Institutet. 受试者吃的食物从一个刻度盘连接到一台电脑, 记录了餐盘的重量损失。在电脑屏幕上的反馈允许主题调整她/他的饮食行为, 以参考曲线, 从而正常化体重。

视频: Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

背景和线索恐惧制约试验小鼠中使用视频分析系统

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognitive functions across the lifespan in a sample of 378 healthy subjects (age range 18-89 years). Consistent with previous findings we found an age-related cognitive decline across a wide range of neuropsychological domains (memory, attention, executive functions), thereby proving the usability of our tablet-based application. Regardless of prior computer experience, subjects of all age groups were able to perform the tasks without instruction or feedback from an experimenter. Increased motivation and compliance proved to be beneficial for task performance, thereby potentially increasing the validity of the results. Our promising findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

与年龄相关的变化认知功能使用EmoCogMeter，新型平板计算机基础法评估

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

采用新型任务评估前肢功能单侧颈脊髓损伤后:肢体步交替，姿势不稳和面食处理

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪偏好:饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated systems require upper limb amputees to learn complex control schemes. Humans have the ability to learn new movements through imitation and other learning strategies. This protocol describes a structured rehabilitation method, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning, and aims to assess if this method can improve multifunctional prosthetic control. A left below elbow amputee, with 4 years of experience in prosthetic use, took part in this case study. The prosthesis used was a Michelangelo hand with wrist rotation, and the added features of wrist flexion and extension, which allowed more combinations of hand movements. The participant&#8217;s Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score improved from 58 to 71 following structured training. This suggests that a structured training protocol of imitation, repetition and reinforcement may have a role in learning to control a new prosthetic hand. A larger clinical study is however required to support these findings.

As prosthetic development moves towards the goal of natural control, harnessing amputees&#8217; inherent ability to learn new motor skills may enable proficiency. This manuscript describes a structured rehabilitation protocol, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning strategies, for improved multifunctional prosthetic control.

结构化的康复协议改进的多功能假肢控制:一个案例研究

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

力和位置控制人类 - 增强反馈的作用

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度:新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor deficits. Motor impairments were manually quantified through an open field grid test to measure the gross motor function and through a ladder test to measure the fine motor function. Here, we discuss a technique for the automated quantification of the video-recorded tests using our custom Capadona Behavioral Video Analysis System: Grid and Ladder Test, or BVAS. Leveraging simple and readily available coding software (see the Table of Materials), this program allows for the tracking of a single animal on both the open field grid and the ladder tests. In open field grid tracking, the code thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the position of the rat over the 3 min duration of the grid test, and analyzes the path. It then computes and returns measurements for the total distance traveled, the maximum velocity achieved, the number of left- and right-handed turns, and the total number of grid lines crossed by the rat. In ladder tracking, the code again thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the movement of the rat across the ladder, and returns calculated measurements including the time it took the rat to cross the ladder, the number of paw slips occurring below the plane of the ladder rungs, and the incidence of failures due to stagnation or reversals. We envision that the BVAS developed here can be employed for the analysis of motor function in a variety of applications, including many injury or disease models.

The current study aimed to automate the quantification of motor deficits in rats. The initial evaluation model assesses motor loss resulting from an intracortical microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex. We report on the development and use of a tracking algorithm using easily adaptable, simple, and readily available coding software.

一种新的单动物运动功能跟踪系统, 使用简单、易于使用的软件

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. The goal of the developed protocol is to construct and operate a sitting platform that can be passively destabilized while an inertial measurement unit quantifies its motion and vibrating elements deliver tactile feedback to the user. Interchangeable seat attachments alter the stability level of the device to safely challenge sitting balance. A built-in microcontroller allows fine-tuning of the feedback parameters to augment sensory function. Posturographic measures, typical of balance assessment protocols, summarize the motion signals acquired during timed balance trials. No dynamic sitting protocol to date provides variable challenge, quantification, and sensory feedback free of laboratory constraints. Our results demonstrate that non-disabled users of the device exhibit significant changes in posturographic measures when balance difficulty is altered or vibrational feedback provided. The portable, versatile device has potential applications in rehabilitation (following skeletal, muscular, or neurological injury), training (for sports or spatial awareness), entertainment (via virtual or augmented reality), and research (of sitting-related disorders).

A sitting platform has been developed and assembled that passively destabilizes sitting posture in humans. During the user&#39;s stabilizing task, an inertial measurement unit records the device&#39;s motion, and vibrating elements deliver performance-based feedback to the seat. The portable, versatile device may be used in rehabilitation, assessment, and training paradigms.

一种用于座位平衡评估和训练的振动反馈装置

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. ...