这项工作得到了 NIH 授予 GM59354 颁发给沙龙 e. Bickel 的支持。我们感谢 Huy, 阮协助开发的协议, 产生荧光手臂探头, Ann Lavanway 的帮助与共焦显微镜, j. 因苏阿芦苇技术援助。我们还感谢果蝇社区的许多同事提供有益的讨论和建议。

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<li>Chiang, T., Duncan, F. E., Schindler, K., Schultz, R. M., Lampson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evidence+that+weakened+centromere+cohesion+is+a+leading+cause+of+age-related+aneuploidy+in+oocytes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr.+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evidence that weakened centromere cohesion is a leading cause of age-related aneuploidy in oocytes.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (17), 1522-1528 (2010).</li>
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<li>Subramanian, V. V., Bickel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666492/">Heterochromatin-mediated association of achiasmate homologues declines with age when cohesion is compromised.</a> Genetics. 181, 1207-1218 (2009).</li>
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</ol>

作者声明没有竞争的金融利益。

使用鱼探针评估中期 i 和中期 i果蝇卵母细胞的臂部凝聚状态是在果蝇减数分裂领域的一个重要进展。从历史上看,果蝇研究人员已经被限制在成熟的卵母细胞中推断出过早丧失手臂的凝聚力11,18,19。现在, 用这里所提出的方法, 可以直接使用鱼来测定手臂的内聚力状态。获得身体证据的能力过早失去了手臂的...

在有丝分裂和减数分裂过程中适当的染色体分离需要建立、维护和以协调的方式释放姊妹染色单体的内聚力1,2。衔接是在 S 阶段建立的, 由内聚力复合体介导, 形成物理联系, 把姐妹染色在一起。在减数分裂, 衔接远端的交叉也功能举行重组同系物一起, 这个物理协会有助于确保正确定位的二价在中期 I 轴 (图 1)3,4, 5。在后期 I 释放手臂的内聚力允许同系物分离到相反的主轴杆。然而, 如果手臂的凝聚力过早丢失, 重组同系物将失去他们的物理连接和随机隔离, 这可能导致体配子 (图 1)。
在人类卵母细胞中, 染色体分离的错误是导致流产和先天缺陷的主要原因, 如唐氏综合症6, 其发病率随着产妇年龄的增加呈指数级的7。胎卵母细胞中建立了姊妹染色单体的内聚力, 在出生前完成减数分裂重组。卵母细胞, 然后在中期前逮捕我, 直到排卵和在此逮捕期间, 重组同系物的持续物理关联依赖于姐妹染色单体的内聚力。因此, 在减数分裂和正常妊娠结局中准确的分离需要五年的内聚力保持完好。
在人类卵母细胞长期减数分裂的过程中, 过早失去凝聚力已被建议为产妇年龄效应和多行证据支持这一假设8,9。然而, 考虑到研究人类卵母细胞减数分裂凝聚的挑战, 我们对这种现象的理解大多依赖于模型生物体的使用5,10,11,12, 13,14,15。
果蝇卵母细胞为研究减数分裂凝聚和染色体分离提供了许多优势。一个简单的基因分析允许一个人从体配子中恢复后代, 并在大规模的11、16、17中测量X-染色体隔离的保真度。此外, 你也可以确定是否出现染色体偏析错误, 因为重组同系物 missegregate 在减数分裂 I, 一个表型, 是一致的过早失去手臂的凝聚力11,18, 19. 在果蝇卵母细胞中的减数分裂状态的直接观察也可以使用荧光原位杂交 (fish)。虽然荧光寡核苷酸, 杂交重复的卫星序列已经使用了十几年来监测 pericentromeric 凝聚在成熟的果蝇卵母细胞4,20, 分析手臂凝聚力更具挑战性。手臂内聚力状态的可视化需要一个探针, 它横跨一个大区域的单拷贝序列, 并且足够明亮, 可以在缺乏手臂内聚力的情况下为单个的姐妹染色产生可见的信号。此外, 卵母细胞的固定条件和大小的标记 dna 必须促进渗透21到大成熟的果蝇卵母细胞 (200 µm 宽500µm 长)。最近, 一个手臂探针成功地用于可视化果蝇卵母细胞染色在后期 i, 但作者说, 他们无法检测信号在中期或中期我逮捕了卵母细胞22。在这里, 我们提供了一个详细的协议, 以生成X-染色体臂鱼探针和卵母细胞的制备条件, 使我们能够检测早期丢失的姊妹染色单体的内聚力在中期 i 和中期 i 卵母细胞。这些技术, 使我们能够识别基因产品, 这是需要维护的减数分裂的凝聚力, 将允许其他人的姐妹染色单体内聚力缺陷的成熟的果蝇卵母细胞不同基因型。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Kits&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Midi Prep kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12143</td><td>Prep BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>GenomePlex Complete Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) Kit</td><td>Sigma</td><td>WGA2</td><td>Amplify BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>ARES Alexa Fluor 647 DNA labeling kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21676</td><td>Label BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>PCR purification kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td>Remove non-conjugated dye following labeling of BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals &amp;amp; Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Note: &lt;/strong&gt;All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP1600-100</td><td>Prepare 10% stock&lt;br/&gt; Freeze aliquots</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C75-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&amp;rsquo;, 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D1306</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. Prepare 100&amp;micro;g/ml stock in 100% ethanol, store in aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C. Prepare 1 &amp;micro;g/ml solution in 2X SSCT before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Dextran sulfate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D-8906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drierite</td><td>Drierite Company</td><td>23001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15508-013</td><td>Prepare 10 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>dTTP (10 &amp;micro;mol, 100 &amp;micro;l)</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>1277049</td><td>Prepare 1 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA (Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S311-500</td><td>Prepare 250 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>100% ethanol (molecular grade, 200 proof)</td><td>Decon Laboratories</td><td>2716</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris (Ultra Pure)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15504-020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA (Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E-3889</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% formaldehyde</td><td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td><td>18505</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Formamide</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AM9342</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D16-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycogen</td><td>Roche</td><td>901393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>737-151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heptane</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H350-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HX0603-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydroxylamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>438227</td><td>Prepare 3 M stock</td></tr><tr><td>4.9 M Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>104-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S373-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S369-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine (0.1mg/ml)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P8920-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP364-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S209-500</td><td>Prepare 3M stock</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium cacodylate</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>1131</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. 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using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes

在人类中, 卵母细胞的染色体分离错误是导致大多数流产和先天缺陷的原因。此外, 随着妇女年龄的增长, 她们受孕体胎儿的风险急剧增加, 这种现象被称为孕产妇年龄效应。在减数分裂的过程中, 准确的染色体分离的一个要求是在卵母细胞经历的延长的前期阶段保持姐妹染色单体的内聚力。人类和模型生物体的细胞学证据表明, 在衰老过程中, 减数分裂的凝聚力会恶化。此外, 人类卵母细胞中的偏聚错误在减数分裂 I 中最为普遍, 与过早失去手臂的内聚力一致。模型生物体的使用对于解开依赖于年龄的丧失凝聚力的机制至关重要。果蝇为研究卵母细胞减数分裂凝聚的调节提供了一些优势。然而, 直到最近, 在不同基因型的卵母细胞或不同的实验条件下, 只有遗传试验才能检测到手臂的内聚力丧失。在这里, 提供了一个详细的协议, 使用荧光原位杂交 (fish) 直接可视化缺陷的手臂凝聚力在中期 i 和中期我逮捕了果蝇卵母细胞。通过生成一个鱼探针, hybridizes 到X染色体的远端臂并收集共焦 Z 栈, 研究人员可以在三维度中可视化单个鱼信号的数量, 并确定姊妹染色单体的手臂是否分离.这一过程使人们有可能在数以百计的果蝇卵母细胞中量化手臂的内聚力缺陷。因此, 这种方法提供了一个重要的工具, 以调查的机制, 促进凝聚力的维护, 以及导致其消亡的因素在老化过程中。

图 5显示了在X染色体上 hybridizes 到细胞学区域 6 e-7 b 的臂探针中获得的图像。该探针的结果是与 DAPI 的本地化的信号, 很容易区分与背景, 并已成功地用于量化的手臂凝聚力缺陷的不同基因型的19。粘聚缺陷的量化仅限于中期 i. 期和中期 i 阶段;核包膜破裂之前的卵母细胞被排除在分析19之外。一个完整的核信...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

使用荧光原位杂交 FISH 监测前中期和中期 I 果蝇卵母细胞臂内聚状态发展|生物学 |视频

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

利用荧光原位杂交 (fish) 监测中期和中期 I. 型果蝇卵母细胞的臂部凝聚状态

本手稿提出了一个详细的方法生成X-染色体臂探针和执行荧光原位杂交 (鱼), 以检查中期和中期我被捕的姐妹染色单体的内聚力状态果蝇卵母细胞。本协议适用于确定不同基因型的减数分裂手臂的内聚力是否完好或中断。

In humans, chromosome segregation errors in oocytes are responsible for the majority of miscarriages and birth defects. Moreover, as women age, their risk ...

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Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

Meiosis

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K 次观看.  Dartmouth College. 本手稿提出了一个详细的方法生成X-染色体臂探针和执行荧光原位杂交 (鱼), 以检查中期和中期我被捕的姐妹染色单体的内聚力状态果蝇卵母细胞。本协议适用于确定不同基因型的减数分裂手臂的内聚力是否完好或中断。

视频: Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of tissues, we have developed numerous modifications and improvements to our original fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol. To facilitate throughput and cost effectiveness, all steps, from probe generation to signal detection, are performed using exon 96-well microtiter plates. Digoxygenin (DIG)-labelled antisense RNA probes are produced using either cDNA clones or genomic DNA as templates. After tissue fixation and permeabilization, probes are hybridized to transcripts of interest and then detected using a succession of anti-DIG antibody conjugated to biotin, streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescently conjugated tyramide, which in the presence of HRP, produces a highly reactive intermediate that binds to electron dense regions of immediately adjacent proteins. These amplification and localization steps produce a robust and highly localized signal that facilitates both cellular and subcellular transcript localization. The protocols provided have been optimized to produce highly specific signals in a variety of tissues and developmental stages. References are also provided for additional variations that allow the simultaneous detection of multiple transcripts, or transcripts and proteins, at the same time.

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

The described RNA in situ hybridization protocol allows the detection of RNA in whole Drosophila embryos or dissected tissues. Using 96-well microtiter plates and tyramide signal amplification, transcripts can be detected at high resolution, sensitivity, and throughput, and at a relatively low cost.

高分辨率荧光原位杂交在果蝇胚胎和组织中使用 Tyramide 信号放大

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

科研

遗传学

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (SM-FISH) to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), quantitative, real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing. When these techniques are performed using a single oocyte or embryo, low-copy mRNAs are not reliably detected. To overcome this problem, oocytes or embryos can be pooled together for analysis; however, this often leads to high variability amongst samples. In this protocol, we describe the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using branched DNA chemistry. This technique identifies the spatial pattern of mRNAs in individual cells. When the technique is coupled with Spot Finding and Tracking&#160;computer software, the abundance of mRNAs in the cell can also be quantified. Using this technique, there is reduced variability within an experimental group and fewer oocytes and embryos are required to detect significant differences between experimental groups. Commercially available branched-DNA SM-FISH kits have been optimized to detect mRNAs in sectioned tissues or adherent cells on slides. However, oocytes do not effectively adhere to slides and some reagents in the kit were too harsh resulting in oocyte lysis. To prevent this lysis, several modifications were made to the FISH kit. Specifically, oocyte permeabilization and wash&#160;buffers designed for the immunofluorescence of oocytes and embryos replaced the proprietary buffers. The permeabilization, washes, and incubations with probes and amplifier were performed in 6-well plates and oocytes were placed on slides at the end of the protocol using mounting media. These modifications were able to overcome the limitations of the commercially available kit, in particular, the oocyte lysis. To accurately and reproducibly count the number of mRNAs in individual oocytes, computer software was used. Together, this protocol represents an alternative to PCR and sequencing to compare the expression of specific transcripts in single cells.

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization SM-FISH to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

To reproducibly count the numbers of mRNAs in individual oocytes, single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) was optimized for non-adherent cells. Oocytes were collected, hybridized with the transcript specific probes, and quantified using an image quantification software.

单分子荧光原位杂交 (SM-FISH) 在小鼠卵母细胞中 Mrna 的定量和定位

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton rearrangements, or polarity patterning within the cells. When studying oocyte nucleus positioning, live-imaging techniques are essential to capture the dynamic events of this process. The Drosophila egg chamber is a multicellular structure and an excellent model system to study this phenomenon because of its large size and availability of numerous genetic tools. During Drosophila mid-oogenesis, the nucleus migrates from a central position within the oocyte to adopt an asymmetric position mediated by microtubule-generated forces. This migration and positioning of the nucleus are necessary to determine the polarity axes of the embryo and the subsequent adult fly. One characteristic of this migration is that it occurs in three dimensions (3D), creating a necessity for live imaging. Thus, to study the mechanisms that regulate nuclear migration, we have developed a protocol to culture the dissected egg chambers and perform live imaging for 12 h by time-lapse acquisitions using spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Overall, our conditions allow us to preserve Drosophila egg chambers alive for a long period of time, thereby enabling the completion of nuclear migration to be visualized in a large number of samples in 3D.

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

In Drosophila, the oocyte nucleus undergoes microtubule-dependent migration during oogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol that was developed to follow the migration by performing live imaging on egg chambers ex-vivo. Our procedure maintains egg chambers alive for 12 h to acquire multi-position 3D time-lapse movies using spinning-disk confocal microscopy.

果蝇卵母细胞的核迁移

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton ...

发育生物学

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle microtubules to prevent anaphase onset until the chromosomes are properly connected. Cells use this mechanism to prevent aneuploidy or genomic instability, and hence cancers and other human diseases like birth defects and Alzheimer's1. A number of the SAC components such as Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, Mps1, Zw10, Rod and Aurora B kinase have been identified and they are all kinetochore dynamic proteins2. Evidence suggests that the kinetochore is where the SAC signal is initiated. The SAC prime regulatory target is Cdc20. Cdc20 is one of the essential APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome) activators3 and is also a kinetochore dynamic protein4-6. When activated, the SAC inhibits the activity of the APC/C to prevent the destruction of two key substrates, cyclin B and securin, thereby preventing the metaphase to anaphase transition7,8. Exactly how the SAC signal is initiated and assembled on the kinetochores and relayed onto the APC/C to inhibit its function still remains elusive.
Drosophila is an extremely tractable experimental system; a much simpler and better-understood organism compared to the human but one that shares fundamental processes in common. It is, perhaps, one of the best organisms to use for bio-imaging studies in living cells, especially for visualization of the mitotic events in space and time, as the early embryo goes through 13 rapid nuclear division cycles synchronously (8-10 minutes for each cycle at 25 &deg;C) and gradually organizes the nuclei in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex9.
Here, I present a bio-imaging method using transgenic Drosophila expressing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or its variant-targeted proteins of interest and a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope system to study the SAC function in flies, by showing images of GFP fusion proteins of some of the SAC components, Cdc20 and Mad2, as the example.

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The kinetochore is where the SAC initiates its signal monitoring the mitotic segregation of the sister chromatids. A method is described to visualize the recruitment and turnover of one of the kinetochore proteins and its coordination with the chromosome motion in Drosophila embryos using a Leica laser scanning confocal system.

龙虎斗动粒蛋白的动态行为与染色体运动，在生活学习有丝分裂关卡<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;合胞胚胎

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

生物学

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.

GFP标记的蛋白质在实时成像<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;卵母细胞

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

全山RNA荧光<em在原位</em&gt;杂交<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;胚胎

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both the female and male germ lines of Drosophila have contributed greatly to the current understanding of meiosis as well as stem cell biology. Excellent protocols are available in the literature for the isolation and imaging of Drosophila ovaries&#160;and testes3-12. Herein, methods for the dissection and preparation of Drosophila testes for microscopic analysis are described with an accompanying video demonstration. A protocol for isolating testes from the abdomen of adult males and preparing slides of live tissue for analysis by phase-contrast microscopy as well as a protocol for fixing and immunostaining testes for analysis by fluorescence microscopy are presented. These techniques can be applied in the characterization of Drosophila mutants that exhibit defects in spermatogenesis as well as in the visualization of subcellular localizations of proteins.

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Methods for isolating and preparing Drosophila testes samples (live and fixed) for imaging by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy are described herein.&#160;

精子发生的细胞学分析：Live和固定制剂<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;睾丸

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both ...

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The study of chromosome behavior in oocytes from model organisms holds much promise to uncover the molecular basis of the susceptibility of human oocytes to aneuploidy. Drosophila melanogaster is amenable to genetic manipulation, with over 100 years of research, community, and technique development. Visualizing chromosome behavior and spindle assembly in Drosophila oocytes has particular challenges, however, due primarily to the presence of membranes surrounding the oocyte that are impenetrable to antibodies. We describe here protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of meiosis I spindle assembly and chromosome behavior in Drosophila oocytes, which allow the molecular dissection of chromosome segregation in this important model organism.

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

We present protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of mature Drosophila oocytes. These methods allow the visualization of chromosome behavior and spindle assembly and function during meiosis.

成像前中期和减数分裂中期的我固定技术<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;卵母细胞

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The ...

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ within a given tissue remain limited. The EASI-FISH protocol described here has been adapted to detect the expression of dozens of genes in the intact adult Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) using commercially available reagents. This protocol includes a new gel formulation that enhances gel robustness, enabling multiple rounds of hybridization and allowing the embedding of multiple brains per gel. This improvement increases throughput, facilitates optimal comparison of experimental conditions, and reduces reagent costs. Additionally, by employing the GAL4-UAS system for co-detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP), gene expression can be visualized in specific neuronal or glial cell types. Notably, the high resolution achieved through expansion microscopy, combined with the sensitivity of the method, allows for the detection of single RNA transcripts. This approach effectively integrates high image quality with high throughput, making it a powerful tool for studying gene expression throughout the intact fly brain.

Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (EASI-FISH) is a robust technique that combines expansion microscopy with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect the expression of multiple genes in thick tissue. This protocol outlines recent advancements in the method and its adaptation for labeling the intact Drosophila central nervous system..

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ ...

神经科学

Immunofluorescent Staining for Visualization of Heterochromatin Associated Proteins in Drosophila Salivary Glands

Visualization of heterochromatin aggregates by immunostaining can be challenging. Many mammalian components of chromatin are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, it is an excellent model to study heterochromatin formation and maintenance. Polytenized cells, such as the ones found in salivary glands of third instar D. melanogaster larvae, provide an excellent tool to observe the chromatin amplified nearly a thousand times and have allowed researchers to study changes in the distribution of heterochromatin in the nucleus. Although the observation of heterochromatin components can be carried out directly in polytene chromosome preparations, the localization of some proteins can be altered by the severity of the treatment. Therefore, the direct visualization of heterochromatin in cells complements this type of study. In this protocol, we describe the immunostaining techniques used for this tissue, the use of secondary fluorescent antibodies, and confocal microscopy to observe these heterochromatin aggregates with greater precision and detail.

Immunofluorescent Staining for Visualization of Heterochromatin Associated Proteins in Drosophila Salivary Glands

This protocol aims to visualize heterochromatin aggregates in Drosophila polytene cells.

免疫荧光染色，用于 在果蝇 唾液腺中可视化异色素相关蛋白质

Visualization of heterochromatin aggregates by immunostaining can be challenging. Many mammalian components of chromatin are conserved in Drosophila ...

利用荧光原位杂交 (fish) 监测中期和中期 I. 型果蝇卵母细胞的臂部凝聚状态

摘要

探索更多视频

高分辨率荧光原位杂交在果蝇胚胎和组织中使用 Tyramide 信号放大

单分子荧光原位杂交 (SM-FISH) 在小鼠卵母细胞中 Mrna 的定量和定位

果蝇卵母细胞的核迁移

龙虎斗动粒蛋白的动态行为与染色体运动，在生活学习有丝分裂关卡

GFP标记的蛋白质在实时成像

全山RNA荧光

精子发生的细胞学分析：Live和固定制剂

成像前中期和减数分裂中期的我固定技术

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

免疫荧光染色，用于在果蝇唾液腺中可视化异色素相关蛋白质

利用荧光原位杂交 (fish) 监测中期和中期 I. 型果蝇卵母细胞的臂部凝聚状态

摘要

探索更多视频

高分辨率荧光原位杂交在果蝇胚胎和组织中使用 Tyramide 信号放大

单分子荧光原位杂交 (SM-FISH) 在小鼠卵母细胞中 Mrna 的定量和定位

果蝇卵母细胞的核迁移

龙虎斗动粒蛋白的动态行为与染色体运动，在生活学习有丝分裂关卡

GFP标记的蛋白质在实时成像

全山RNA荧光

精子发生的细胞学分析：Live和固定制剂

成像前中期和减数分裂中期的我固定技术

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

免疫荧光染色，用于 在果蝇 唾液腺中可视化异色素相关蛋白质

免疫荧光染色，用于在果蝇唾液腺中可视化异色素相关蛋白质