作者要感谢 M U 的多实验室, 利用兔子模型来慷慨地利用他们的殖民地, 特别是在尤金博士实验室和先进的转化科学和治疗模式中心 (CAMTraST) 队。同时也感谢乌拉姆畜牧队的 U, 珍妮琼斯为浓缩协调和凯蒂 Wearsch 为协助与配对。

本议定书遵循了密歇根大学 (乌拉姆) 实验室动物医学单位开发和使用的护理标准, 该单元接受 IACUC 对所有动物护理程序和方法的批准和监督。IACUC 完全符合指南的第八版.所有的兔子都被安置在笼子里, 每个笼子的最小值为. 46 米2 , 超过了指南的最低要求。
1. 从未由供应商预先配对的新来的兔子中创建女性对的方法。
<ol><li>在配对之前收集以下所有材料:<ol>
<li>从一只雄性兔子身上收集尿液。这样做, 通过翻转在笼子下面的班轮, 使塑料面朝上, 尿收集在班轮的顶部。注射器从尿液中储存在无菌锥形管中。</li>
		<li>准备一个干净的, 中性的笼子为配对发生。移除中心分隔线, 以便对两个并排保持架的完全访问 (也称为一个 "二宽姐" 笼)。确保此笼子包含以下项目: 至少2个低价值的富集项目, 除了2高价值, 破坏浓缩项目, 至少两个隐藏的机会, 如鲈鱼, 小屋或箱子, 和2个单独的食物和水接入点,两个单独的松散的干草堆。</li>
		<li>填写兔子社会介绍日志 (图 1)。</li>
		<li>用清水准备干净的喷雾瓶。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>从装运容器中解压缩第一个女性。<ol>
<li>称量兔子, 做指甲修剪。如果没有个人身份证明 (头发大衣, 耳标签, 纹身等), 用无毒的动物安全标记标记兔子在耳朵的尖端。 注: 使用颜色, 如蓝色或紫色, 不会被误认为是体液, 如血液或尿液。</li>
		<li>使用纱布垫或棉球, 应用大约1毫升以前收集的降压尿到兔子的额头, 把兔子放到中性笼子里。</li>
		<li>重复步骤 1.2-1.2.2 与第二只兔子, 除了标记兔子的标识。 注意: 只有一只兔子需要标记以识别目的, 然而, 两者都应标明尿液。</li>
		<li>连续监测对1小时, 并继续填写兔子社会介绍日志, 因为对监测, 记录每一个行为观察每一个时间点。</li>
		<li>只有在观察到叮咬时, 才会从喷雾瓶中介入, 两只兔子在十五年代连续追逐 (盘旋), 或战斗行为 (如冲刺) 正在发生。<ol>
<li>分开临时和身体检查每只兔子的证据, 如果这些行为被注意到。 注: 如果一只兔子在追赶, 但另一只正在逃跑, 请勿用水喷洒。只有当两只兔子都积极参与追逐的时候, 才应该干预。而且, 不要干预得太快。在这个阶段, 兔子必须建立他们的优势等级和频繁的干扰和干预可以延迟或防止这一必要的过程发生。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>与兽医人员联系, 如果轻微伤人, 如擦伤或拉毛造成小病灶, 但不分开的对。<ol>
<li>继续监测积极的 affiliative 行为, 表明对成功。请参阅3.2 个正/Affiliative 行为。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>如果注意到特定类型的伤人 (见 3.4.3.2), 例如积极出血病变或生殖器或眼睛附近的任何伤害, 请立即分开。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>如果1小时后离开房间, 这对是稳定的。在一天的其余时间内完成两个额外的10分钟检查 (图 2)。 注意: 稳定对的迹象包括明确的显性和顺从的行为, 在一起休息, 吃/喝和/或 allogrooming (见3.2 阳性/Affiliative 行为)。不稳定对的迹象包括两只兔子都有明显的显性行为、资源保护或积极的相互作用 (见3.4.1 积极的相互作用)。在配对过程中看到的大多数攻击互发生在第一个小时内 , 但是 , 如果一对继续显示积极的互动 , 监视时间可以增加。</li>
	<li>如果两个额外检查后, 双人继续保持稳定, 请将它们放在一起过夜。</li>
	<li>身体检查两只兔子第二天早上的感觉在毛皮下检查伤和检查生殖器的损害。</li>
	<li>如果没有发现明显的伤人, 在一周的剩余时间内对对对进行每日10分钟的检查。如果对在一周剩下的时间内保持不变, 请将它们视为稳定对。在兔子社会介绍日志中记录这一点, 并生成一个社会容纳的交互和浓缩日志 (图 3)。 注意: 如果两个工作周内未发现新的小病灶, 则配对仅被认为是一种失败, 如果他们表现出特定类型的伤人 (见 3.4.3.2) 或不能在一夜之间被留在一起。由于侵略或研究目的而分离的女性对可以成功地与同一合作伙伴 (如果为研究目的分开) 或与新的女性 (如果分离为侵略), 但成年男性对分离可以永远不会重新配对, 因为有严重的侵略风险。因此, 男性对的维护是极其重要的, 因为一旦分离, 他们将单独安置在动物设施的其余时间。</li>
</ol>2. 在断奶时, 在断奶时, 在一周的时间内, 与母亲、Weanlings 的男性兄弟姐妹、断奶或与供应商预配对的成年人, 建立其他类型的对, 包括母兄妹对。
<ol><li>准备中性锁定, 如1.1.2 所述。</li>
	<li>完成步骤1.2.1 和把兔子放在一起。</li>
	<li>监控5分钟, 以确保兼容性和生成一个社会居住的互动和浓缩日志。</li>
	<li>如果看到任何战斗行为并遵循完整配对过程, 请继续执行步骤1.1。</li>
</ol>3. 观察阳性/Affiliative、中性和阴性行为。
<ol><li>监视对每日和记录行为观察在社会安置的相互作用和浓缩日志。</li>
	<li>监视正/Affiliative 行为。<ol>
<li>观察这对明确的优势/提交行为。 注意: 这些行为包括 (但不限于) 行为, 其中一只兔子显示主导倾向, 如追逐, 安装, 梳理, 下巴标记或敲击, 另一个是接受和显示提交行为, 如逃离,允许安装或梳理或保持下巴向下的姿势。</li>
		<li>观察兔子分享资源 (食物, 水, 干草)。 注意: 当对资源没有竞争或攻击时, 考虑将资源共享为对稳定性的积极指示器。</li>
		<li>观察一对从事异基因梳理行为的人, 其中一只兔子正在梳理另一个。 注意: 被修饰的兔子应该接受梳理。典型的主导是梳理顺从, 但这可以转移到顺从梳理的主导, 这并不表示一对击穿。</li>
		<li>观察自我梳理的行为, 当兔子感到安全足够的共享环境, 以培养自己。 注: 考虑自我梳理作为一个积极的迹象表明, 这对是稳定的。如果兔子感到受到威胁, 它不会从事这种维护行为, 这需要一个垂直坐姿的姿势, 增加兔子的脆弱性, 从敌对的伙伴攻击。</li>
		<li>观察当兔子选择与同种在同一位置时的共享空间行为。 注意: 标准笼设置提供了足够的空间, 让兔子留在自己的领土, 如果他们选择。当他们喜欢与他们的同种共享空间时, 这是一个稳定对的正面指示器。</li>
		<li>观察一只兔子从事与浓缩项目的独奏互动。 注意: 观察到, 无论是兔子感到安全足以参与与环境的丰富互动是一个积极的指标。</li>
		<li>观察这对与环境浓缩项目的相互作用。 注: 确保两只兔子在非侵略性和非竞争性的情况下相互参与环境浓缩。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>中性行为。<ol>
<li>观察没有观察到交互作用的实例。 注意: 可能有一对在中性或非交互状态下始终被观察到。但是, 这可能并不表明任何问题, 如果这对是一贯中立的, 没有任何其他积极或消极行为被观察到这对必须密切监测。一贯中立的互动可能表明, 这对尚未建立一个优势等级, 并有更大的风险, 随着时间的推移, 战斗和伤害行为。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>消极行为。<ol>
<li>积极的互动。 注意: 定义积极的互动, 因为这两只兔子同时从事消极行为。例如, 如果一只兔子在追逐, 一只正在逃跑, 这不是一个消极的互动, 但如果两只兔子都在追逐对方 (盘旋), 这被认为是一种积极的互动, 因为两只兔子都积极参与这种优势行为。<ol>
<li>密切关注咬伤, 伤害, 相互追逐 (盘旋), 资源守卫或跳跃在对方的战斗方式 (决斗)。把这些作为积极的互动, 必须干预。<ol>
<li>当上述行为出现时, 用喷雾瓶中的水进行干预, 以分散兔子的行为。 注: 确保水永远不是惩罚工具, 而是一种分心技术。通常情况下, 兔子会分离到笼子的另一侧, 以培养他们皮毛上的水。<ol>
<li>如果水不分散在侵略和物理分离是必要的, 不要厚手套防止伤害和手动分离对。</li>
				</ol>
</li>
			</ol>
</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>观察与建立优势的困难有关的行为。 注意: 这些情况对于观察者来说是至关重要的, 因为不能建立适当的优势层次结构的一对对失败的风险很高, 如果没有及时确定, 就会导致受伤。<ol>
<li>为了识别这些情况, 寻找两只兔子展示优势的表现, 或者是顺从的兔子经常挣扎着摆脱显性显示。 例如, 如果顺从的兔子不接受安装, 而是逃离或试图登上主导的兔子。<ol>
<li>为这些对提供额外的监测和浓缩干预, 以帮助他们在他们的层级建立。</li>
			</ol>
</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>受伤.<ol>
<li>立即与兽医人员联系, 以寻找任何伤人。</li>
			<li>不要立即分离对, 除非有特定类型的伤人观察, 例如, 积极出血病变或任何伤害在生殖器或眼睛附近。</li>
			<li>增加丰富的维持对与轻微的, 肤浅的损害, 如小划痕或痂, 理发或头发拉和监测。不要分离这些对。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>当注意到这些行为中的任何一种时, 请将这对加强监测和浓缩干预。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>监视可能在战斗行为之前的通信行为。 注意: 下列行为都是兔子用来与对方交流优势等级的自然方法, 如果不加控制, 可以进行战斗行为。观察这些行为是一个很好的指标, 一对是通过他们的优势建立, 并将受益于增加监测和丰富。<ol>
<li>注意追逐/逃避行为。 注意: 这是一个很常见的行为, 在兔子建立优势。只要一只兔子在追逐, 另一只正在逃跑, 这种行为就不足以干预喷雾瓶。</li>
		<li>注意尿液喷洒。 注意: 这种行为是最常见的配对成年男性, 但可以观察到配对的女性以及在单独放置的兔子。尿液可以喷洒在笼上或在柔顺的兔子上。</li>
		<li>监视安装行为。 注: 这是一个非常典型的优势显示与主导安装和顺从接受。</li>
		<li>注意理发的迹象。 注意: 理发通常是第一次在鼻子上观察, 在耳朵或颈部的后部。监测, 以确保它不会进展到病变。</li>
		<li>注意敲击行为。 注: 重击是由于多种通信原因造成的。其中之一是显示在决定性的恐吓显示, 对顺从的兔子反复跳动的优势。在伴随着逃跑行为时, 也可以作为屈服的迹象。</li>
		<li>当注意到这些行为中的任何一种时, 必须将它们放在增强的监视和浓缩干预上。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>4. 对养护进行环境浓缩干预的方法。
<ol><li>跟踪所有配对兔子的年龄。在笼子卡后面放一张纸条, 表示兔子的年龄, 每周更新一次。<ol>
<li>当问题趋于出现35时, 在周10-20 左右增加监视。性成熟始于12-17 周的年龄。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>当消极行为 (参考第3.4 节) 或沟通行为 (参考第3.5 节) 被观察, 增加对的浓缩到三次每周。<ol>
<li>每周三次提供一个新的浓缩项目 (每只兔子一) 和增加监测记录在社会居住的互动和浓缩日志。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>如果消极行为或沟通行为恶化或新行为被观察到, 增加对每天的富集。<ol>
<li>每天 (包括周末和节假日) 提供一对新的浓缩项目 (每只兔子一) 和相关的监测记录在社会居住的互动和浓缩日志。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>浓缩指南。<ol>
<li>在使用任何浓缩项目之前, 从机构浓缩委员会和/或兽医人员那里获得许可。</li>
		<li>每只兔子在每个双周和松散干草每日32中至少提供一个浓缩项目。</li>
		<li>确保所有纸和纸板的浓缩项目在使用之前, 按机构政策进行蒸压。</li>
		<li>在添加新的浓缩项目之前, 请先删除它, 这样每只兔子一次就不会有两个以上的项目。</li>
		<li>旋转浓缩类别以保持新奇性 (请参见图 4)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Council, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. , (2011).</li><li>Council of Europe, Publication Section. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes: explanatory report on the convention opened for signature on 18 March 1986. , (1986).</li><li>. Departures from the Guide Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/departures.htm">https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/departures.htm</a> (2013)</li><li>Chu, L. -. r., Garner, J. P., Mench, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+behavioral+comparison+of+New+Zealand+White+rabbits+(Oryctolagus+cuniculus)+housed+individually+or+in+pairs+in+conventional+laboratory+cages.">A behavioral comparison of New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) housed individually or in pairs in conventional laboratory cages.</a> Appl Anim Behav Sci. 85 (1), 121-139 (2004).</li><li>Lofgren, J. L., Litwak, K., Liss, C., Tiford, D., Reinhardt, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals. 10, 66-76 (2015).</li><li>Valuska, A. J., Mench, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+does+matter:+The+effect+of+enclosure+size+on+aggression+and+affiliation+between+female+New+Zealand+White+rabbits+during+mixing.">Size does matter: The effect of enclosure size on aggression and affiliation between female New Zealand White rabbits during mixing.</a> Appl Anim Behav Sci. 149 (1), 72-76 (2013).</li><li>Whary, M., Peper, R., Borkowski, G., Lawrence, W., Ferguson, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+group+housing+on+the+research+use+of+the+laboratory+rabbit.">The effects of group housing on the research use of the laboratory rabbit.</a> Lab Anim. 27 (4), 330-341 (1993).</li><li>Trocino, A., Xiccato, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+welfare+in+reared+rabbits:+a+review+with+emphasis+on+housing+systems.">Animal welfare in reared rabbits: a review with emphasis on housing systems.</a> World Rabbit Sci. 14 (2), 77-93 (2010).</li><li>Turner, R. J., Held, S. D., Hirst, J. E., Billinghurst, G., Wootton, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+immunological+assessment+of+group-housed+rabbits.">An immunological assessment of group-housed rabbits.</a> Lab Anim. 31 (4), 362-372 (1997).</li><li>Fuentes, G. C., Newgren, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+and+clinical+pathology+of+laboratory+new+zealand+white+rabbits+housed+individually+and+in+groups.">Physiology and clinical pathology of laboratory new zealand white rabbits housed individually and in groups.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 47 (2), 35-38 (2008).</li><li>Noller, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+social+environment+on+endocrine,+cardiovascular+and+tissue+responses+in+the+rabbit.">The influence of social environment on endocrine, cardiovascular and tissue responses in the rabbit.</a> Int J Psychophysiol. 88 (3), 282-288 (2013).</li><li>Held, S., Turner, R., Wooton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choices+of+laboratory+rabbits+for+individual+or+group-housing.">Choices of laboratory rabbits for individual or group-housing.</a> Appl Anim Behav Sci. 46 (1), 81-91 (1995).</li><li>Gunn, D., Morton, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inventory+of+the+behaviour+of+New+Zealand+White+rabbits+in+laboratory+cages.">Inventory of the behaviour of New Zealand White rabbits in laboratory cages.</a> Appl Anim Behav Sci. 45 (3), 277-292 (1995).</li><li>DiVincenti, L., Rehrig, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+Behavior+of+Adult+Male+New+Zealand+White+Rabbits+Housed+in+Groups+or+Pairs+in+the+Laboratory.">Social Behavior of Adult Male New Zealand White Rabbits Housed in Groups or Pairs in the Laboratory.</a> J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 20 (1), 86-94 (2017).</li><li>DiVincenti, L., Rehrig, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Social+Nature+of+European+Rabbits+(Oryctolagus+cuniculus).">The Social Nature of European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).</a> JAALAS. 55 (6), 729-736 (2016).</li><li>Froberg-Fejko, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+of+the+Physiology+and+Behavior+of+the+Laboratory+Rabbit.">A Review of the Physiology and Behavior of the Laboratory Rabbit.</a> ALN. , (2014).</li><li>Social Housing and Social Experience FAQ. Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.aaalac.org/accreditation/faq_landing.cfm#C6">https://www.aaalac.org/accreditation/faq_landing.cfm#C6</a> (2017)</li><li>Seaman, S. C., Waran, N. K., Mason, G., D'Eath, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+economics:+assessing+the+motivation+of+female+laboratory+rabbits+to+reach+a+platform,+social+contact+and+food.">Animal economics: assessing the motivation of female laboratory rabbits to reach a platform, social contact and food.</a> Anim Behav. 75 (1), 31-42 (2008).</li><li>Huls, W. L., Brooks, D. L., Bean-Knudsen, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+adult+New+Zealand+white+rabbits+to+enrichment+objects+and+paired+housing.">Response of adult New Zealand white rabbits to enrichment objects and paired housing.</a> Lab Anim Sci. 41 (6), 609-612 (1991).</li><li>Reinhardt, V., Reinhardt, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Variables, refinement and environmental enrichment for rodents and rabbits kept in research institutions. , (2006).</li><li>Lofgren, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Innovative social rabbit housing. , (2010).</li><li>Love, J., Hammond, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Group-Housing+Rabbits.">Group-Housing Rabbits.</a> Lab Anim. 20 (8), (1991).</li><li>Wyatt, J., DiVincenti, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Social Housing of Rabbits. , (2013).</li><li>Morton, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refinements+in+rabbit+husbandry:+second+report+of+the+BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW+Joint+Working+Group+on+Refinement.">Refinements in rabbit husbandry: second report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement.</a> Lab Anim. 27 (no. 4), 301-329 (1993).</li><li>Lockley, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+Structure+and+Stress+in+the+Rabbit+Warren.">Social Structure and Stress in the Rabbit Warren.</a> J of Anim Ecol. 30 (2), 385-423 (1961).</li><li>Enser, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+housing+and+welfare+of+group+housed+rabbits.">Comparison of housing and welfare of group housed rabbits.</a> Envigo RMS, Exhibited at IAT Congress. , (2016).</li><li>Raje, S., Stewart, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Group+Housing+for+Male+New+Zealand+White+Rabbits.">Group Housing for Male New Zealand White Rabbits.</a> Lab Anim. 28 (4), (1997).</li><li>Hoffman, K., McDonald, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Reducing Social Housing Complications in Adult Female New Zealand White Rabbits. , (2016).</li><li>Mykytowycz, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Territorial+marking+by+rabbits.">Territorial marking by rabbits.</a> Sci Am. 218 (5), 116-126 (1968).</li><li>Harriman, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Introducing Rabbits: Bonding Techniques for Matchmakers. , (1994).</li><li>Lidfors, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+effects+of+environmental+enrichment+for+individually+caged+rabbits.">Behavioural effects of environmental enrichment for individually caged rabbits.</a> App Anim Behav Sci. 52 (1), 157-169 (1997).</li><li>Baumans, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+enrichment+for+laboratory+rodents+and+rabbits:+requirements+of+rodents,+rabbits,+and+research.">Environmental enrichment for laboratory rodents and rabbits: requirements of rodents, rabbits, and research.</a> Ilar j. 46 (2), 162-170 (2005).</li><li>Hansen, L. T., Berthelsen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+environmental+enrichment+on+the+behaviour+of+caged+rabbits+(Oryctolagus+cuniculus).">The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).</a> Appl Anim Behav Sci. 68 (2), 163-178 (2000).</li><li>Thurston, S., Burlingame, L., Lofgren, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Troubleshooting Aggressive Behaviors in Pair Housed Rabbits Using Environmental Enrichment. , (2015).</li><li>Patterson-Kane, E. G., Farnworth, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noise+Exposure,+Music,+and+Animals+in+the+Laboratory:+A+Commentary+Based+on+Laboratory+Animal+Refinement+and+Enrichment+Forum+(LAREF)+Discussions.">Noise Exposure, Music, and Animals in the Laboratory: A Commentary Based on Laboratory Animal Refinement and Enrichment Forum (LAREF) Discussions.</a> J of Appl Anim Wel Sci. 9 (4), 327-332 (2006).</li><li>Hawkins, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Refining rabbit care: A resource for those working with rabbits in research. , (2015).</li><li>Lidfors, L., Edstr&#246;m, T., Kirkwood, J., Hubrecht, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+28.">Chapter 28.</a> T2 - The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals. , (2010).</li><li>Mykytowycz, R., Hesterman, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Experimental+Study+of+Aggression+in+Captive+European+Rabbits,+Oryctolagus+cuniculus+(L.).">An Experimental Study of Aggression in Captive European Rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.).</a> Behav. 52 (1/2), 104-123 (1975).</li><li>Mykytowycz, R., Rowley, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+observations+of+the+activity+of+the+wild+rabbit,+Oryctolagus+cuniculus+(L.),+during+24+hour+periods.">Continuous observations of the activity of the wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), during 24 hour periods.</a> CSIRO Wild Res. 3 (1), 26-31 (1958).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

兔子社会住房计划面临的最困难的挑战之一是物种典型的攻击性或沟通行为与有问题的战斗行为之间的区别。对正常家兔社会行为的深入和广泛的认识需要所有的畜牧和兽医工作人员监测配对过程, 因为许多行为, 似乎是一个战斗行为实际上是必要的层次建立行为这通常不会造成伤害。例如, 追逐和逃离是常见的, 在稳定层次结构中用于增强等级629的日常...

有关实验动物护理的条例提供了关于兔子社会住房的明确的建议。AAALAC 国际用于评估动物保育和使用计划的三项主要标准中有两项描述了适合于物种的畜牧业和住房的准则。这些指导资源中的第一个, 8 个th版本的《实验室动物护理和使用指南》1 (指南) 指出, 像兔子这样的社会物种只应单独设为例外, 单一住房不应是房屋标准。第二, 《欧洲保护脊椎动物公约》用于实验和其他科学目的2, 指出兔子是一种固有的社会物种, 应安置在一致的社会情况下, 与资格兽医或研究相关的原因例外。实验动物福利厅 (OLAW) 还规定, 只有在有科学依据的情况下, 由机构动物照料和使用委员会 (IACUC) 评估和批准的单一住房才合适, 这些动物是不兼容或兽医人员有健康或福利问题3。
除了符合法规遵从性, 同行评议的文献提供了许多例子的物理和心理效益的一对住房 NZW 兔。为了提供尽可能高的动物福利标准, 必须在满足研究人员的具体目标的前提下提供适合物种的住房。社会上居住的 NZW 兔子从事更积极的行为4, 显示扩增的健身和显示减少水平的胃肠道停滞由于增加的运动行为5。对于实验家兔来说, 身体活动尤其重要, 因为在笼子环境中, 他们容易患上骨质疏松症4 。除了社会住房的有形利益外, 还有无数的心理利益。双住 NZW 兔显示增加的物种特定活动6, 从社会刺激中获得丰富的好处4, 显示自我舒缓活动的增加率7以及 affiliative 行为, 如allogrooming8并展示了一种增强的能力来管理来自新刺激的焦虑, 即压力缓冲5。另外, 与社会上隔绝的 NZW 兔子相比, 社会上居住的 NZW 兔在免疫功能上没有不同9或抗体生产10, 然而, 单独被安置的兔子有更高的心率11并且增加了与社会上居住的兔子相比, 白血球计数为10 。
正如社会住房的好处在文献中有很好的记载一样, 社会隔离的危害也是如此。单一住房的社会物种可以导致生理指标的压力12。单独安置的 NZW 兔子花费增加的时间是不活跃和执行异常行为4和刻板行为指示挫折13,14,15。常见的定型观念包括: 咀嚼金属, 如笼条或送料器/饮水, 过度的自动梳理, 舔笼子和自我造成的消极行为16。如果他们必须单独安置, 应进一步注意平衡社会隔离的压力。该指南建议提供额外的住房空间, 仅在尽可能少的时间内单独居住, 允许在更大的住房情况下偶尔有时间, 例如一支落地笔, 并提供额外和多样的浓缩机会。在可能的情况下, 包括与其他兔子的互动1。AAALAC 国际还建议提供受保护的访问, 使动物可以有视觉, 听觉和嗅觉接触其他动物17。
考虑到选择, 兔子更喜欢和其他兔子在一起。偏好测试表明, 雌性 NZW 兔对有限的社交接触的工作几乎和他们为食物18一样努力。另外多项研究表明, 配对的兔子, 当给予选择时, 在物理接触中观察到对方4,8,19,20。这些研究突出了家兔对 conspecifics 社会化的重要价值。有趣的是, 这些结果只适用于雌性兔子。当提供一个改进的笼分流器, 这是半不透明, 半明确的小孔钻入明确的部分, 以允许加强但保护社会准入, 雄性 NZW 兔子花了更多的时间在笼子里, 提供了最多的访问相邻的男性比男性在笼子里没有改良的分隔线。男性 NZW 兔与受保护的社会准入明显更活跃, 花更多的时间在活动和休息的行为, 少对维护行为, 如美容, 这是与无聊和社会剥夺。有改进的分流器的男性也较少害怕不熟悉的职员, 减少延迟接近不熟悉的手比男性与标准分频器;可能是由于与合作伙伴的交互的社会缓冲效果21。此外, 经改良的分切器的雄性兔活动和其余部分的昼夜节律与黄昏模式同步, 与野兔相似, 而社会上孤立的兔子在模式上差异很大。的活动和 rest21。文献表明, 雄性兔子不是理想的社会住房候选人由于侵略后性成熟度14,22,23,24。在野生人口中, 女性比男性更合群6而且多位女性经常共享一个生存空间, 而男性往往保持较大的距离在其他男性之间, 这可能导致更多的侵略时, 放置男性在有限的空间实验室笼子15,25。一些研究试图在一个较大的钢笔设置与混合结果14,22,26,27,在社会上的男性家庭。一项研究试图在笼子设置中配对雄性, 导致所有三对被分离为侵略性的14。下面的协议是作者的第一个知识, 允许男性与兄弟姐妹在笼子里成功地进入成年。由于该群体的研究用途, 不相关的男性或成年男性没有配对, 因为可能发生侵略, 也没有男性/女性配对。
对兔子社会住房的第一步是建立新的对。本文介绍了在建立新的雌性对和用于结构化监测的 ethogram 的机构中, 允许取得最大成功的方法。该协议利用诸如尿标记6、28、应力连接、提供中性区域和保证不强制资源共享等方法。在野兔群中, 占主导地位的降压小便在他的繁殖组 (包括包、幼仔和做) 的兔子身上, 从而嗅到了属于他的社会组29的兔子的气味。这个想法已经被转化为实验室设置, 通过应用新收集的尿从一只雄性兔子的额头上配对的雌性。这赋予的女性有一个共同的气味, 向他们表明, 他们是在同一育种组, 他们不需要积极竞争。在创建新的母兔对尿标记的研究发现, 无标记对更具侵略性, 表现出较少的 affiliative 行为比对标记与降压尿6。应力结合也被证明是一个有效的方法配对在同伴兔社区通过创造一个轻度紧张的情况, 两个兔子相互接触, 以鼓励结合30。这通常是通过乘坐汽车或在承运人中散步来实现的。一项理论认为, 兔子将会在这个紧张的时间内拥有一个合作伙伴, 使他们在未来的结合体验中获得安全感, 因此, 他们将更有可能形成一个成功的对31。配对新到达的兔子, 已经经历了来自供应商的运输压力创造了一个自然的压力结合经验, 可以资本化, 以协助配对。一旦对建立, 必须实施有效的监测程序, 跟踪对行为的时间, 以便在必要时进行干预。本文重点介绍了行为 ethogram 的发展, 使全面了解兔的社会行为和方法, 对维护。由于缺乏综合的文献描述标准兔子社会互动和他们可能表明, 对维护经常是困难的点在设施。兔子对往往是分开的互动, 似乎是战斗行为, 但实际上是正常的社会互动, 可以监测和缓和与适当的干预。本文旨在通过提供一系列可跟踪的行为和它们可能指示的内容来缓解这一问题。此外, 利用环境富集干预来预防配对失败。充分的环境浓缩可以减少可怕的行为, 并允许更好地应对压力1, 减少异常行为24,32, 提供必要的生理要求的机会33和整体增加福利34。此前在该机构进行的调查结果表明, 增加环境富集通过减少在性成熟年龄附近出现的侵略行为 (12-17 周), 促进了对住房的更大成功35.该方法具有两倍优势;这种浓缩会使人分心, 防止打斗, 以及通过物种典型的行为进行积极的互动。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Euro Rabbit Housing</td>
			<td>Allentown, Inc.</td>
			<td>RBEURO-06</td>
			<td>Middle divider removed 
			http://www.allentowninc.com/large-animal-housing/rabbit-ferret/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R-Suite Enriched Rabbit Housing</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2 attached single cages with middle divider removed 
			http://www.tecniplast.it/en/product/r-suite-rabbit-housing-rack.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab Animal Marker - Standard Tip</td>
			<td>Ketchum Manufacturing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Blue 
			http://www.ketchum.ca/products/lab-animal/animal-markers/1313/animal-markers-standard-tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western Timothy Hay&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxbow Animal Health&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/products/type/detail?object=1530</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spray Bottles</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-18404BLU</td>
			<td>https://www.uline.com/Product/Detail/S-18404BLU/Spray-Bottles/24-oz-Blue-Spray-Bottles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit liners</td>
			<td>Blue Ridge Tissue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom Versa-Pak T.1503 30&#39;&#39; X 30&#39;&#39; 
			http://www.blueridgetissue.com/products/#versa_pak</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Premium Full Leather Glove</td>
			<td>Wells Lamont</td>
			<td>0-53300-07006-8</td>
			<td>https://www.wellslamont.com/catalog/product/premium-full-leather-glove/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Various Enrichment Toys</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>https://www.bio-serv.com/category/Rabbit_Enrichment_Devices.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fruit and Veggie Medley Dried Treats</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>F7227</td>
			<td>https://www.bio-serv.com/Rabbit_Enrichment_Treats/FVM.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Noise Machine</td>
			<td>HoMedics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/HoMedics-SS-2000G-Relaxation-Machine-Nature/dp/B00A2JBMRE/ref=redir_mobile_desktop/134-0048439-0235364?_encoding=UTF8&#38;keywords=white%20noise%20machine&#38;qid=1503569413&#38;ref_=mp_s_a_1_6_a_it&#38;sr=8-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safari Soft Bristle Cat Brush&#160;</td>
			<td>Safari&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Safari-Soft-Bristle-Brush-Cats/dp/B0002RJMB4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crink-l&#39;Nest</td>
			<td>The Andersons Lab Bedding</td>
			<td>CNK</td>
			<td>http://www.andersonslabbedding.com/irradiated/crink-lnest/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manzanita Wood Gnawing Sticks</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>W0016</td>
			<td>http://www.bio-serv.com/Rabbit_Enrichment_Devices/W0016.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wood Gnawing Blocks Certified</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>K3511</td>
			<td>Small 
			http://www.bio-serv.com/Rabbit_Enrichment_Devices/Wood_Blocks.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper Bags</td>
			<td>Duro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sack Lunch Bags 
			https://www.amazon.com/Duro-Paper-Lunch-Brown-Count/dp/B01N0AS7QO/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&#38;qid=1511194982&#38;sr=8-9&#38;keywords=paper+bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Various Sources of Cardboard</td>
			<td>Recycled supply boxes from the vivarium&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>All cardboard is autoclaved prior to use</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods of pairing and pair maintenance of new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) via behavioral ethogram, monitoring, and interventions

新西兰白 (NZW) 实验兔子 (穴兔家兔), 以及他们的祖先欧洲兔子, 是一个社会物种, 展示了许多好处, 因此被安置。虽然这些兔子天生是群居的, 但在圈养时仍会出现某些行为, 如果不加以控制, 可能会混淆研究结果或导致伤人, 在极端情况下可能会严重。为了防止这些问题, 必须有一个结构完善的计划来监测和维护配对实验兔。本议定书的目的是提出建立新配对 NZW 兔的有效程序以及成功维护的方法。已测试了多种方法, 以创建新配对的母兔从供应商, 但最有效的技术强调利用从运输, 尿标记, 配对在中性笼中的应力结合, 没有强迫分享资源和监测和干预系统。为了确定标准锁定环境中的配对家兔的最佳方法, 收集了数据以产生行为 ethogram。然后, 将行为量化为正值、中性或负数, 并在对的生命周期中进行跟踪, 以确定哪些行为表示对成功或失败。随着对社会安置实验室 NZW 兔行为的新认识, 运用浓缩干预来减轻攻击, 防止伤人, 从而导致成功配对的比例更高。通过几年的试行不同的配对方法, ethogram 的发展和由此而产生的浓缩干预, 对主宰着兔子行为的高度复杂的社会结构的理解已经戏剧性地增加和允许提供更多的物种具体照顾和提高福利标准。

在12月期间, 根据上述议定书, 维持了 172 NZW 实验兔对 (62% 名女性, 38% 名男性)。在这些对中, 只有20% 的雄性对和1% 的雌性对必须分开战斗, 如图 5所示。为战斗行为分离的对是平均18.5 星期老分开。大多数男女的总对 (63%) 是分离的研究目的, 这是没有关系的配对, 29% 对仍然在一起, 只有8% 的总对必须分开为侵略。
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-pa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions at JoVE.com

Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

虽然欧洲的兔子是一个社会物种, 但在社会上居住他们可能会有挑战性。因此, 对实验家兔的行为和社会结构必须有透彻的了解。在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 以确定配对方法, 物种-典型的层次建立行为和行为, 值得适当的干预。

新西兰白兔的配对和配对维护方法 (穴兔家兔) 通过行为 Ethogram、监视和干预

New Zealand White (NZW) laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as well as their ancestors the European Rabbit, are a social species that exhibit ...

methods-pairing-pair-maintenance-new-zealand-white-rabbits

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

13.8K 次观看.  University of Michigan. 虽然欧洲的兔子是一个社会物种, 但在社会上居住他们可能会有挑战性。因此, 对实验家兔的行为和社会结构必须有透彻的了解。在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 以确定配对方法, 物种-典型的层次建立行为和行为, 值得适当的干预。

视频: Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the &#34;cloud&#34; and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in&#160;cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.

Fully automated system for measuring physiologically meaningful properties of the mechanisms mediating spatial localization, temporal localization, duration, rate&#160;and probability estimation, risk assessment, impulsivity, and the accuracy and precision of memory, in order to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on foundational mechanisms of cognition in mice.

小鼠自动化，定量认知/行为筛选:对于遗传学，药理学，动物认知与本科教学

We describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of chronic CNS disorders, there is an increasing demand for murine models with high validity at the behavioral level. However, multiple pathogenic mechanisms and complex functional deficits often impose challenges to reliably measure and interpret behavior of chronically sick mice. Therefore, the assessment of peripheral pathology and a behavioral profile at several time points using a battery of tests are required. Video-tracking, behavioral spectroscopy, and remote acquisition of physiological measures are emerging technologies that allow for comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased behavioral analysis in a home-base-like setting. This report describes a refined phenotyping protocol, which includes a custom-made monitoring apparatus (Integrated Behavioral Station, INBEST) that focuses on prolonged measurements of basic functional outputs, such as spontaneous activity, food/water intake and motivated behavior in a relatively stress-free environment. Technical and conceptual improvements in INBEST design may further promote reproducibility and standardization of behavioral studies.

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

Prolonged and comprehensive monitoring of mice in a home-cage environment provides a deeper understanding of aberrant behavior in murine models of brain diseases. This paper describes the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST) as the key component of contemporary behavioral analysis.

小鼠疾病模型的集成行为车站行为表型（INBEST）

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

行为和运动测量使用一个开放的领域活动监控系统的骨骼肌疾病

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

适度的产前酒精暴露在成年大鼠社会行为的量化

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

鱼类生殖生态学研究的基本方法

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

用于体内的无线双向接口记录和刺激自由行为大鼠的神经活动

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Continuous Noninvasive Measuring of Crayfish Cardiac and Behavioral Activities

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as a useful biological indicator of water quality. Even though crayfish cannot directly specify the substances that cause water quality deterioration, they can immediately (within a few seconds) warn humans of water quality deterioration via acute changes in their cardiac and behavioral activities.
In this study, we present a noninvasive method that is simple enough to be implemented under various conditions due to a combination of simplicity and reliability in one model.
This approach, in which the biological organisms are implemented into environmental evaluation processes, provides a reliable and timely alarm for warning of and preventing acute water deterioration in an ambient environment. Therefore, this noninvasive system based on crayfish physiological and ethological parameter recordings was investigated for the detection of changes in an aquatic environment. This system is now applied at a local brewery for controlling&#160;quality of the water used for beverage production, but it can be used at any water treatment and supply facility for continuous, real-time water quality evaluation and for regular laboratory investigations of crayfish cardiac physiology and behavior.

This article presents a noninvasive biomonitoring system for the continuous recording and analyses of crayfish cardiac and locomotor activities. This system consists of a near-infrared optical sensor, a video-tracking module, and software for evaluating crayfish heartbeats that reflects its physiological condition and characterizes crayfish behavior during heartbeat fluctuations.

小龙虾心脏的连续无创测量与行为活动

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as ...