作者希望承认艾伦-克鲁格, 托德博蔓, 香农 Ostdiek, 伊莱恩浆果, 和 Ferouz Ayadi 谁协助数据收集使用模拟层包。撰文人还认识到泰咪-Brandl 和戴尔 Janssen 协助维持环境分庭的情况。

这项研究的目的是在42天内进行每周数据收集。所有的动物程序都是由美国肉类动物研究中心机构动物护理和使用委员会审查和批准的。
1. 构建模拟层包
<ol><li>开始与塑料圆筒容器是 0.42 m 高与 0.38 m 直径。 注: 在这项研究中, 使用了一个特定的10加仑商业垃圾箱 (见材料表), 但其他类似大小的塑料容器是合适的。</li>
	<li>钻六1厘米孔均匀地间隔在塑料容器的圆周附近入每个塑料容器大约 5 cm 塑料容器的顶部。从容器中取出任何塑料残余物。</li>
	<li>将塑料容器包装, 并在塑料容器的侧面记录质量。用平衡的方法将所选床上用品的320克称量成称重锅, 并将床上用品材料添加到塑料容器中。 注: 可使用9、10、11、12、13、14、15所认为适合在畜牧设施中使用的任何床上用品材料。对于上层大平原的深层牛设施建模, 玉米秸秆被认为是最常见的床上用品材料1 , 但大豆秸秆、麦草、木片也被使用了1。如果使用该系统建模深层猪或乳品设施, 麦草, 大麦秸秆, 燕麦稻草, 干草, 木屑, 木片, 木屑, 报纸, 玉米棒子, 大豆茬, 稻壳, 或沙子可能更适合16,17 ,18。</li>
	<li>将320克的新鲜牛粪在塑料板材上使用平衡并添加到塑料容器中。 注: 尿和粪收集和维护如前所述11。</li>
	<li>测量320毫升新鲜牛尿在 1000年-毫升毕业圆筒。将空的内容放入塑料容器中。使用搅拌杆 (5.08 厘米圆周), 混合的床上用品材料混合物略有三十年代。 注: 在这种情况下, 使用了一个塑料盖在年底空心钢棒。或者, 可以使用任何类型的杆。</li>
	<li>使用防腐处理擦拭, 清洁每层包间搅拌杆的末端, 防止微生物交叉污染。 注: 一桶温水肥皂水也可以用来清洁搅拌棒。塑料三明治袋也可以用橡皮筋固定在杆的末端, 并在每层包后更换, 以防止交叉污染。</li>
	<li>权衡和记录床上用品混合物的最终质量。放置塑料容器在环境房间19设置到环境温度 18-20 °c 与露点12°c。</li>
</ol>2. 维护模拟层包
<ol><li>在添加粪便和尿液前四十八小时, 从冷冻库中取出冰冻粪便和尿液, 并允许室温解冻 (20-25 ˚C)。</li>
	<li>在将尿液加到层状包装前不到一个小时, 测量尿液的 pH 值。</li>
	<li>用适当的个人防护设备 (手套, 安全眼镜) 处理6米氢氧化钠。</li>
	<li>将25毫升的氢氧化钠 (氢氧化钠) 倒入已毕业的圆筒中。搅拌混合物, 然后用 ph 探针测试 ph 值。重复直到尿液达到 ph 值 7.4, 生理 ph 值20。</li>
	<li>一旦尿液 pH 值调整, 在不使用的情况下, 在尿液容器上更换瓶盖以防止尿液中氮的挥发。</li>
	<li>称量并记录下层包的质量。如果要在这一天添加新的床上用品, 将320克的选择床上用品的材料分为铝锅使用平衡, 并添加床上用品材料的各自层包。如果今天不添加床上用品, 请继续步骤2.7。</li>
	<li>用平衡的方法在塑料板上重320克的解冻牛粪, 并添加到层状包中。 注: 在21天, 使用新鲜的粪便, 而不是解冻的粪便。</li>
	<li>测量320毫升解冻牛尿在 1000年-毫升毕业圆筒。空的内容放到层层包上。 注: 在21天, 使用新鲜的尿液而不是解冻的尿液。</li>
	<li>使用搅拌杆, 搅拌床上用品包混合物轻微30秒。清洁每层包间搅拌杆的塑料端, 防止微生物交叉污染。权衡和记录床上用品混合物的最终质量。</li>
	<li>将塑料容器退回环境舱。</li>
	<li>重复步骤 2.1-2.10 在星期一, 星期三和星期五每周, 与床上用品材料被添加 (步骤 2.6) 和空气样本收集每个星期三。</li>
</ol>3. 从模拟层包中采集样品
注: 样品是收集从模拟层包每周一次, 在添加粪便, 尿液, 和新鲜的床上用品。
<ol><li>准备收集每个模拟层包顶空的空气样本。
	<ol>
<li>打开所有的空气取样设备, 并允许根据制造商的指示预热, 大约1小时。 注: 参见本研究中使用的氨 (NH3)、硫化氢 (H2)、甲烷 (CH4)、一氧化二氮 (N2O) 和二氧化碳 (CO2) 气体分析仪的材料表。</li>
		<li>测量从模拟的层状包顶部到塑料容器顶部的距离, 它使用标尺来保存模拟的层状包。</li>
		<li>使用以下公式计算顶空区域的体积: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57332/57332eq1.jpg"> 其中r = 塑料容器的半径, h = 从层状包顶部到塑料容器顶部的距离, 以及 V通量室 = 流量室的体积位于塑料容器的顶部。 注: 本研究使用的通量室的内部容积为 0.007m3 , 表面面积为0.064 米21,22。</li>
		<li>在包的近似中心, 将金属木桩推入层状包的表面大约5厘米。螺纹0.64 厘米惰性油管通过在每个模拟的层状包装容器顶部的1厘米孔中的一个, 并在所述床上用品包表面上方的12.5 厘米金属木桩上固定。将不锈钢半球静止通量室21,22 , 每个模拟层包顶部有橡胶裙 (图 1)。 注: 橡胶裙是由61厘米的软、弹性橡胶制成, 其直径为22.9 厘米, 在中心切割。孔适合在通量室和裙子在塑料容器的顶部形成封印, 当放置在容器。</li>
		<li>使用惰性压缩接头将0.64 厘米的惰性油管连接到焊剂室。 注: 惰性油管附着在气体取样流形上, 流入空气取样设备。气体取样系统由24伏可编程逻辑继电器 (见材料表) 控制, 信号多位置3路螺线管打开和关闭气体取样流形上的八个进气线之一。一次打开一条线, 允许每个层包中的单个空气取样。</li>
		<li>以5升-1分钟的速度从房间里冲洗空气, 用30分。 注: 请参阅用于通过样品线冲洗空气的泵材料表。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>测定模拟层状包顶空气中氨、二氧化碳、甲烷和硫化氢的浓度。
	<ol>
<li>在充分冲洗模拟的层状包后, 在取样线上打开旋塞阀, 将室内空气从房间抽出到与气体取样歧管连接的惰性试样线上。</li>
		<li>激活可编程逻辑继电器, 开始将空气抽入空气取样设备。从周围空气中记录测量20分钟以确定环境空气中测量气体的浓度。这将被用作背景空气浓度。完成收集环境空气浓度后, 关闭样品线上的旋塞阀。</li>
		<li>激活可编程逻辑中继, 开始从连接到每个通量室的惰性试样线取样空气。记录每条取样线的测量值20分钟, 以确定每个层状包顶空的测量气体浓度。</li>
		<li>结果可以被报告作为气体的平均集中 (NH3, CO2, N2O, CH4, H2S) 在空气样品 (毫克公斤-1或 ppm), 或者气体的通量密度 (发射率) 可以计算在质量每单位使用以下公式计算每个单位时间的面积: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57332/57332eq2.jpg"> 其中J = 通量在µg m-2分钟-1, A = 在房间内的来源 (m2) 的区域, Q = 扫气流速率 m3分钟-1, 并 C空气 = VOC 浓度离开房间 (µg m-3)23。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>测定模拟层状包顶空气中恶臭挥发性有机化合物的浓度。
	<ol>
<li>戴上乳胶或腈一次性手套。</li>
		<li>在充分冲洗模拟的层状包装后, 从预预处理的不锈钢吸附剂管中取出黄铜储存帽。 注: 本研究使用的吸附剂管为89毫米 x 6.4 毫米的外径, 填充管 TA 吸附剂 (见材料表)。黄铜帽有 polythtrafluorethylene (PTFE) 套圈。</li>
		<li>使用挠性橡胶管, 将吸附管的得分端连接到通量室的入口口, 并将该吸气管的另一端与真空泵结合。 注: 本研究中使用的真空泵 (见材料表) 通过吸附剂管以75毫升最小-1的流速拉动空气。</li>
		<li>允许泵将空气拉入吸附剂管中5分钟, 样品容积为0.375 升, 然后关闭泵并断开吸附剂管。更换吸附管两端的黄铜储存帽。</li>
		<li>重复步骤 3.3.1 3.3.4 收集每层包的一个吸附剂管。</li>
		<li>储存吸附剂管直到通过热解吸-气相色谱-质谱 (TD-gc-ms) 分析。管可储存在室温下 (20-25 ˚C) < 24 小时。如果储存 > 24 小时, 储存在冰箱里。</li>
		<li>在对 TD-GC-MS 系统进行样品分析之前, 先从吸附剂管中取出黄铜储存帽, 并用 PTFE 分析帽23代替。</li>
		<li>分析挥发性有机化合物的吸附管24 (醋酸, 丁酸, 丙酸, 丙酸, 异戊酸, 戊酸, 己酸, 庚酸, 苯酚, 对甲酚, 吲哚, 粪臭素, 二甲基二硫, 和二甲基三硫醚) 使用 TD-GC-MS23,24,25。</li>
		<li>结果可以报告为空气中挥发性有机化合物的浓度 (µg m-3), 或的流量密度 (排放率) 的 voc 可以计算每单位面积的质量, 单位时间的基础上使用以下方程式: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/57332/57332eq2.jpg"> 其中J = 通量在µg m-2分钟-1, A = 在房间内的来源 (m2) 的区域, Q = 扫气流速率 m3分钟-1, 并 C空气= VOC 浓度离开房间 (µg m-3)23。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>收集模拟层包的物理和化学测量。 注: 每次将附加材料添加到模拟的层状包中时, 温度、pH 值和蒸发失水量都被测量。营养成分在0天和42天确定。自由空气空间在42天仅被确定。<ol>
<li>通过将温度探头插入到层状包的中心, 大约7.6 厘米, 在模拟的床包表面下方, 确定所述平面包的温度。允许温度稳定和记录。</li>
		<li>确定蒸发水损失估计数<ol>
<li>把塑料容器放在天平上。</li>
			<li>测量和记录在每添加粪便/尿/寝具之前和之后的模拟层包的质量。</li>
			<li>通过从前一天的结束质量中减去当前天的起始质量来计算估计的蒸发水损失。不同的是, 估计的水量从层间的包中蒸发了几天, 可以用来比较层状包之间的相对差异, 虽然它并不反映绝对损失。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>测定模拟层状包的 pH 值<ol>
<li>收集一个代表性的 5-10 克样品从每个模拟的层状包装从中心的包在深度约7.6 厘米的表面下的层状包。将样品放入塑料50毫升锥形管、瓶盖和标签中。</li>
			<li>根据制造商的指示, 校准 ph 值为4和7的酸碱度表。</li>
			<li>确定每个圆锥的质量。</li>
			<li>用蒸馏, 去离子水稀释每个样品1:2 在大量基础上。摇动锥形混合水和床上用品材料。将 ph 探针插入锥形, 测量, 并记录样品的 ph 值。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>仅在0和42天, 确定模拟的层状包的养分含量。<ol>
<li>收集一个50克代表性的样品从每一个模拟的层状包装从中心的包在深度约7.6 厘米的表面下的床包。放置在纸土样品袋中。</li>
			<li>在24小时内运送到实验室进行营养分析。储存在冰箱里, 直到样品可以运到实验室进行营养分析。 注: 任何宏观或微量营养素都可以分析。我们分析了27在一个商业实验室的总氮26, 磷和硫磺分析。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>仅在42天, 确定模拟层包中的自由空气空间。<ol>
<li>将塑料容器置于平衡处, 并记录质量。慢慢地填满水, 直到水面甚至与模拟的层状包的表面。允许水定居, 直到没有更多的气泡来自模拟层包, 然后记录的质量塑料容器</li>
			<li>使用以下计算确定可用空空间的百分比: <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/57332/57332eq3.jpg">
</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>完成所有需要的数据收集步骤 (步骤 3.1-3.4) 后, 将粪便、尿液和寝具添加到经过 2.1-2.10 步的模拟层包中。</li>
</ol>

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+bedding+materials+on+concentration+of+odorous+compounds+and+Escherichia+coli+in+beef+cattle+bedded+manure+packs.">Effect of bedding materials on concentration of odorous compounds and Escherichia coli in beef cattle bedded manure packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 42, 65-75 (2013).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+wood-based+materials+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs:+1.+Effect+on+ammonia,+total+reduced+sulfide,+and+greenhouse+gas+concentrations.">Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 1. Effect on ammonia, total reduced sulfide, and greenhouse gas concentrations.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1187-1194 (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+wood-based+materials+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs:+2.+Effect+on+odorous+volatile+organic+compounds,+odor+activity+value,+Escherichia+coli,+and+nutrient+concentration.">Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 2. Effect on odorous volatile organic compounds, odor activity value, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentration.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1195-1206 (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ammonia,+total+reduced+sulfides,+and+greenhouse+gases+of+pine+chip+and+corn+stover+bedding+packs.">Ammonia, total reduced sulfides, and greenhouse gases of pine chip and corn stover bedding packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 45, 630-637 (2016).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Brown-Brandl, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorous+volatile+organic+compounds,+Escherichia+coli,+and+nutrient+concentrations+when+kiln-dried+pine+chips+and+corn+stover+bedding+are+used+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs.">Odorous volatile organic compounds, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentrations when kiln-dried pine chips and corn stover bedding are used in beef bedded manure packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 46, 722-732 (2017).</li><li>Herbert, S., Hashemi, M., Chickering-Sears, C., Weis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bedding options for livestock and equine. , (2008).</li><li>Effects of bedding on pig performance. Iowa State Research Farm Progress Reports Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/134/">https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/134/</a> (2012)</li><li>Brown-Brandl, T. M., Nienaber, J. A., Eigenberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+and+humidity+control+in+indirect+calorimeter+chambers.">Temperature and humidity control in indirect calorimeter chambers.</a> Trans. ASABE. 54, 685-692 (2011).</li><li>Abney, C. S., Vasconcelos, J. T., McMeniman, J. P., Keyser, S. A., Wilson, K. R., Vogel, G. J., Galyean, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+ractophamine+hydrochlodride+on+performance,+rate+and+variation+in+feed+intake,+and+acid-base+balance+in+feedlot+cattle.">Effects of ractophamine hydrochlodride on performance, rate and variation in feed intake, and acid-base balance in feedlot cattle.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 85, 3090-3098 (2007).</li><li>Miller, D. N., Woodbury, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+solid-phase+microextraction+chamber+method+for+analysis+of+manure+volatiles.">A solid-phase microextraction chamber method for analysis of manure volatiles.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 35, 2383-2394 (2006).</li><li>Woodbury, B. L., Miller, D. N., Eigenberg, R. A., Nienaber, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inexpensive+laboratory+and+field+chamber+for+manure+volatile+gas+flux+analysis.">An inexpensive laboratory and field chamber for manure volatile gas flux analysis.</a> Trans. ASABE. 49, 767-772 (2006).</li><li>Koziel, J. A., Spinhirne, J. P., Lloyd, J. D., Parker, D. B., Wright, D. W., Kuhrt, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+sample+recovery+of+malodorous+livestock+gases+from+air+sampling+bags,+solid-phase+microextraction+fibers,+Tenax+TA+sorbent+tubes,+and+sampling+canisters.">Evaluation of sample recovery of malodorous livestock gases from air sampling bags, solid-phase microextraction fibers, Tenax TA sorbent tubes, and sampling canisters.</a> J. Air Waste Manag. Assn. 55, 1147-1157 (2005).</li><li>Parker, D. B., Gilley, J., Woodbury, B., Kim, K., Galvin, G., Bartelt-Hunt, S. L., Li, X., Snow, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorous+VOC+emission+following+land+application+of+swine+manure+slurry.">Odorous VOC emission following land application of swine manure slurry.</a> Atmos. Environ. 66, 91-100 (2013).</li><li>Parker, D. B., Koziel, J. A., Cai, L., Jacobson, L. D., Akdeniz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odor+and+odorous+chemical+emissions+from+animal+buildings:+Part+6.+Odor+activity+value.">Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 6. Odor activity value.</a> Trans. ASABE. 55, 2357-2368 (2012).</li><li>Watson, M., Wolf, A., Wolf, N., Peters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+nitrogen.">Total nitrogen.</a> Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 18-24 (2003).</li><li>Wolf, A., Watson, M., Wolf, N., Peters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digestion+and+dissolution+methods+for+P,+K,+Ca,+Mg,+and+trace+elements.">Digestion and dissolution methods for P, K, Ca, Mg, and trace elements.</a> Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 30-38 (2003).</li><li>Euken, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+manure+characteristics+from+bedded+confinement+buildings+for+feedlot+beef+productions:+Progress+report.">A survey of manure characteristics from bedded confinement buildings for feedlot beef productions: Progress report.</a> Animal Industry Report. , (2009).</li><li>Li, L., Li, Q. -. F., Wang, K., Bogan, B. W., Ni, J. -. Q., Cortus, E. L., Heber, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+National+Air+Emission+Monitoring+Study's+southeast+layer+site:+Part+I.+Site+characteristics+and+monitoring+methodology.">The National Air Emission Monitoring Study's southeast layer site: Part I. Site characteristics and monitoring methodology.</a> Trans. ASABE. 56, 1157-1171 (2013).</li></ol>

这项研究由联邦拨款资助给美国农业部农业研究服务, 研究项目编号3040-41630-001-00D。
在本文中提及商号或商业产品, 纯粹是为了提供具体的信息, 并不意味着美国农业部的推荐或认可。
美国农业部是一个平等机会提供者和雇主。

经常增加尿和粪便对层状的包是一个关键步骤。我们试验了一次添加尿和粪便, 只是每周一次, 但发现, 该层包开发了一个地壳, 其中捕获的气体包内, 并没有代表的商业设施。在研究开始时使用新鲜粪便可确保所用的层状包接种在牛设施中发现的常见细菌种群。当添加尿液时, 要记住调整 ph 值到生理 ph 值, 然后再添加到层状包中也是很重要的。有一次, 出现了一个错误, 并将低 pH 值的尿液添加到层?...

在中西部和上大平原, 肉牛禁闭设施是一种受欢迎的住房选择。在这个地区, 禁闭设施比南部平原更常见, 因为该地区每年都会有更多的降水, 从而造成更多的饲养场径流, 必须加以遏制。许多生产者选择为肉牛建造单坡谷仓。生产者选择单一斜坡设施的主要原因是能够安排人工和粪便的去除, 并且比开放地段饲养场1的性能改善。大多数牛生产者 (72.2%) 使用单坡谷仓维持一个层状包为一轮牛或更长的, 使用一个深床上用品管理系统的床上用品和废料1。最常见的床上用品材料是玉米秸秆, 虽然生产者报告使用大豆茬, 小麦秸秆, 玉米棒子, 木屑1。由于区域对玉米秸秆床上用品的需求, 许多生产者对可用于单坡设施的替代床上用品材料感兴趣。除了经济和动物的舒适性, 生产者还质疑床上用品材料将如何影响设施的环境, 包括恶臭气体的产生, 由此产生的肥料/寝具的营养成分, 以及病原体的存在。
很少有研究用于测量家畜住房中不同的床上用品材料所产生的空气质量, 大多数只集中在氨水上。以往对空气质量的评价大多包括在2、3、4、5对每种治疗进行一次或两个实验单位的农场数据收集。实验单位数量有限, 需要多次重复研究, 从而增加了诸如天气条件、动物生产年龄、产期等附加变量, 以及不同生长季节生产的床上用品材料。.
由于没有已知的实验室尺度模型来研究影响到牛肉深层单坡设施的肥料/床上用品混合物的空气质量和营养成分的因素, 研究人员首先试图利用商业牛设施深层系统6,7,8。在18月的6期间, 用静态通量室测量了单坡深层牛设施表面的 NH3浓度。测量了两个谷仓的两支钢笔。切碎玉米秸秆是首选的床上用品材料, 但小麦秸秆和大豆秸秆也用于床上用品在这个项目的短暂时期。床上用品的使用范围从每只动物每天 1.95-3.37 公斤不等, 笔密度从每只动物的 3.22-6.13 米2不等。随后的研究测量了谷仓7的氨和硫化氢排放量, 以及谷仓外的微粒物质浓度8。这些研究是在2年期间使用了四个谷仓地点进行的。农场数据收集面临的挑战是研究对系统缺乏控制。生产者改变牛的饮食, 把动物从钢笔转移到钢笔, 使用不同来源的床上用品, 清洁和重新床笔, 因为他们的生产和劳动力允许, 从而混淆了许多变数。农场的研究还涉及旅行费用和大量的实验性治疗 (如床上用品材料)。该项目的目的是建立一个实验室规模模型, 可用于研究影响到牛深层单坡设施的空气质量和营养管理的因素。

<table><tbody><tr><td>10 gallon plastic cylinder containers</td><td>Rubbermaid</td><td>Model 2610</td><td>Other similar-sized plastic containers are suitable</td></tr><tr><td>Mass balance</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Capable of measuring 0.1 gram</td></tr><tr><td>Electric drill with 1 cm bit</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methane analyzer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>Model 55i Methane/Non-methane Analyzer</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen sulfide analyzer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>Model 450i</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonia analyzer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>Model 17i</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon dioxide analyzer</td><td>California Analytical</td><td>Model 1412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrous oxide analyzer</td><td>California Analytical</td><td>Model 1412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Programmable Logic Relay</td><td>TECO</td><td>Model SG2-020VR-D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel flux chambers</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Constructed using the parts list and directions cited at Woodbury et al., 2006</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber skits</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Constructed from flexible rubber material. Cut into squares (61 cm x 61 cm) with 22.9 cm diameter hole in center.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>pH meter</td><td>Spectrum Technologies</td><td>IQ150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>thermometer</td><td>Spectrum Technologies</td><td>IQ150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ruler or tape measure</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Capable of measuring in cm</td></tr><tr><td>Sorbent tubes</td><td>Markes International</td><td>Tenax TA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pocket pumps</td><td>SKC Inc.</td><td>Series 210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inert sampling line</td><td>Teflon</td><td></td><td>0.64 cm diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Pump</td><td>Thomas</td><td>107 series</td><td>Used to flush air through sample lines</td></tr></tbody></table>

lab-scale model to evaluate odor and gas concentrations emitted by deep bedded pack manure

为了研究牛单坡设施中深层包层的空气质量和营养成分, 建立了实验室规模的模拟层包模型。该协议已被用来有效地评估许多不同的床上用品材料, 环境变量 (温度, 湿度) 和潜在的缓解措施, 可以改善空气质量的商业深层单坡设施。该模型是动态的, 让研究人员可以很容易地收集许多化学和物理测量的层状包。每周测量, 收集在六至七周的过程中, 可以有足够的时间看到空气质量测量随着时间的推移, 随着层状包装的成熟。从模拟的层状包收集的数据是在以前测量的商业深层单坡设施的浓度范围内。过去的研究表明, 每项治疗的 8-10 实验单位都足以发现模拟的层状包之间的统计差异。这些层状的包很容易维护, 每层包每周需要少于10分钟的人工添加尿液、粪便和寝具。根据收集的测量结果, 使用气体取样系统采集样品需要每层包 20-30 分钟。利用实验室规模的层状包, 研究者可以控制在研究或商业设施中难以或不可能控制的温度、湿度和床上用品来源等变量。虽然不是一个完美的模拟 "真实世界" 的条件, 模拟的层状包作为一个良好的模型, 研究人员用来检查治疗差异的包间。一些实验室规模的研究可以进行, 以消除可能的治疗之前, 尝试在研究或商业规模的设施。

到目前为止, 已有七项研究报告发表在9、10、11、12、13、14、15 、使用本程序, 并进行了修改和调整以改进模型和反映具体实验的目标。该程序已被用来评估许多床上用品材料和环境温度对气味和气?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure at JoVE.com

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

用实验室尺度模型评价深层包粪排放的恶臭和气体浓度

制定了一项议定书, 用于测量实验室规模的粪便包中的气体、气味和营养成分, 可用于研究利用深层粪袋改善商业牲畜设施空气质量的方法。

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

lab-scale-model-to-evaluate-odor-gas-concentrations-emitted-deep

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

6.3K 次观看.  USDA ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. 制定了一项议定书, 用于测量实验室规模的粪便包中的气体、气味和营养成分, 可用于研究利用深层粪袋改善商业牲畜设施空气质量的方法。

视频: Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

Biocontained Carcass Composting for Control of Infectious Disease Outbreak in Livestock

Intensive livestock production systems are particularly vulnerable to natural or intentional (bioterrorist) infectious disease outbreaks. Large numbers of animals housed within a confined area enables rapid dissemination of most infectious agents throughout a herd. Rapid containment is key to controlling any infectious disease outbreak, thus depopulation is often undertaken to prevent spread of a pathogen to the larger livestock population. In that circumstance, a large number of livestock carcasses and contaminated manure are generated that require rapid disposal.
Composting lends itself as a rapid-response disposal method for infected carcasses as well as manure and soil that may harbor infectious agents. We designed a bio-contained mortality composting procedure and tested its efficacy for bovine tissue degradation and microbial deactivation. We used materials available on-farm or purchasable from local farm supply stores in order that the system can be implemented at the site of a disease outbreak. In this study, temperatures exceeded 55&deg;C for more than one month and infectious agents implanted in beef cattle carcasses and manure were inactivated within 14 days of composting. After 147 days, carcasses were almost completely degraded. The few long bones remaining were further degraded with an additional composting cycle in open windrows and the final mature compost was suitable for land application. 
Duplicate compost structures (final dimensions 25 m x 5 m x 2.4 m; L x W x H) were constructed using barley straw bales and lined with heavy black silage plastic sheeting. Each was loaded with loose straw, carcasses and manure totaling ~95,000 kg. A 40-cm base layer of loose barley straw was placed in each bunker, onto which were placed 16 feedlot cattle mortalities (average weight 343 kg) aligned transversely at a spacing of approximately 0.5 m. For passive aeration, lengths of flexible, perforated plastic drainage tubing (15 cm diameter) were placed between adjacent carcasses, extending vertically along both inside walls, and with the ends passed though the plastic to the exterior. The carcasses were overlaid with moist aerated feedlot manure (~1.6 m deep) to the top of the bunker. Plastic was folded over the top and sealed with tape to establish a containment barrier and eight aeration vents (50 x 50 x 15 cm) were placed on the top of each structure to promote passive aeration. After 147 days, losses of volume and mass of composted materials averaged 39.8% and 23.7%, respectively, in each structure.

Using readily available materials, this biocontained composting system enables effective on-site disposal of large animal carcasses arising in the event of infectious disease outbreak. This procedure kills most infectious agents in carcasses and contaminated manure. Once infectious agent is confirmed non-viable, mature compost can be spread as fertilizer.

为控制牲畜传染病爆发Biocontained胴体堆肥

Intensive livestock production systems are particularly vulnerable to natural or intentional (bioterrorist) infectious disease outbreaks. Large numbers of ...

科研

免疫与感染

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

环境科学

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate the environment. This radiocarbon signal &#8212; or rather the absence of signal &#8212; is evenly distributed throughout a contaminant source pool (unlike an added tracer) and is not impacted by biological, chemical or physical processes (e.g., the 14C radioactive decay rate is immutable). If the fossil-derived contaminant is fully degraded to CO2, a harmless end-product, that CO2 will contain no radiocarbon. CO2 derived from natural organic matter (NOM) degradation will reflect the NOM radiocarbon content (usually &#60;30,000 years old). Given a known radiocarbon content for NOM (a site background), a two end-member mixing model can be used to determine the CO2 derived from a fossil source in a given soil gas or groundwater sample. Coupling the percent CO2 derived from the contaminant with the CO2 respiration rate provides an estimate for the total amount of contaminant degraded per unit time. Finally, determining a zone of influence (ZOI) representing the volume from which site CO2 is collected allows determining the contaminant degradation per unit time and volume. Along with estimates for total contaminant mass, this can ultimately be used to calculate time-to-remediate or otherwise used by site managers for decision-making.

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

A protocol is described wherein CO2 mineralized from organic contaminant (derived from petroleum feedstocks) biodegradation is trapped, quantified, and analyzed for 14C content. A model is developed to determine CO2 capture zone's spatial extent. Spatial and temporal measurements allow integrating contaminant mineralization rates for predicting remediation extent and time.

测量碳为基础的污染物矿化结合使用CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;助焊剂和放射性碳分析

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

用静止封闭室维持顶空装置对稻田甲烷和一氧化二氮通量的评价

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane&#39;s relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses.
In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of &#177; 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

We have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases from across the natural gas supply chain.

设计和全流采样系统（FFS）的使用甲烷排放的量化

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas ...

工程学

Medium Preparation for the Cultivation of Microorganisms under Strictly Anaerobic/Anoxic Conditions

In contrast to aerobic organisms, strictly anaerobic microorganisms require the absence of oxygen and usually a low redox potential to initiate growth. As oxygen is ubiquitous in air, retaining O2-free conditions during all steps of cultivation is challenging but a prerequisite for anaerobic culturing. The protocol presented here demonstrates the successful cultivation of an anaerobic mixed culture derived from a biogas plant using a simple and inexpensive method. A precise description of the entire anoxic culturing process is given including media preparation, filling of cultivation flasks, supplementation with redox indicator and reducing agents to provide low redox potentials as well as exchanging the headspace to keep media free from oxygen. Furthermore, a detailed overview of aseptically inoculating gas tight serum flasks (by using sterile syringes and needles) and suitable incubation conditions is provided. The present protocol further deals with gas and liquid sampling for subsequent analyses regarding gas composition and volatile fatty acid concentrations using gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively, and the calculation of biogas and methane yield considering the ideal gas law.

As obligate anaerobic organisms are unable to grow upon oxygen exposure, the use of anaerobic culturing techniques is indispensable. Here, we demonstrate a simple and effective method to cultivate a mixed culture derived from a biogas plant from media preparation to gas and volatile fatty acid quantification.

严格厌氧/缺氧条件下微生物培养的介质制备

In contrast to aerobic organisms, strictly anaerobic microorganisms require the absence of oxygen and usually a low redox potential to initiate growth. As ...

生物化学

用于食物垃圾和污泥厌氧消化的呼吸测定方案

Measuring Biomethane Potential of Food Scrap Waste Anaerobically Co&#45;Digested with Waste&#45;Activated Sludge Using Respirometry

The use of respirometry to study the biokinetics of microbiota treating wastewater or digesting wastewater sludges has become more prevalent over the last few decades. The use of respirometry to examine the biokinetics of anaerobic microbiota co-digesting organic waste streams such as wastewater sludge and food scrap is an area of active research. To date, no visualized protocol has been published on the topic. Accordingly, in this protocol, we configured a respirometer to measure methane production and flow rate over time using three different food-to-microorganism (F:M) ratios and food scrap waste and waste-activated sludge as substrates. The resulting data, coupled with substrate utilization measurements, provides the basis for understanding how different substrate concentrations influence the rate at which anaerobic microbiota produce methane. Additionally, this protocol presents a method to develop biokinetic parameters (e.g., methane production rate constant and yield). Others can use this respirometry protocol to examine organic degradation under anaerobic conditions and develop microbial parameters.

作者聚焦：使用新型呼吸测定法方案推进厌氧微生物群研究

This protocol describes a best practice for determining methane production and microbial kinetic parameters using respirometry for anaerobic microbiota co-digesting food scrap waste and waste-activated sludge.

使用呼吸测定法测量厌氧共消化的食物残渣与废物活性污泥共消化的生物甲烷潜力

The use of respirometry to study the biokinetics of microbiota treating wastewater or digesting wastewater sludges has become more prevalent over the last ...

用实验室尺度模型评价深层包粪排放的恶臭和气体浓度

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为控制牲畜传染病爆发Biocontained胴体堆肥

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

测量碳为基础的污染物矿化结合使用CO

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量

用静止封闭室维持顶空装置对稻田甲烷和一氧化二氮通量的评价

设计和全流采样系统（FFS）的使用甲烷排放的量化

严格厌氧/缺氧条件下微生物培养的介质制备

使用呼吸测定法测量厌氧共消化的食物残渣与废物活性污泥共消化的生物甲烷潜力

使用呼吸测定法测量厌氧共消化的食物残渣与废物活性污泥共消化的生物甲烷潜力

使用呼吸测定法测量厌氧共消化的食物残渣与废物活性污泥共消化的生物甲烷潜力